Dans le cadre de la construction du corpus PhraseoRoChe, un corpus diachronique rassemblant des romans de chevalerie du 13e au 17e siècle, cet article s’intéresse aux performances de différents analyseurs (étiqueteurs, lemmatiseurs, parseurs en dépendances) entrainés sur des états de langue connexes allant de l’ancien français au moyen français et au français moderne. Nous étudions ainsi la possibilité d’étendre ces analyseurs au-delà des états de langues précis sur lesquels ils ont été entrainés, en s’appuyant notamment sur les divergences entre analyseurs (...) pour identifier les annotations les moins fiables, et ainsi prioriser les interventions manuelles de correction / validation des annotations automatiques. Nous étudions également les possibilités offertes par un traitement superficiel de modernisation graphique pour tirer parti d’un analyseur moderne appliqué à des états de langue anciens. (shrink)

Cet article offre une réflexion sur la constitution de corpus pour l’analyse de la variation et du changement morphosyntaxique. Le Corpus MCVF (Modéliser le changement : les voies du français) est structuré de façon à permettre l’analyse de la variation morphosyntaxique, à travers plusieurs périodes historiques, tout en tenant compte, dans une certaine mesure, de facteurs sociolinguistiques comme la distribution sociale et régionale. Les principes qui sous-tendent la sélection des textes et leur annotation morphosyntaxique sont d’abord (...) présentés. L’intérêt d’un corpus annoté morphosyntaxiquement est ensuite illustré par quelques exemples de recherche sur la négation. (shrink)

Cet article offre une réflexion sur la constitution de corpus pour l’analyse de la variation et du changement morphosyntaxique. Le Corpus MCVF (Modéliser le changement : les voies du français) est structuré de façon à permettre l’analyse de la variation morphosyntaxique, à travers plusieurs périodes historiques, tout en tenant compte, dans une certaine mesure, de facteurs sociolinguistiques comme la distribution sociale et régionale. Les principes qui sous-tendent la sélection des textes et leur annotation morphosyntaxique sont d’abord (...) présentés. L’intérêt d’un corpus annoté morphosyntaxiquement est ensuite illustré par quelques exemples de recherche sur la négation. (shrink)

La multiplication des très grands corpus en linguistique historique a entraîné des discussions nombreuses sur les procédures d’annotation et les métadonnées associées, notamment concernant les questions relevant de l’étiquetage morphosyntaxique et de la tokenisation. D’autres sujets cruciaux, en revanche, semblent moins abordés, comme la question de la découpe en propositions ou en « phrases » des données linguistiques, la préservation des informations philologiques ou, encore, la question de l’encodage et des formats de données. Notre contribution explore ces thématiques (...) en prenant exemple sur le corpus MICLE, qui a dû résoudre des difficultés inédites au long de sa constitution. (shrink)

Le corpus PhraséoRoChe se centre sur le roman de chevalerie de langue française écrit en prose. Il rassemble des textes issus d’œuvres produites entre le XIIIe siècle et le XVIIe siècle, période bornée par la naissance et la disparition de ce genre textuel. Pour permettre des interrogations par le lecteur d’aujourd’hui d’un corpus outillé embrassant une diachronie aussi longue, il faut faire des choix concernant l’évolution de la langue, non seulement en traitant le décalage entre le français contemporain et la (...) langue des textes retenus mais aussi en faisant face aux difficultés liées à l’hétérogénéité de l’ancien français, du moyen français et du français préclassique. Quels choix méthodologiques peuvent être pertinents en vue de l’objectif défini, à savoir une exploitation de type linguistique, stylistique ou littéraire? Les collaborateurs du projet se sont heurtés à la triple difficulté de rester fidèles aux textes, d’intégrer la diversité des pratiques éditoriales des chercheurs selon les étapes de l’histoire du français et d’unifier le plus possible les principes de traitement pour faciliter la réception actuelle. Le présent article rend compte des deux volets de l’opération : la sélection et la transcription d’un ensemble de 40 textes, d’abord, et l’annotation au moyen de balises structurelles, d’étiquettes lexicales et d’étiquettes morphosyntaxiques, ensuite. (shrink)

8000 Word annotated bibliography on the Phaedo, with roughly 70 entries. Note that the subscription version is a bit easier to navigate. The hyperlinks work in this pdf, but you can not as easily jump to the different sections.

