Niche construction theory highlights the active role of organisms in modifying their environment. A subset of these modifications is the developmental niche, which concerns ecological, epistemic, social and symbolic legacies inherited by organisms as resources that scaffold their developmental processes. Since in this theory development is a situated process that takes place in a culturally structured environment, we may reasonably ask if implicit cultural biases may, in some cases, be responsible for maladaptive developmental niches. In this paper we wish (...) to argue for an affirmative answer. In order to do so, we first propose to conceptualize implicit bias as embodied perceptual habits, and then proceed to show that these habits are at least partially responsible for maladaptive developmental niches of children with Down syndrome and autism. With this framework we thus hope to bring together two fields of research that haven’t been explicitly connected: implicit bias and niche construction theory. Linking these two theories may bring benefits both to implicit bias researchers, who can extend this concept to characterize other sets of processes as biased, as well as to niche construction theorists, who will have a useful theoretical tool to diagnose maladaptive features of niches brought about by sociocultural biases. (shrink)

The lambda calculus is a universal programming language. It can represent the computable functions, and such offers a formal counterpart to the point of view of functions as rules. Terms represent functions and this allows for the application of a term/function to any other term/function, including itself. The calculus can be seen as a formal theory with certain pre-established axioms and inference rules, which can be interpreted by models. Dana Scott proposed the first non-trivial model of the extensional lambda calculus, (...) known as $ D_{\infty }$, to represent the $\lambda $-terms as the typical functions of set theory, where it is not allowed to apply a function to itself. Here we propose a construction of an $\infty $-groupoid from any lambda model endowed with a topology. We apply this construction for the particular case $D_{\infty }$, and we see that the Scott topology does not provide enough information about the relationship between higher homotopies. This motivates a new line of research focused on the exploration of $\lambda $-models with the structure of a non-trivial $\infty $-groupoid to generalize the proofs of term conversion to higher-proofs in $\lambda $-calculus. (shrink)

Resumo: A atuação do tradutor e intérprete de língua de sinais no contexto educacional inclusivo é tema de constantes embates teóricos acerca da concepção de seu ‘papel’. Desse modo, verificam-se prescrições que delimitam suas práticas e atribuições pela caracterização de uma pretensa ‘identidade’ profissional. Na contramão disso, esse estudo tenciona um adensamento analítico acerca daquilo que é produzido na atividade interpretativo-pedagógica do intérprete educacional, fora do âmbito da ‘identidade profissional’, mas no âmbito das efetivas ações produzidas pela posição e contextos (...) de ensino, assumidos na prática cotidiana. Assim, entende-se que essa função interpretativa se constitui na lógica da ‘diferença’, pela ativação relacional e pedagógica com o sujeito surdo no contexto escolar. A tese empreendida é a de que a função pedagógica do intérprete educacional é estabelecida como efeito do ato educativo. Nosso foco se dará na análise do aprender surdo e sua co-construção de conhecimento, produzidos com e pelos signos emitidos pelo intérprete educacional como efeito do acontecimento educativo. Portanto, cabe neste artigo, analisar o movimento conceitual da posição-mestre a partir dos estudos da hermenêutica do sujeito, em Michel Foucault, sendo ela articuladora da função interpretativo-pedagógica do intérprete educacional que se materializa no e pelo contexto de ensino. Palavras-chave: Intérprete educacional; Libras; Posição-mestre. The role of the educational interpreter and deaf learning: an analysis of the master position in the educational relationship in an inclusive classroom Abstract: Sign language translators and interpreter’s part within inclusive education constantly rises theoretical debates about the conception of their 'role'. Thus, we commonly see prescriptions that delimit their practices and attributions by characterizing a supposed professional "identity". Nevertheless, this study aims to analyze what is produced in the interpretive-pedagogical activity of the educational interpreter, beyond the scope of 'professional identity', and within the effective actions produced by the position and context assumed on a daily basis. Thus, we understand that this interpretative function is constituted in the logic of 'difference', by relational and pedagogical activation with the deaf subject in the school context. The thesis undertaken is that the pedagogical function of the educational interpreter is established as an effect of the educational act. We focus on the analysis of deaf learning and its co-construction of knowledge, produced with and by the signs emitted by the educational interpreter as an effect of the educational event. Therefore, this article analyzes the conceptual movement of the master position from the studies of the hermeneutics of the subject, in Michel Foucault, assuming it as an articulator of the interpretative-pedagogical function of the educational interpreter that materializes in and through the teaching context. Keywords: Educational interpreter; Libras; Master position. El papel del intérprete educativo y el aprendizaje de los sordos: un análisis de la posición del maestro en la relación educativa en un aula inclusiva Resumen: El papel de los traductores e intérpretes de lengua de señas en la educación inclusiva suscita constantemente debates teóricos sobre la concepción de su "papel". Es habitual ver prescripciones que delimitan sus prácticas y atribuciones caracterizando una supuesta "identidad" profesional. Sin embargo, este estudio pretende analizar lo que se produce en la actividad interpretativa-pedagógica del intérprete educativo, más allá del ámbito de la "identidad profesional", y dentro de las acciones efectivas producidas por la posición y el contexto asumidos cotidianamente. Así, entendemos que esta función interpretativa se constituye en la lógica de la 'diferencia', por la activación relacional y pedagógica con el sujeto sordo en el contexto escolar. La tesis es que la función pedagógica del intérprete educativo se establece como efecto del acto educativo. Nos centramos en el análisis del aprendizaje de los sordos y su co-construcción del conocimiento, producido con y por los signos emitidos por el intérprete educativo como efecto del acto educativo. Para esto, este artículo analiza el movimiento conceptual de la posición de maestro desde los estudios de la hermenéutica del sujeto, en Michel Foucault, asumiéndola como articuladora de la función interpretativa-pedagógica del intérprete educativo que se materializa en y a través del contexto docente. Palabras clave: Intérprete educativo; Libras; Puesto de maestro. Data de registro: 06/07/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

