John Locke's account of personal identity is one of his most discussed theories. Opposing the Cartesian ontology of mind, Locke argued that the soul does not always think - for thinking is simply one of its operations, but not its essence -, and that personal identity consists in consciousness alone. Against Locke, an anonymous commentator published the Remarks upon an Essay concerning Humane Understanding charging Locke's view with possible immorality. Catharine Cockburn rebuffed the Remarker's objections, in her Defence of Mr. (...) Locke's Essay, depicting his view as more dangerous for morality than Locke's. This paper shifts the focus from Cockburn's defence of Locke's moral thought, to her apology for his theory of personal identity, including his probabilistic arguments in favour of the immortality of the soul. This shift of focus yields an alternative account of Cockburn's originality: first, because she offered a non-substance interpretation of Locke's theory of personal identity, that, for its time, was unusual, and remains relevant for contemporary philosophical debates over Locke; and second, because, following Kristeller, in the very act of defending and articulating anew Locke's theory, Cockburn in some sense appropriated it. (shrink)

Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679–1749) was a versatile, learned lady, whose intellectual activity, both as a dramatist and as a philosopher, has been increasingly analysed by scholars in the last d...

Although excluded from the standard account of the history of philosophy, Catharine Trotter Cockburn avoided the 17th-century bias against female intellectual skills and was an active contributor to the early modern philosophical discourse. In her Defence of Mr. Locke’s Essay, she defended Locke from several criticisms by Thomas Burnet. By analysing three of Burnet’s main arguments, such as the theory of natural conscience, his anti-voluntarism, and his belief in the immateriality of the soul, Trotter showed that he often misinterpreted John (...) Locke’s principles, especially those concerning his moral epistemology. Moreover, beyond her apologetic aim, she also presented her own moral philosophy, arguing that the true ground of morality is the rational and social nature of human beings. Although Trotter was clearly inspired by John Locke, her Defence was not simply a vindication, and she was not his mere handmaiden, for her thought was original and independent in many respects. (shrink)

Catharine Trotter Cockburn Catharine Trotter Cockburn was an active contributor to early modern philosophical discourse in England, especially regarding morality. Her philosophical production was primarily in defense of John Locke and Samuel Clarke. Nevertheless, her thinking was original and independent in many respects. Cockburn’s moral philosophy combines elements of Locke's epistemology with Clarke’s fitness … Continue reading Cockburn, Catharine Trotter →.

In February 1676, one of Leibniz's main concerns is with the problem of the seat of the soul and its relationship with the body, to which, in two very short papers, he provides two different solutions: the doctrine of the flos substantiae and the vortex theory. By analyzing the former, I suggest that, despite what other scholars claim, it is far from being an earlier exposition of the notion of monad. I argue that this doctrine is entertained by Leibniz only (...) for a period, but is rejected later on and excluded from the final monadic system. This hypothesis seems to be supported by the shift to the notion of a vortex, which – despite having some evident pantheistic and monistic implications – offers a different solution to the problem of mind-body union, by identifying the soul as the only cement of matter. In this article, by following the progress of such a shift, we discover some fascinating nuances in the young Leibniz's development. (shrink)

Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679- 1749) fu poetessa, drammaturga e filosofa. La vivacità intellettuale e la forte determinazione le permisero di aggirare il pregiudizio di genere e di sottrarsi alle dinamiche di marginalizzazione femminile tipiche dell’età moderna. Pur celandosi dietro l’anonimato, Cockburn prese parte attiva al dibattito filosofico del tempo, intervenendo soprattutto in materia di morale. Le sue opere filosofiche, scritte in difesa di Locke o di Clarke, custodiscono, nonostante il dichiarato intento apologetico, tratti di originalità e indipendenza, particolarmente evidenti nella (...) teoria dell’obbligo morale, nell’interpretazione modale della dottrina lockeana d’identità personale, nell’ipotesi di una natura ontologica dello spazio. (shrink)