Argument schemes are abstractions substantiating the inferential connection between premise(s) and conclusion in argumentative communication. Identifying such conventional patterns of reasoning is essential to the interpretation and evaluation of argumentation. Whether studying argumentation from a theory-driven or data-driven perspective, insight into the actual use of argumentation in communicative practice is essential. Large and reliably annotated corpora of argumentative discourse to quantitatively provide such insight are few and far between. This is all the more true for argument scheme corpora, which tend (...) to suffer from a combination of limited size, poor validation, and the use of ad hoc restricted typologies. In the current paper, we describe the annotation of schemes on the basis of two distinct classifications: Walton’s taxonomy of argument schemes, and Wagemans’ Periodic Table of Arguments. We describe the annotation procedure for each, and the quantitative characteristics of the resulting annotated text corpora. In doing so, we extend the annotation of the preexisting US2016 corpus of televised election debates, resulting in, to the best of our knowledge, the two largest consistently annotated corpora of schemes in argumentative dialogue publicly available. Based on evaluation in terms of inter-annotator agreement, we propose further improvements to the guidelines for annotating schemes: the argument scheme key, and the Argument Type Identification Procedure. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous présentons une étude de faisabilité sur l’annotation des passages entre guillemets, phénomènes linguistiques polyphoniques qui résistent souvent à une lecture univoque et à un schéma d’annotation simplificateur. La faisabilité de l’annotation a été testée à travers une étude inter-annotateurs qui a montré, avec un accord pour 80% des annotations effectuées, que des valeurs stables (dénomination, citation, autonymie, commentaires modalisants) pouvaient être postulées. Les cas de désaccord, en partie inévitables face à la complexité du (...) phénomène, peuvent être en partie réduits par un repérage systématique des marques formelles (marques typo-dispositionnelles, éléments du lexique et formules syntaxiques) et un inventaire détaillé des contextes d’emploi pour chaque valeur. Certaines valeurs demeurant ambiguës, il convient toutefois de prévoir dans l’annotation des cas de cumul de valeurs (le passage entre guillemets cumule plusieurs valeurs compatibles) ou d’ambiguïtés (plusieurs interprétations différentes sont possibles) en cas de désaccord des annotateurs. (shrink)

This annotated bibliography is meant for those who are studying Samkhya and Yoga.

In the current paper we consider theories with vocabulary containing a number of binary and unary relation symbols. Binary relation symbols represent labeled edges of a graph and unary relations represent unique annotations of the graph's nodes. Such theories, which we call annotation theories^ can be used in many applications, including the formalization of argumentation, approximate reasoning, semantics of logic programs, graph coloring, etc. We address a number of problems related to annotation theories over finite models, including satisfiability, (...) querying problem, specification of preferred models and model checking problem. We show that most of considered problems are NPTime- or co-NPTime-complete. In order to reduce the complexity for particular theories, we use second-order quantifier elimination. To our best knowledge none of existing methods works in the case of annotation theories. We then provide a new second-order quantifier elimination method for stratified theories, which is successful in the considered cases. The new result subsumes many other results, including those of [2, 28, 21]. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous présentons une étude de faisabilité sur l’annotation des passages entre guillemets, phénomènes linguistiques polyphoniques qui résistent souvent à une lecture univoque et à un schéma d’annotation simplificateur. La faisabilité de l’annotation a été testée à travers une étude inter-annotateurs qui a montré, avec un accord pour 80% des annotations effectuées, que des valeurs stables (dénomination, citation, autonymie, commentaires modalisants) pouvaient être postulées. Les cas de désaccord, en partie inévitables face à la complexité du (...) phénomène, peuvent être en partie réduits par un repérage systématique des marques formelles (marques typo-dispositionnelles, éléments du lexique et formules syntaxiques) et un inventaire détaillé des contextes d’emploi pour chaque valeur. Certaines valeurs demeurant ambiguës, il convient toutefois de prévoir dans l’annotation des cas de cumul de valeurs (le passage entre guillemets cumule plusieurs valeurs compatibles) ou d’ambiguïtés (plusieurs interprétations différentes sont possibles) en cas de désaccord des annotateurs. (shrink)

MicroRNAs are non‐coding regulators of gene expression and key factors in development, disease, and targets for bioengineering. Consequently, microRNAs have become essential elements of already burgeoning draft plant genome descriptions where their annotation is often particularly poor, contributing unduly to the corruption of public databases. Using the Citrus sinensis as an example, we highlight and review common failings of miRNAome annotations. Understanding and exploiting the role of miRNAs in plant biology will be stymied unless the research community acts decisively (...) to improve the accuracy of miRNAome annotations. We encourage genome annotation teams to do it right or not at all. (shrink)

This is the annotated bibliography that accompanied Volume 2 of American Association of Philosophy Teachers Studies in Pedagogy, a special issue on teaching Plato. It includes sections covering teaching several specific dialogues: Republic, Meno, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and Lysis, as well as sections on "Socrates as Teacher" and general articles on teaching Plato.