The paper argues that a specific "concept of the political" can be reconstructed in Arendt by bringing together elements coming from Origins of Totalitarianism, Part II , from The Human Condition and On Revolution , and from On Disobedience . These propositions produce a singular variety of "institutionalism", which involves a "groundless" politics of Human Rights , and also helps clarifying the thesis on the "banality of evil" in Eichmann in Jerusalem: the sovereign tautology "law is law" is the root (...) of voluntary servitude. To say that we have a choice between becoming Eichmanns or taking the risk of civil disobedience is too quick; and to suppose that a state where civil disobedience becomes recognized would be immune of the danger of totalitarian transformation is an illusion, but as an ideal type, these formulations may encapsulate what Arendt's "concept of the political" hints at. (shrink)

Human behavior and thought often exhibit a familiar pattern of within group similarity and between group difference. Many of these patterns are attributed to cultural differences. For much of the history of its investigation into behavior and thought, however, cognitive science has been disproportionately focused on uncovering and explaining the more universal features of human minds—or the universal features of minds in general. -/- This entry charts out the ways in which this has changed over recent decades. It sketches the (...) motivation behind the cultural turn in cognitive science, and situates some of its central findings with respect to the questions that animate it and the debates that it has inspired. Woven throughout the entry are examples of how the cognitive science of culture, and especially its elevated concern with different forms of diversity and variation, continues to influence and be influenced by philosophers. -/- One cluster of philosophical work falls within the traditional subject matter of philosophy of science, in this case of the cognitive and social sciences. Philosophers have analyzed and assessed the methods and evidence central to the scientific study of cognition and culture, and have offered conceptual scrutiny, clarification, and synthesis. Research in a second vein sees philosophers themselves contributing more directly to cognitive scientific projects, (co)constructing theories, helping build computational models, even gathering empirical data. A third kind of work is naturalistic philosophy or philosophy of nature, wherein philosophers seek to use results from the cognitive science of culture to inform or transform debates over long-standing philosophical questions, including questions about the nature of philosophy and philosophical methodology itself. (shrink)

Under [Formula: see text]-amalgamation, we obtain the canonical hyperdefinable group from the group configuration.

Quand, en 1938, au cri de "Penser nous devons", Virginia Woolf exhorta les femmes à résister à leur assimilation "dans la procession des fils des hommes cultivés", elle ne pouvait pas imaginer qu'à peine trente ans plus tard les interventions féministes sur les savoirs scientifiques allaient non seulement prolonger la lutte pour l'égalité d'accès au savoir, mais inaugurer une critique approfondie des contenus des savoirs. Du dedans des disciplines académiques, cette lutte illumina en profondeur ce que Woolf avait déjà compris (...) : la noble idée du savoir désintéressé sert de justification pour les pires exclusions et injustices. Cet ouvrage propose un parcours original des chemins par lesquels la pensée féministe contesta le caractère "neutre" du savoir, depuis les politiques des mouvements jusqu'aux épistémologies alternatives du standpoint feminism anglo-américain. Ce livre se veut une ressource pour chercheures et chercheurs intéressés par la portée politique et théorique du féminisme mais est aussi, modestement, dédié à toute personne qui aspire à d'autres savoirs possibles, ici et maintenant. (shrink)