Psychopedagogy has experienced a great scientific development since 20th century as a result of disciplinary integration of psychology and pedagogy. However, epistemological problems of its professional and research practices have not been taken into account in scientific literature due to its theoretical complexity, insufficient attention by professionals who research in this discipline and perhaps for underrate general theoretical problems of sciences. The objective of this article is to offer different arguments in favour of a scientific status of psychopedagogy as an (...) interdisciplinary science, according to logical and historical assessment and the same way the determination of main epistemological problems that it confronts. La psicopedagogía ha venido manifestando un gran desarrollo desde el siglo XX, como resultado de la integración disciplinar de la psicología y la pedagogía. Sin embargo, los problemas epistemológicos asociados a su práctica investigativa y profesional no han sido abordados en la literatura científica, debido a su complejidad teórica, a una atención insuficiente por parte de los profesionales que investigan en esta disciplina y quizás a un menosprecio por los problemas teóricos generales de las ciencias. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer varios argumentos a favor del estatus científico de la psicopedagogía como ciencia interdisciplinar, a partir de una valoración histórica y lógica de su evolución, así como la precisión de los problemas epistemológicos fundamentales que afronta. (shrink)

Trata-se de analisar uma “cena” pedagógica, a do truque do pato de cera, exposta no livro III do Emílio. Ali o autor tem a oportunidade de se dedicar à “parte mais útil” de seu livro e mostrar de como podem ser aplicadas as máximas do livro III.

Rationale, aims and objectives Given the increasing prevalence of cataract and demand for cataract extraction surgery, patients must often wait to undergo this procedure. We validated a previously developed priority scoring system in terms of clinical variables, pre-intervention health status, appropriateness of surgery and gain in visual acuity (VA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Methods Explicit prioritization criteria for cataract extraction created by a variation of the Research and Development (RAND) and University of California Los Angeles appropriateness methodology were retrospectively (...) applied to a prospective cohort of 5257 patients on waiting lists to undergo cataract by phacoemulsification at 17 hospitals in Spain. Demographic data, clinical data and data related to surgical technique were collected by trained ophthalmologists. Patients were evaluated by their ophthalmologist before the intervention and 6 weeks afterward. They also completed, by mail, the Visual Function Index (VF-14) before the intervention and 3 months afterward.Results High-priority patients experienced greater improvement in VA and HRQoL than those classified as intermediate or low-priority (P < 0.0001), even after adjusting by VA and the VF-14 score at baseline. The time to intervention was the same for high-priority patients as it was for intermediate and low-priority patients.Conclusions The priority score we developed identified patients most likely to experience the greatest improvements from cataract extraction. Use of this tool could provide a fairer and more rational way to prioritize patients for cataract extraction. (shrink)

En este trabajo presentamos la traducción del latín al español, con introducción y breves notas, del octavo de los denominados Carmina Profana o Romulea escritos por el poeta cristiano Blosio Emilio Draconcio durante el siglo V y transmitido por la tradición textual bajo el título De Raptu Helenae. In this paper, we offer the translation from latin to spanish, with introduction and short notes, of the eighth of the so-called Carmina Profana or Romulea, written by the poet Blossius Aemilius (...) Dracontius during the 5th Century and transmitted by textual tradition under the title De Raptu Helenae. (shrink)

This article develops the relationship between Hans-Georg Gadamer and Spanish philosophers at the end of the 20th century after the completion of a research stay in the Deutsche Literatur Archiv in Marbach. New materials and unpublished correspondence recently found in the Deutsche Literatur Archiv in Marbach reveal common interests and intellectual links between Hans-Georg Gadamer and several Spanish philosophers: Jose Ortega y Gasset, Julián Marías, Laín Entralgo, Xavier Zubiri or Emilio Lledó. The letters, that Gadamer wrote and received, show (...) that the evident dialogical character of Gadamer’s hermeneutic was always one of his most representative characteristics. These unpublished notes are of particular interest in the understanding of the history of philosophy in Spain and the hermeneutical development. (shrink)