A selective annotated bibliography of recent literature on a priori knowledge.

This study introduces an enigmatic construction in Japanese called chūshakuteki nibun-renchi ‘annotative dual-clause juxtaposition’ (ADCJ), exemplified below: Hiro wa, dare ni au no ka, resutoran o yoyakushita. top who dat meet nmlz int restaurant acc reserved Lit. ‘Hiro, (I wonder) who (he) will meet, reserved a restaurant.’ This construction is ubiquitous and yet little known even in Japanese linguistics circles. Because the matrix predicate of ADCJ cannot semantically accommodate such a component as dare ni au no ka ‘who (he) will (...) meet’ above, this paper argues that ADCJ is parenthetical, a construct that should be recognized as an essential element of verbal communication and, in turn, a determining factor in how utterances are to be formed and interpreted. This construction is dissimilar to any other type of parentheticals hitherto reported in the literature. What is so special about it is its merger of portraying two situations through abduction and expressing the entire circumstance in a single communicative unit. For example, in the above example, the parenthetical element explains why the speaker wishes to convey the matrix statement. From an interactional perspective, the primary function of ADCJ is to highlight the speaker’s intellectual and communicative involvement in the depicted scene. This style of communication, when compared with an ‘objective’ and apathetic description, is likely to induce more earnest reactions from the hearer or reader and, consequently, promote a more favorable continuation of the conversation or reading. This paper advocates a wide-ranging examination of thetical grammar (Kaltenböck et al. 2011), for which detailed analyses of constructions such as ADCJ that traditional syntactic/semantic theories cannot capture are indispensable. (shrink)

The Emotion Ontology is an ontology covering all aspects of emotional and affective mental functioning. It is being developed following the principles of the OBO Foundry and Ontological Realism. This means that in compiling the ontology, we emphasize the importance of the nature of the entities in reality that the ontology is describing. One of the ways in which realism-based ontologies are being successfully used within biomedical science is in the annotation of scientific research results in publicly available databases. (...) Such annotation enables several objectives, including searching, browsing and cross-database data integration. A key benefit conferred by realismbased ontology is that suitably annotated research results are able to be aggregated and compared in a fashion that is based on the underlying reality that the science is studying. This has the potential of increasing the power of statistical analysis and meta-analysis in data-driven science. This aspect has been fruitfully exploited in the investigation of the functions of genes in molecular biology. Cognitive neuroscience uses functional neuroimaging to investigate the brain correlates of areas of mental functioning such as memory, planning and emotion. The use of functional neuroimaging to study affective phenomena such as the emotions is called ‘affective neuroscience’. BrainMap is the largest curated database of coordinates and metadata for studies in cognitive neuroscience, including affective neuroscience (Laird et al., 2005). BrainMap data is already classified and indexed using a terminology for classification, called the ‘Cognitive Paradigm Ontology’ (CogPO), that has been developed to facilitate searching and browsing. However, CogPO has been developed specifically for the BrainMap database, and the data are thus far not annotated to a realism-based ontology which would allow the discovery of interrelationships between research results across different databases on the basis of what the research is about. In this contribution, we describe ongoing work that aims to annotate affective neuroscience data, starting with the BrainMap database, using the Emotion Ontology. We describe our objectives and technical approach to the annotation, and mention some of the challenges. (shrink)

In _Annotations_ Nahum Dimitri Chandler offers a philosophical interpretation of W. E. B. Du Bois’s 1897 American Negro Academy address, “The Conservation of Races.” Chandler approaches Du Bois as a generative and original philosophical thinker-writer on the status and historical implication of matters of human difference, both the fact of and the very idea thereof. Chandler proposes both a close reading of Du Bois’s engagement of the concept of so-called race and a deep meditation on Du Bois’s conceptualization of historicity (...) in general. He elaborates on the way Du Bois’s thought in this address can give an account of the organization of the historicity that yields the emergence of something like the African American, at once with its own internal dimensions and yet also as an originary articulation of forces and possibilities that have world historical implications. Chandler refigures Du Bois’s thought as a vital theoretical resource for rethinking our concepts of differences among humans and, so too, our understanding of modern historicity itself. (shrink)