Emotions can be the subject of moral judgments; they can also constitute the basis for moral judgments. The apparent circularity which arises if we accept both of these claims is the central topic of this paper: how can emotions be both judge and party in the moral court? The answer I offer regards all emotions as potentially relevant to ethics, rather than singling out a privileged set of moral emotions. It relies on taking a moderate position both on the question (...) of the naturalness of emotions and on that of their objectivity as revealers of value: emotions are neither simply natural nor socially constructed, and they apprehend objective values, but those values are multidimensional and relative to human realities. The axiological position I defend jettisons the usual foundations for ethical judgments, and grounds these judgments instead on a rationally informed reflective equilibrium of comprehensive emotional attitudes, tempered with a dose of irony. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to examine the relation between the ascertainable facts of the life of Babrius, a writer of Greek fables, and the persona depicted in his poems. The primary focus will be on the prologues to the two volumes of his work, the “Mythiambi”, on the basis of which a definite idea can be obtained of Babrius’s literary authorial identity. An analysis of these texts will highlight literary devices employed in Babrius’s oeuvre for authorial self-representation, and (...) juxtapose the author’s depicted identity with factual evidence on his life. The results show that some of the assumptions about the empirical author’s life - widely accepted though they are by now - have been inferred from these prologues, which can be proven not to refer to an actual person but rather to depict a persona created by said author, thereby illustrating the deconstruction of an authorial figure. (shrink)

In a previous issue of Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, Filip Buekens argues that evolutionary psychology (EP), or some interpretations thereof, have a corrosive impact on our ‘manifest self-image’. Buekens wants to defend and protect the global adequacy of this manifest self-image in the face of what he calls evolutionary revisionism. Although we largely agree with Buekens’ central argument, we criticize his analysis on several accounts, making some constructive proposals to strengthen his case. First, Buekens’ argument fails to target EP, because his (...) notion of the ‘constitutive conditions’ of our attitudes is too wide and too extensive. Second, his defense of the global adequacy of our attitudes does not allow for sufficient differentiation to analyze the problem of potential self-refutation with respect to EP. Third, his account of knowledge about constitutive conditions, and its impact on our self-image, is problematic. We provide a more detailed explanation for the pervasiveness of evolutionary revisionism and other misconceptions about EP. Finally, we consider in what sense EP may legitimately affect our self-image, and whether it can truly inspire corrections of our view of human nature. (shrink)

This paper addresses the two interpretations that a combination ofnegative indefinites can get in concord languages like French:a concord reading, which amounts to a single negation, and a doublenegation reading. We develop an analysis within a polyadic framework,where a sequence of negative indefinites can be interpreted as aniteration of quantifiers or via resumption. The first option leadsto a scopal relation, interpreted as double negation. The secondoption leads to the construction of a polyadic negative quantifiercorresponding to the concord reading. Given (...) that sentential negationparticipates in negative concord, we develop an extension of thepolyadic approach which can deal with non-variable binding operators,treating the contribution of negation in a concord context assemantically empty. Our semantic analysis, incorporated into agrammatical analysis formulated in HPSG, crucially relies on theassumption that quantifiers can be combined in more than one wayupon retrieval from the quantifier store. We also considercross-linguistic variation regarding the participation ofsentential negation in negative concord. (shrink)

From classic aesthetic theories to fresh aesthetic methods, this volume is an accessible introduction to the main topics in contemporary aesthetics: the media-technological challenges, transcultural aesthetics and aesthetic methodology.

The theme of training engineering is still relatively absent in Brazilian academic writing, appearing only in the early 2000s. In Brazil, research on “didactic engineering” is more frequent. In this article, we study the uses of the construct of didactic engineering in Brazilian scientific writing. This exploratory study is based on an analysis of theses and articles in Brazilian scientific journals. In Master’s and doctoral programs, references to didactic engineering mask an uncritical and unoriginal appropriation of ideas most often imported (...) from French didactics. (shrink)

La doctrine scolastique des transcendantaux est dans une mesure certaine hérìtée de la philosophie arabe. La construction de la problématique de l'un transcendantal, convertible avec l'être, et de l'un numérique, non convertible, illustre bien cette dépendance: toute la discussion scolastique reproduit les grandes lignes de la position d'Avicenne, puis la critique d'Avicenne par Averroès. L'article essaie de reconstituer l'ensemble des questions, lieux et arguments qui constituent cette problématique en en suivant l'évolution grâce à l'analyse desophismataanonymes et de textes de (...) Nicolas de Paris, de Roger Bacon, d'Albert le Grand et de Jacques de Viterbe. Deux stades sont distingués: le premier centré sur la distinction entre un transcendantal et un numérique; le second, essentiellement allemand (Dietrich de Freiberg, Berthold de Moosburg), sur la subordination de l'un transcendantal (“aristotélicien”) à 1'Un transcendant (“platonicien”). Chemin faisant, on montre que, à l'exception des philosophes allemands, la compréhension de la “position d'Avicenne” reste filtrée par l'interprétation d'Averroès. (shrink)