Summary Habituation mechanisms play a pivotal role in enabling organisms to filter out irrelevant stimuli and concentrate on essential ones. Through repeated exposure, the brain learns to disregard stimuli that are irrelevant, effectively ceasing to respond to potentially distracting input. Previous studies have demonstrated that the orienting response to visual distractors disrupting visual detection tasks habituates as tasks progress and distractors are encountered repeatedly, as their initial interference diminishes. Theoretical models posit that this reduction is contingent upon the establishment of (...) an internal representation of external stimuli. Moreover, further studies have indicated that habituation can be context- specific, suggesting that the mechanisms involved incorporate information about features of irrelevant stimuli that extend beyond their discrete characteristics. In this contribution, we further delved into the question of whether the context in which habituation occurs retains a general habituative capacity when a new, to-be-ignored stimulus is introduced. We discuss evidence indicating that the context in which habituation has already taken place facilitates the habituation process for a new stimulus. This suggests that it becomes easier to ignore new stimuli in contexts where we have already learned to disregard other stimuli, underscoring the intricate interplay between habituation, context, and attentional processes. (shrink)

In the city of Elche, every year, on the 14th and 15th of August, a sacred musical play about the death, the Assumption and the Coronation of the Virgin Mary is held. This event, known as the “Misterio de Elche”, is unique in the world. Since the middle of the 15th century it has been performed in the Basilica of Santa Maria and in the streets of the ancient city of Elche, located in the Valencian Community. In this work, (...) classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the interior of the temple is transformed into 2 main stages, the scaffold, located in the lower part, and the aerial stage, located in the dome at a height of 27 m. The structure and the traction mechanisms located on the aerial stage allow the aerial devices that take part in the play, “El Araceli”, “La Mangrana” and “La Santísima Trinidad”, to be raised and lowered. It should be noted that between 2 and 5 singing actors are embarked on these devices. This article describes the main characteristics of the aerial stage structure, the 3 apparatus and the mechanical systems used. In addition, the age and modifications of “El Araceli” are analysed, as well as the results of a non-destructive test carried out on this device. (shrink)

O principal objectivo do artigo é pensar a educação como um valor intemporal. Apresentar-se-á um duplo sentido que esta intemporalidade pode assumir: A educação surge como um valor essencial, quer ao longo da história, quer ao longo da nossa vida. Tendo em consideração o primeiro sentido proposto, procurar-se-á realçar a sua intemporalidade, nomeadamente em terreno filosófico. Destacar-se-ão, neste sentido, as seguintes obras: A República, de Platão; O Mestre, de Santo Agostinho; Emílio, de Rousseau, e Pedagogia, de Kant. Relativamente ao segundo (...) sentido, quanto à intemporalidade da educação ao longo da vida, destacar-se-ão os quatro pilares fundamentais desta mesma educação, como apresentados no pertinente Relatório para a UNESCO da Comissão Internacional sobre Educação para o século XXI: aprender a conhecer; aprender a fazer; aprender a viver juntos; aprender a ser. Por fim, pretender-se-á evidenciar a grande finalidade comum aos dois sentidos propostos: o aprender a ser. (shrink)

Razón, poesía, historia.--La cuestión del estoicismo español.--El querer.

Com este trabalho, buscamos refletir e problematizar, numa perspectiva bakhtiniana, e tendo como foco um estudo de caso, como se dá o letramento em língua inglesa, a partir da análise de textos escritos por meio de diários crítico-reflexivos dialogados entre o professor e um licenciando de primeiro período de um Curso de Letras. O diário crítico-reflexivo dialogado é concebido como uma forma de interação verbal entre o professor formador e o professor em-formação, elaborado por este ao final de cada aula. (...) O conteúdo deste diário se refere a uma descrição interpretativa em que o professor em-formação vai descrever, interpretar e relacionar como está vivendo o processo de interação verbal em seus estudos em língua inglesa. Nesse sentido, abordamos noções da arquitetura bakhtiniana, as quais hipotetizamos serem fundadoras desta prática pedagógica em estudo, discutimos analiticamente como o diário crítico-reflexivo, como prática de letramento, pode incidir na formação do (futuro) professor de língua inglesa e, finalmente, relacionamos o referencial teórico bakhtiniano com esta prática dialógica de linguagem traduzida em aspectos metodológicos da/na formação do professor de línguas na universidade. (shrink)