In the period between Constantine's reunification of the Empire in 324 and the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 M. Valerius Probus enjoyed a large reputation as master of all areas of the ars grammatica. The commentary on Terence attributed to Donatus and the commentary of Servius on Virgil cite him more often than they do any other ancient authority. His fame persisted through the Dark Ages. Eugenius of Toledo set him with Varius and Tucca against Aristarchus, the greatest of (...) the Alexandrian students of Homer. Modern writers on the history of Roman scholarship have estimated in widely different ways his quality as a textual critic, the level of his reputation during the century after his death and the influence which his activities had on the transmission of the Latin classics. That he ‘annotated’ at least some of these in the manner of an Aristarchus is not in dispute, but everything about the nature of his ‘annotation’ is. This paper will treat afresh a famous statement about Probus in Suetonius' De grammaticis, two lists of notae associated with Probus’ name in a late eighth-century manuscript from Monte Cassino, cod. Paris, Bibl. Nat. lat. 7530, two references to such notae which have been detected in Virgilian scholia and a number of statements in these scholia which appear to give Probus’ reasons for affixing notae. The results of my study are largely negative but may help to control general discussion of the history of a number of Latin texts. (shrink)

Dans un premier temps, cette contribution fournit une présentation rapide des corpus médiévaux, principalement pour l’anglais et le français, en relation avec des projets d’annotation centrés sur l’annotation syntaxique. La seconde partie traite des aspects spécifiques de l’annotation syntaxique pour les textes d’ancien français et s’intéresse particulièrement aux interactions entre la préannotation automatique et les outils d’annotation manuelle.

Annotations to the Speech of the Muses (Plato Republic 546b-c).

Aimed at linguists and computer scientists working on natural language processing, this is the first book that shows, at a large scale, how to do semantics for spatio-temporal information based on annotation structures that conform to ISO international standards such as ISO-TimeML or ISO-Space.

Presents Darwin's masterwork on evolution with extensive annotations by an experienced field biologist.

This study examines how subtitlers in underground subtitle groups in China perform skills and display competence in applying the rules around which annotations are built. I argue that by annotating, the act of creating notes, representing information not linguistically coded in the original US TV programs, subtitlers engage in a performative act in concert. Annotations reveal not only subtitlers’ stances toward the contents being translated, but also their meta­thinking on these contents. The analysis shows that two contradictory forces provide the (...) impetus for annotations. On the one hand, the desire for objectivity refers to subtitlers’ attempts to represent a professional and organized account of how Chinese subtitles are produced in the process of explicating knowledge. On the other hand, the desire for authenticity is implicit in the subtitlers’ narrative of what they actually experience when translating US TV programs. (shrink)

This new annotated translation, by a scholar of ancient China, aims for fidelity to the original text as well as clarity for a modern audience.

Dans un premier temps, cette contribution fournit une présentation rapide des corpus médiévaux, principalement pour l’anglais et le français, en relation avec des projets d’annotation centrés sur l’annotation syntaxique. La seconde partie traite des aspects spécifiques de l’annotation syntaxique pour les textes d’ancien français et s’intéresse particulièrement aux interactions entre la préannotation automatique et les outils d’annotation manuelle.

Feminism compels us to reconceptualize aesthetic inquiries, as it erases the boundaries between the traditional realm of aesthetics-value judgments and personal pleasures-and the historical and social contexts that generate those judgments and pleasures. In the visual arts section of our annotated bibliography, we try to suggest the breadth of feminist interventions in the field of aesthetics in the past twenty years.

This new, complete translation of Kant’s Groundwork makes a challenging foundational work of moral philosophy accessible to all readers. Remaining faithful to the original German, the text is rendered clearly to promote reader comprehension. An inviting introduction, running commentary, and glossary further support study and interpretation.

This is a selective annotated bibliography of publications in the area of feminist aes-thetics from 1990 to 2003. It is intended to compliment the bibliography presented by Linda Krumholz and Estella Lauter in the Spring 1990 issue of Hypatia.

Scholarly translations of selections from the original classical Chinese texts and correcting or re-interpreting Sadler's 1944 translations as required for correctness and clarity.Scholarly annotations to Sadler's translation, including; discussion and explanation of textual content of classical texts, including elaborations on meanings, philosophical and biographical information; drawing linkages between the original textual content with strategic and military developments and events in the warfare and politics of East Asia in the recent historical period; discussion on points of the field of strategic studies.