This article explores the interrelationships and tensions between public engagement in higher education and media discourse. It tracks the mediated trajectory of an attempt by a group of academics to connect with audiences beyond academia, comparing a magazine article in which their opinions first became public, to its recontextualisation across various UK newspapers and their Internet spin-offs. A mediated stylistic analysis reveals the discursive, rhetorical and performative techniques via which a sociologically imaginative attempt to transform a seemingly-personal-trouble into a definitively-public-issue (...) got recontextualised as if merely the public projection of personal angst. The article concludes by noting that in an era where public engagement increasingly means mediated public engagement, to take seriously the interactive, intertextual and rhetorical affordances of media discourse is to understand that and how sociologically imaginative work can – but does not always – end up circulating within public debate. (shrink)

Recently, many AI researchers and practitioners have embarked on research visions that involve doing AI for “Good”. This is part of a general drive towards infusing AI research and practice with ethical thinking. One frequent theme in current ethical guidelines is the requirement that AI be good for all, or: contribute to the Common Good. But what is the Common Good, and is it enough to want to be good? Via four lead questions, the concept of Ethics Pen-Testing identifies challenges (...) and pitfalls when determining, from an AI point of view, what the Common Good is and how it can be enhanced by AI. The current paper reports on a first evaluation of EPT. EPT is applicable to various artefacts that have ethical impact, including designs for or implementations of specific AI technology, and requirements engineering methods for eliciting which ethical settings to build into AI. The current study focused on the latter type of artefact. In four independent sessions, participants with close but varying involvements in “AI and ethics” were asked to deconstruct a method that has been proposed for eliciting ethical values and choices in autonomous car technology, an online experiment modelled on the Trolley Problem. The results suggest that EPT is well-suited to this task: the remarks made by participants lent themselves well to being structured by the four lead questions of EPT, in particular, regarding the question what the problem is and about which stakeholders define it. As part of the problem definition, the need became apparent for thorough technical domain knowledge in discussions of AI and ethics. Thus, participants questioned the framing and the presuppositions inherent in the experiment and the discourse on autonomous cars that underlies the experiment. They transitioned from discussing a specific AI artefact to discussing its role in wider socio-technical systems. Results also illustrate to what extent and how the requirements engineering method forces us to not only have a discussion about which values to “build into” AI systems, the substantive building blocks of the Common Good, but also about how we want to have this discussion at all. Thus, it forces us to become explicit about how we conceive of democracy and the constitutional state and the procedural building blocks of the Common Good. (shrink)

C'est au croisement des personnalités et des événements que se structure progressivement une culture stratégique. Qu'en est-il de celle de la France, nation bâtie "à coups d'épée"? Quelles expériences l'ont forgée, quelles philosophies la sous-tendent? Telles sont les questions fondamentales auxquelles répond cet ouvrage. Car la stratégie militaire française constitue un objet d'étude à la fois bien et mal connu. Connu puisqu'inscrit dans une histoire intimement liée à la construction d'une identité nationale et internationale dont on constate aujourd'hui encore (...) sur les champs de guerre toute la vivacité. Mal connu cependant lorsqu'il s'agit d'en examiner les fondements idéels et culturels. Cette méconnaissance est liée à la complexité même de toute stratégie. Loin d'être un simple art des moyens, elle produit des concepts, doctrines ou représentations de la guerre qui résultent d'expériences militaires spécifiques mais qui trouvent leurs racines dans des conditions philosophiques à l'oeuvre dans la construction de toute stratégie. La stratégie militaire française constitue un fascinant terrain d'étude : cette indispensable histoire philosophique de la pensée stratégique française — du XVIIIème siècle à nos jours — en est le reflet. Ce premier tome traite de la stratégie continentale. Un second tome à paraître traitera de la stratégie africaine. (shrink)

This paper discusses gardening as a practice that may be useful in reconsidering how landscape boundaries can be experienced. The assumption is that one should think of landscapes as “entities” which are material, but at the same time may be said to exist only insofar as they are experienced by humans. As such, they are always bounded. In order to show how gardening may be helpful in shaping the boundaries of landscapes two approaches to gardening are discussed: one treats gardening (...) as a model of creating order and eliminating all that which is seen as alien to it (Zygmunt Bauman), the other – claims that gardening requires respecting nature (Gilles Clément). (shrink)

This paper addresses the two interpretations that a combination ofnegative indefinites can get in concord languages like French:a concord reading, which amounts to a single negation, and a doublenegation reading. We develop an analysis within a polyadic framework,where a sequence of negative indefinites can be interpreted as aniteration of quantifiers or via resumption. The first option leadsto a scopal relation, interpreted as double negation. The secondoption leads to the construction of a polyadic negative quantifiercorresponding to the concord reading. Given (...) that sentential negationparticipates in negative concord, we develop an extension of thepolyadic approach which can deal with non-variable binding operators,treating the contribution of negation in a concord context assemantically empty. Our semantic analysis, incorporated into agrammatical analysis formulated in HPSG, crucially relies on theassumption that quantifiers can be combined in more than one wayupon retrieval from the quantifier store. We also considercross-linguistic variation regarding the participation ofsentential negation in negative concord. (shrink)