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of visual aesthetic perception on event-related potentials . Eight subjects assigned an aesthetic judgment and a 10-step beauty estimation to the target stimuli, consisting of famous artistic pictures and geometric shapes. In a further task, the subjects performed a motor response to the previously judged pictures and geometric shapes. ERPs were recorded through 54 scalp electrodes during both tasks. The P3b amplitude was increased during the categorization of the geometric shapes (...) compared to the artistic figures and during the vision of the beautiful targets preceding the motor response. The categorization of the aesthetic qualities of geometrical shapes seems to induce a higher level of attention, while a higher arousal variation was elicited by the recognition of beauty, in any form that was presented. (shrink)

The “representation problem” in abstract algebraic logic is that of finding necessary and sufficient conditions for a structure, on a well defined abstract framework, to have the following property: that for every structural closure operator on it, every structural embedding of the expanded lattice of its closed sets into that of the closed sets of another structural closure operator on another similar structure is induced by a structural transformer between the base structures. This question arose from Blok and Jónsson abstract (...) analysis of one of Blok and Pigozzis’s characterizations of algebraizable logics. The problem, which was later on reformulated independently by Gil-Férez and by Galatos and Tsinakis, was solved by Galatos and Tsinakis in the more abstract framework of the category of modules over a complete residuated lattice, and by Galatos and Gil-Férez in the even more abstract setting of modules over a quantaloid. We solve the representation problem in Blok and Jónsson’s original context of M-sets, where M is a monoid, and characterise the corresponding M-sets both in categorical terms and in terms of their inner structure, using the notions of a graded M-set and a generalized variable introduced by Gil-Férez. (shrink)

Despite that it is commonly accepted that migraine is a disorder of the nervous system with a prominent genetic basis, it is comorbid with a plethora of medical conditions. Several studies have found bidirectional comorbidity between migraine and different disorders including neurological, psychiatric, cardio- and cerebrovascular, gastrointestinal, metaboloendocrine, and immunological conditions. Each of these has its own genetic load and shares some common characteristics with migraine. The bidirectional mechanisms that are likely to underlie this extensive comorbidity between migraine and other (...) diseases are manifold. Comorbid pathologies can induce and promote thalamocortical network dysexcitability, multi-organ transient or persistent pro-inflammatory state, and disproportionate energetic needs in a variable combination, which in turn may be causative mechanisms of the activation of an ample defensive system with includes the trigeminovascular system in conjunction with the neuroendocrine hypothalamic system. This strategy is designed to maintain brain homeostasis by regulating homeostatic needs, such as normal subcortico-cortical excitability, energy balance, osmoregulation, and emotional response. In this light, the treatment of migraine should always involves a multidisciplinary approach, aimed at identifying and, if necessary, eliminating possible risk and comorbidity factors. (shrink)

Nesse ensaio, vou analisar o que denomino de rupturas do Estado de Direito no caso do Brasil pós-2016. Meu objetivo não é examinar detalhadamente a concepção de Estado nos vários autores, mas utilizar alguns conceitos que nos permitam lançar luz sobre o que ocorreu no Brasil Inicialmente, vou apresentar a ideia do Estado de direito tal como Kant a define. A partir dessa concepção ampla, analisarei a ideia de estado de exceção, baseada em Agambem. Mostrarei igualmente a sugestão de Rafael (...) Valim de que vivemos no Brasil num período de vários estados de exceção, caracterizado por áreas do direito onde é mantida a normalidade e áreas onde não há respeito à Constituição. Num terceiro momento, tentarei identificar alguns momentos de ruptura do estado de direito brasileiro, com ênfase no processo ocorrido na UFSC, que levou o Reitor ao suicídio, e na prisão do Presidente Lula. Por fim, mostrarei que as rupturas do nosso estado de direito derivam, não de leis de exceção, mas da perversão dos processos legais com propósito político. (shrink)