Les recherches linguistiques, quelle que soit leur méthode, comportent toujours un élément de réflexion. Dans la ligne du livre remarquable de Denis Vasse, Le temps du désir, cet article veut contribuer à la réflexion sur „l'origine de la parole”. En effet, la conscience de notre corps ne manque pas de nous révéler des résidus de la vie inconsciente qui est à l'origine des structures de notre corps et du „corps subtil” qui est notre langage. Ces résidus sont e. a. les (...) trois dimensions corporelles , qui manifestement trouvent leur origine dans les trois phases de l'évolution psychique , et qui constituent trois formes de symbolisation appelées respectivement „expression”, „communication” et „signification”. L'„expression” est le corps subtil que l'enfant qui vient au monde donne en échange de tout ce qu'il reçoit de la mère. Par cet échange, la vie, commencée dans le sein maternel, prend l'aspect plus humain d'une présence réciproque. Mais la séparation de la naissance entraîne avec elle une menace constante de la mort, qui est - déjà plus humaine qu'une désintégration purement biologique des cellules vivantes - la déreliction, la détresse de l'enfant nécessiteux. Dans cette phase psychique, la conscience naissante ébauche une première structure d'elle-même : celle de la distinction entre l'intêrieur et l'extérieur ; l'homme ne cessera jamais de se considérer imaginairement comme le centre d'un monde qui l'entoure et dont il est la raison il'être. Et la dimension corporelle qui correspond à cette imagination, est celle du mouvement horizontal, le mouvement produit par les bras et les yeux. Puisqu'il ne fait encore que consommer, l'enfant commence par „com-prendre”, „saisir” la présence de l'autre. Le passage de l'„expression” à la „communication” va de pair avec la transition à la phase anale. L'enfant, par des jeux primitifs comme celui du „fort” et „da” , a appris à accepter une séparation plus longue de la mère, ou plutôt à refouler l'angoisse devant la menace de la mort, qui était la dereliction. Le temps où il apprend à se tenir debout et à retenir la défécation, est aussi le temps où sa conscience naissante s'ouvre à la concurrence de frère et de soeur , surtout à celle du père : la possession de la mère doit être partagée. Ce ne sont plus seulement les cris qui servent de corps subtil pour réaliser la présence réciproque ; celle-ci s'acquiert maintenant par le tenue du corps. La tenue du corps est le langage primitif qui est en fait une „communication” ; il fait trouver le moyen de relâcher encore le cordon ombilical et d'accepter la concurrence d'autres possesseurs de la mère, tout en éloignant l'angoisse de perdre celle-ci. L'objet de l'angoisse se déplace maintenant vers le danger de tomber, de faillir dans la maîtrise du corps et de subir amèrement l'humilitation de l'impuissance. La tension inconsciente, produite par cette angoisse, fair surgir une nouvelle dimension imaginaire : l'opposition entre le haut et le bas. L'effort que demandera toujours la construction de cette dimension verticale , continuera à servir d'étalon dans l'évaluation de tout ce qui demande de l'effort¹, en particulier le travail et la réalisation technique. Pour cette raison il est normal de dire que les salaires et les prix „ montent" — non pas qu'ils augmentent -; pour la même raison le fruit de l'effort, la puissance ou la sécurité, est symbolisé par un siège : le thrône du roi, le siège du président, la chaire du professeur, le siège aussi d'une ville, la pos-session du domaine. Il faut une troisième naissance pour que le langage de l'enfant passe enfin à la forme spécifiquement humaine de „signification”. Apprendre à parler, c.-à-d. à donner aux cris jusque là désordonnés, le „sens” de l'articulation, de l'ordre consécutif, c'est découvrir un monde qui dépasse de loin la présence de la mère et du père. Ce monde est „un relais qui vient s'interposer entre corps et le corps de l'autre ” . Le passage à la „signification” interfère d'ailleurs avec la phase phallique et encore avec l'éclosion du „je” comme sujet. L'ordre articulé des mots qui se suivent engendre la signification, précisément parce qu'il permet à autrui de „suivre” la pensée ; il est aussi symbole de la vie qui doit être une conduite ordonnée. En tant que tel il permet de refouler l'angoisse devant de désordre moral, la conduite désordonnée et devant le blâme ou la réprobation qui en seront la conséquence. En imaginant les projets d'une conduite future , la conscience se projette littéralement en avant et elle crée la troisième dimension, celle du lointain et du proche. Elle prend ici enfin la forme spécifiquement humaine de ïintentionalité, dirigée vers un paradis lointain qui tiendra la place de celui qu'elle vient de perdre. Pourquoi l'intentionalité est-elle spécifiquement humaine ? Parce qu'il est propre à l'essence humaine de chercher le sens de la vie et d'être déjà responsable de ce que cette vie pourra devenir plus tard. Or, c'est là aussi la structure du langage : une proposition, une phrase ne se construisent pas sans être prévues d'avance ; elle ne sont compréhensibles que quand la suite des vocables présente un ordre acceptable par les autres et une cohérence suffisamment logique ; et cependant cet ordre peut être si spécifiquement personnel, qu'il devient une parole authentique, nouvelle lorsque le sens en est cherché et créé par moi. Il s'ensuit que chercher l'origine de la parole, c'est chercher aussi le sens de l'existence humaine : par sa structure la parole reproduit l'histoire humaine et évoque le destin de l'homme. (shrink)

Philosophy of science has undergone a naturalistic turn, moving away from traditional idealized concerns with the logical structure of scientific theories and toward focusing on real-world scientific practice, especially in domains such as modeling and experimentation. As part of this shift, recent work has explored how the project of philosophically understanding science as a natural phenomenon can be enriched by drawing from different fields and disciplines, including niche construction theory in evolutionary biology, on the one hand, and ecological and (...) enactive views in embodied cognitive science, on the other. But these insights have so far been explored in separation from each other, without clear indication of whether they can work together. Moreover, the focus on particular practices, however insightful, has tended to lack consideration of potential further implications for a naturalized understanding of science as a whole (i.e., above and beyond those particular practices). Motivated by these developments, here we sketch a broad-ranging view of science, scientific practice and scientific knowledge in terms of ecological-enactive co-construction. The view we propose situates science in the biological, evolutionary context of human embodied cognitive activity aimed at addressing the demands of life. This motivates reframing theory as practice, and reconceptualizing scientific knowledge in ecological terms, as relational and world-involving. Our view also brings to the forefront of attention the fundamental link between ideas about the nature of mind, of science and of nature itself, which we explore by outlining how our proposal differs from more conservative, and narrower, conceptions of “cognitive niche construction.”. (shrink)

In this article we tackle the issue of diachronic variation in constructional semantics through an exploration of the (recent) semantic history of the well-established English ditransitive or double object argument structure construction. Starting from the assumption that schematic syntactic patterns are not fundamentally different from lexical items, we will show that — similar to the diachronic semantic development of lexemes — the semantics of argument structure constructions in general and that of double object constructions in particular, is vulnerable to (...) semasiological shifts as well. More specifically, the analysis, which compares data from 18th-century Late Modern English with present-day English, shows that the double object construction's semantic evolution presents a case of specialization, in which the construction has come to be associated with a significantly narrower range of meanings. It will further be argued that such patterns of semantic change are best captured in a model of argument structure semantics which discriminates between central and lesscentral or prototypical and non-prototypical uses. (shrink)

Freud uses paradoxical and conflictual rhetoric to create an unstable and conflictual picture of the mind. Thus he diverges from both dominant traditions of thought in the West: the Judeo-Christian way of filling all gaps in meaning by putting a single omnipotent divinity in charge of them, and the Enlightenment quest for a final, causal language to describe reality. By both suggesting and displacing a plurality of perspectives on the unconscious, Freud’s text mirrors what it claims happens in our minds, (...) in which unconscious impulses undermine the pretense of total rational self-control. Though Freud suggests that a mechanistic description of the mind may bring us nearer to the reality of the unconscious, he also explains that this reality will remain dark. He not only develops an ostensibly mechanistic vocabulary for unconscious mental processes, but also clarifies that his terminology is most fictional precisely when it seems most scientific. Hence, Freud’s science of the unconscious cannot be assimilated to an empiricist position; its philosophical underpinnings are both Kantian and Nietzschean, with metaphors and analogies playing a crucial role. Two dramatic images, in which the mind appears as a domain of warring gods and a realm of political conflict, demonstrate that Freud did not regard the unconscious as some kind of true inner self. He depicts the mind in general and the unconscious in particular as a pagan, conflictual universe over which no god or goddess can gain exclusive control and where no rigid dictatorship is possible. (shrink)