Envelhecer traz em si significações negativas que se agravam em situação de reclusão. Os procedimentos metodológicos pautaram-se em estudo bibliográfico e pesquisa em banco de dados. Os artigos encontrados foram organizados, analisados, chegando à conclusões como a falta de pesquisas sobre a mulher idosa encarcerada. Por isso, foi realizada a entrevista semi-estruturada com uma senhora sentenciada à privação de liberdade em São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados da pesquisa revelaram que a vida em regime fechado é precária para a mulher idosa (...) e, que se faz necessário repensar as políticas públicas priorizando medidas educativas e artísticas no ambiente prisional. (shrink)

Este artigo propõe-se a apresentar osistema hegeliano como uma tentativa de unificara Lógica e a Ontologia. Neste sentido, Hegel radicalizariaa filosofia crítica como aquela que pensao objeto de conhecimento enquanto constituídopelo sujeito. Mostraremos que, para Hegel, as categoriasapresentadas na Ciência da Lógica sãocategorias do ser e do pensamento sobre o ser.Por fim, exploraremos a noção de exposição daIdéia hegeliana como aquela que desdobra suaidealidade na objetividade mundana.

Este artigo propõe-se a determinar o sentido da morte na figura do senhor e do servo da Fenomenologia do Espírito de Hegel. Para tal propósito, o texto será dividido em três partes. Na primeira, exporei o pano de fundo no qual se encontra a figura - a seção 'Autoconsciência da Fenomenologia do Espírito - bem como a importância desta no desenvolvimento da obra em questão. Num segundo momento, exporei o desenvolvimento da figura numa análise interna de sua estrutura, ressaltando o (...) papel que aí cumpre a luta de vida e morte. Por fim, farei uma analogia entre a figura e a História, mais especificamente, com o período do Terror da Revolução Francesa. (shrink)

Bernard Williams critica a moral kantiana como responsável por uma falha crucial da ética contemporânea. Em Problemas do Eu, ele afirma que os filósofos ingleses limitam-se a reconhecer as emoções como um componente potencialmente destrutivo da moralidade. Opondo-se a isto, ele tenta refutar várias visões de Kant sobre emoções, de acordo com as quais as emoções seriam apenas um produto de uma causa natural, além de volúveis e experimentadas de forma passiva. Mostrarei que Kant tem um lugar para as emoções (...) na sua teoria moral; entretanto, ele defende que podemos agir moralmente sem nenhum móbil sensível. Pretendo provar que Bernard Williams e Kant possuem diferentes modelos de motivação moral e que Kant não concorda com a expressão de Williams “apenas motivações motivam”, visto que a lei moral poderia levar a uma ação, sem a necessidade de um motivo sensível. (shrink)

Nosso propósito aqui não é traçar um quadro comparativo exaustivo entre a filosofia hegeliana e a filosofia de Espinosa (1). Pretendemos apenas esclarecer, pela indagação sobre uma possível matriz panteísta do pensamento de Hegel, a compreensão hegeliana sobre a relação entre Absoluto e mundo finito. Mostraremos que Espinosa influencia Hegel desde os tempos de Tübingen e que o hegelianismo passará sucessivamente por três fases distintas: uma primeira fase de entusiasmo peIo panteísmo, entusiasmo esse partilhado com Schelling; uma segunda fase de (...) crítica ao espinosismo, bem como à sua assimilação pela doutrina de Schellinig; uma terceira fase, na qual Hegel tomaria uma posição de aceitação crítica do espinosismo. Por fim, tentaremos mostrar que a crítica dirigida a Espinosa pelo Hegel da maturidade consiste em apontar a falta de reflexão presente no panteísmo, o que só poderia ser corrigido por meio das categorias presentes na Doulrina da Essência. (shrink)