시간의 흐름에 따라 변하지 않는 것이 없듯이, 철학적 사유도 시대의 상황에 따라 변화를 거듭한다. 이러한 의미에서 본 논문은 근대 이전의 신 중심 사회의 신화(神話)로부터 벗어난 근대의 자유 혹은 자율성의 시대도 또 하나의 신화임을 논증하고자 한다. 우선, 정치적 의미에서 근대적 자유(주의)의 출발점이 되는 로크의 개인주체의 자유 개념과 개인주체의 자율성을 철학적 원리로서 확립한 칸트의 자율성 개념을 해-체함으로써 근대 주체의 자유 혹은 자율성이 불가능한 근거, 달리 말해 근대 주체의 자율성이 신화(神話)임을 살펴볼 것이다. 그런데 자율성은 바로 개인주체의 자율성이므로, 자율성의 신화는 곧 개인주체의 신화이다. 개인주체가 (...) 해-체임을 보여준다면 그 신화도 폭로될 것이다. 그런 다음, 오늘날 이론적으로나 실천적으로 첨예하게 대립하고 있는 자유주의와 공동체주의의 주체 개념을 비교․비판함으로써 주체의 자유가 현실적으로 어떻게 실현될 수 있는지 살펴보도록 하겠다. 마지막으로, 이런 과정을 가로질러서 그리고 이런 과정 끝에, 근대적 주체 신화의 해-체 다음에 올 자율성은 과연 (불)가능한지, (불)가능하다면 어떻게 (불)가능한지 해체론(deconstruction)의 안내를 받아보기로 하겠다. 개인주체의 자율성이 해-체로 밝혀짐으로써 주체의 자리, 즉 자율성의 신화의 자리에 새로운 이야기(新話) 곧 도래할 신화(新話)의 공간이 마련될 수 있을 것이다. (shrink)

Neste artigo, nossa tarefa será estudar a estratégia literária usada na composição da narrativa do encontro de Jesus com a mulher samaritana, famosa passagem do quarto capítulo do evangelho de João. Defenderemos a hipótese de que o autor fez, para a construção desta narrativa sobre Jesus, uso de um enredo arquétipo, uma cena-padrão do Antigo Testamento que era usada todas as vezes que se pretendia contar uma história de casamento. Veremos os elementos que constituem tal enredo padrão e alguns exemplos (...) textuais, para então analisar o evangelho de João demonstrando em detalhes como o evangelista manipulou este gênero literário popular para atingir seus próprios objetivos. Metodologicamente falando, é a análise narrativa ou narratologia que conduzirá nossas reflexões e análises exegéticas, mantendo o foco desta investigação sempre na figura do “leitor implícito” da narrativa bíblica, que é quem deveria surpreender-se ao notar que o texto conduzia Jesus ao próprio casamento, até uma reviravolta criativa do autor no final. Palavras-chave : Exegese; Narratologia; Bíblia; Cristianismo Primitivo; Evangelho de João.In this article, our task will be study the literary strategy used in composition of the narrative of meeting among Jesus and the Samaritan woman, famous episode of fourth chapter of John’s Gospel. We’ll defending the hypothesis that the author made, for to construct this narrative about Jesus, use of a master-plot, a standard scene of the Old Testament that was used all times when someone wished to tell a marriage store. We’ll see the compositional elements of this standard plot and some textual examples, and then, we can to analyze the John’s Gospel and show how the evangelist manipulated the popular literary genre for reach your own objectives. Methodologically speaking, the narrative analysis (or narratology) going to drive our reflections and exegetical analysis, keeping the focus of this research always in “implicit reader” of biblical narrative, who would to feel the surprise through to see the text driving Jesus to the own marriage, until the creative author’s turnaround at the end. Key words : Exegesis; Narratology; Bible; Primitive Christianity; John’s Gospel. (shrink)

La différance comme déconstruction de la violence examine "la différance", une singularité de Jacques Derrida. L'auteur est profondément fidèle à l'esprit derridien en réaffirmant que la différance n'est ni un mot ni un concept mais un jeu littéraire qui porte des traces philosophiques et qui exige également des lecteurs de respecter le pouvoir du silence textuel. Même si la différance interroge la violence sous diverses formes, elle attirera principalement notre attention sur la violence "inaudible" de toutes nos structures. Le présent (...) ouvrage interroge sur le jeu de la différance. Avec la différance, Derrida nous invite à nous asseoir devant un silence absolu du texte, devant une impossibilité. Ainsi, les déconstructeurs sont appelés à jouer une possibilité de l'impossibilité. Deux autres volumes suivent ce livre ; l'un étudie la trace de la différance, l'autre étudie le silence de la différance. (shrink)

Trees architectural study shows gradients in the meristematic activity. This activity is described by the number of internodes per growth unit, which is considered as the output of a dynamic random process. Several species were observed, which led us to propose and then estimate some mathematical models. Computing the functioning of a tree in a given environment therefore involves finding the probability function of the meristems and following the evolution of the parameters of this law along the botanical gradients within (...) its architecture. (shrink)

This article explores the construction of offences as ‘accidental’ in police-suspect interactions. The data comprise audio-recorded investigative interviews, which were analysed using conversation analysis. In these interviews, suspects often do not explicitly state the nature of their defence when answering police officers’ questions; instead, suspects’ defensive practices or techniques are embedded in the narrative accounts they give of what happened, thus exhibiting rather claiming their ‘innocence’. My focus here is on a particular type of defence, namely, one in which (...) suspects portray an event as having been ‘accidental’. I show that this defence of ‘accident’ is associated with several discourse features including: building a plausible and trivial context in which the untoward incident occurred, describing the untoward action or series of actions, using impersonal or agentless constructions, and representing the disproportionality between the putative victim’s reaction and the aggressor’s untoward conduct. The accountability of these descriptions, however, does not rely on one unique feature, but rather on suspects’ ability to combine these features in such a way that each establishes the grounds for others. (shrink)

This article presents a review of the theoretical support of the Portfolio of Evidence as a pedagogical tool to be used at the higher level with the aim of improving writing products, understanding the importance of developing in students’ skills for the optimal construction of academic writings. The portfolio then becomes a resource used by teachers not only to obtain evidence of the progress of students in the subject that is developed, but also constitutes an indicator to assess the (...) progress in the acquisition of learning in the studentfrom the writings it produces. The particularity of being continuous and progressive also allows the student to self-assess their progress through the writing they make and can generate strategies for continuous improvement. (shrink)

Présente la variété et la richesse des débats contemporains autour de la déconstruction, emblême de la philosophie de Jacques Derrida, dans les domaines de la philosophie du langage et du linguistic turn, de la théorie de la communication et de l'agir communicationnel, de la psychiatrie, de la psychanalyse et de la théorie esthétique, de la critique littéraire et de l'histoire de la philosophie.

La sexualité, force vitale essentielle, anime l’humain en tant qu’individu et membre d’un groupe. Depuis les soins primaires indispensables à l’éveil de la sensualité et à la construction de l’identité sexuée chez le jeune enfant jusqu’au temps des pratiques sexuelles possibles de l’adolescent, l’article scande les moments de transformation portée par les liens intersubjectifs indispensables de cette évolution, de la sexualité infantile à la sexualité génitale.

The idea has recently taken root that evolutionary theory and social constructivism are less antagonistic than most theorists thought, and we have even seen attempts at integrating constructivist and evolutionary approaches to human thought and behaviour. We argue in this article that although the projected integration is possible, indeed valuable, the existing attempts have tended to be vague or overly simplistic about the claims of social constructivist. We proceed by examining how to give more precision and substance to the research (...) programme of evolutionary social constructivism, a task we accomplish by focusing on the specific selection pressures that may have shaped the psychological and cultural mechanisms that give rise to social constructions. The benefit of such an integration for social constructivism is to have a solid foundation in the natural sciences. For evolutionists, evolutionary social constructivism offers a wider assortment of methods with which to study the interplay between culture and human nature. (shrink)

Goodman’s style may be elusive sometimes, so that it may result difficult to interpret what he really has in mind. This is a consequence of his masterful use of irony and metaphorical language. This difficulty of interpretation affects important parts of his philosophical thoughts and had led to misunderstandings. In the present article, I discuss the significance of Goodman’s pluralism, one of his most relevant theses. I try to show that Goodman’s pluralism does not lead to skepticism or the relativism (...) of “anything goes”. One of the most common arguments directed against Goodman’s pluralism is that his attempt to provide a genuine standard of “rightness” fails, leaving us without a conception of truth or an appropriate substitute. I will argue that the conclusion of this argument is false, trying to show that Goodman’s aim of defending an irrealist pluralism is perfectly coherent and defensible against the common interpretation of his critics. (shrink)

El concepto de autoestima ha ido cambiando a lo largo de los tiempos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar como el uso de este constructo para la investigación en salud en Brasil contribuyó a su sistematización conceptual y aplicabilidad clínica. Se trata de un estúdio descriptivo de revisión de la literatura; en el que se llegó a la conclusión de que la medición de la autoestima resultó ser eficiente en la conducción de la investigación en salud con diferentes audiencias, que (...) varían en edad, la ocupación, la relación con los perfiles sociodemográficos y de salud-enfermedad.. A concepção sobre autoestima foi mutável no transcorrer das épocas. O presente estudo teve por finalidade analisar como a utilização desse constructo pelas pesquisas em saúde no Brasil, contribuiu para sua sistematização conceitual e aplicabilidade clínica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de revisão teórica; no qualse concluiu que, por ter um aspecto mais avaliativo, a mensuração daautoestima mostrou-se bastante eficiente na condução de pesquisas em saúde com diferentes públicos, variando em faixa etária, ocupação, relação com variáveis sociodemográficas, e perfis de saúde-doença. The concept of self-esteem has changed throughout times. The objective of this study is analyzing how the use of this construct in health research in Brazil contributed to its conceptual systematization and clinical applicability. It is a descriptive study of bibliographic review which led to the conclusion that, by having another evaluation aspect, measuring self-esteem turned out to be very efficient in conducting the health research with different audiences that vary in age, occupation and the relation with sociodemographic and health-disease profiles. (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica - Journal of the International Association for Semiotic Studies / Revue de l'Association Internationale de Sémiotique Volume: 2013 Issue: 195 Pages: 277-304.