lnek se vnuje problematice experiment a jejich explicitnmu i skrytmu vyuvn v ekonomii. Vzhledem k charakteru tto vdeck metody je vhodnost jejho zahrnut do metodologickho apartu vdy asto diskutabiln, v ppad ekonomie o to vce, e se jedn o vdu velmi komplexn a majc jako pedmt zkouman jednotlivce i ekonomick systm jako celek. Po konfrontaci vybranch ekonomickch smr ve smyslu jejich postoje k ovovn hypotz (draz je kladen na srovnn praxeologie a metodologickho pozitivismu) je kriticky zhodnocena skuten rove ekonomickho experimentovn. (...) V prci je na zklad definovn souvislost mezi ekonomi a politologi identifikovno rozshl ovovn zvr ekonomickch teori v praxi a diskutovn rozmr tohoto zjitn. (shrink)

According to Peter Harrison's book The Bible, Protestantism and the Rise of Natural Science modern science came into existence as a result of the emphasis of Protestants on the literal sense of the Scripture, their refusal of the earlier symbolic or allegorical interpretation, and their efforts at fixing the meaning of the biblical text in which each passage was to be ascribed a single and unique meaning. This article tries to summarize the most significant critiques of Harrison's hypothesis and to (...) acknowledge their legitimacy. However, the alternative explanation of the emergence of modern science as a result of disputes over the biblical interpretation and the subsequent discovery of the ambiguous character of the ordinary verbal language is not fully satisfactory either. (shrink)

University study can be a life period of heightened psychological distress for many students. The development of new preventive and intervention programs to support well-being in university students is a fundamental challenge for mental health professionals. We designed an 8-week online mindfulness-based program combining a face-to-face approach, text, audio, video components, and support psychotherapy principles with a unique intensive reminder system using the Facebook Messenger and Slack applications in two separate runs. We assessed the program’s effect on mindful experiencing, perceived (...) stress, emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion, negative affect, and quality of life. The results of the presented pilot study confirmed that eMBP is a feasible and effective tool in university students’ mental health support. The students who completed the eMBP reported a reduction of perceived stress with a large effect size as well as a decrease of negative affect experience frequency and intensity, an increase of being mindful in their life, and a higher rate of self-compassion with a medium effect size. A small effect size was found in the frequency of using a cognitive reappraisal strategy. One new result is the observation of an eMBP effect on the decrease in attributed importance to the quality-of-life components replicated in two consecutive runs of the program. The study affirms that mindfulness-based interventions can be effectively delivered in an eHealth form to university students. (shrink)

Bernardino of Siena and Giovanni of Capestrano, both preachers and among the most relevant figures of the Observance, shaped that branch of the Franciscan Order during the first half of the fifteenth century. After Bernardino's death in 1444 Giovanni zealously promoted his friend's canonization, which occurred in 1450. The Observants' first sanctified friar signaled the official legitimacy of this branch of the Order and Giovanni subsequently tried to establish L'Aquila, Bernardino's place of death, as the center of the Franciscan reform (...) movement.By exploring the visual impact of Giovanni of Capestrano's mission and preaching north of the Alps, this contribution analyzes... (shrink)

Reflection Principles are commonly thought to produce only strong axioms of infinity consistent with V = L. It would be desirable to have some notion of strong reflection to remedy this, and we have proposed Global Reflection Principles based on a somewhat Cantorian view of the universe. Such principles justify the kind of cardinals needed for, inter alia , Woodin’s Ω-Logic.

The article picks up the threads of especially Martin Muslow’s 1990s research and describes the distinctiveness of the “relational metaphysics of resemblance” in the middle of the seventeenth century. The late Renaissance metaphysical outlines, carried out in the Comenius circle, are characteristic for their relationality, accent on universal resemblance, providentialism, pansensism, sensualism, triadism – and also for their effort to define metaphysical terms properly. While Comenians share the last – and only the last – feature with Cartesians, they differ in (...) the other features. Therefore, Cartesians and Comenians cannot come to terms in the issue of the proper definitions either. Quite on the contrary, they oppose each other on this issue. By means of Johann Clauberg’s criticism of Georg Ritschel and René Descartes’s only supposedly “mysterious” and “solipsist” second meditation, the article turns a Cartesian mirror to the Comenian metaphysical project. In its light, the definitions of Georg Ritschel, Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld and Jan Amos Comenius turn out to be unacceptable for Cartesians (and also for Thomists and, in part, for Baconians). Despite their superficially Aristotelian-scholastic appearance, their content is notably Paracelsian-Campanellian (with a Timplerian foundation). Even though Comenian definitions of metaphysical terms had been refused and refuted by Cartesians, they experienced a second lifespan in their robust influence on Leibniz and Newton. (shrink)

In this article, I first reconsider the personal links between Comenius and Leibniz, searching for how Comenian texts and ideas may have reached Leibniz. For that reason, I outline a constellation of thinkers within Central European Protestantism, since a vast majority of the important intellectuals with some noteworthy link both to Comenius and Leibniz were based there. Second, I investigate more closely one particular intellectual link between Comenius and Leibniz, namely their common combinatorial standpoint, because the striking parallels, connections and (...) similarities between Comenius’s and Leibniz’s ideas on combinatorics, universal language and relational metaphysics have been largely overlooked thus far. (shrink)

Článek se soustředí na téma, jemuž dosud mezi českými badateli nebyla věnována patřičná pozornost. Uvádí do českého prostředí přírodní filosofii Tommasa Campanelly OP (1568–1639), přičemž se zaměřuje na jeho kosmologii, astrologii, magii, medicínu a prorocké vize. Jsou zdůrazněny některé z jeho antiaristotelských tezí a v neposlední řadě je poukázáno na zajímavé paralely, analogie a průniky se staršími autory (Dante, Ficino…) i současníky (Komenský, Galileo…). Závěrečné tvrzení, že Campanella nepatří k průkopníkům moderní vědy, ale spíše k starší renesanční hermeticko-magicko-platónské tradici, by (...) nemělo zastínit literární a rétorickou kvalitu jeho spisů, především jeho metaforiku a obraznost. (shrink)

Článek se soustředí na téma, jemuž dosud mezi českými badateli nebyla věnována patřičná pozornost. Uvádí do českého prostředí přírodní filosofii Tommasa Campanelly OP (1568–1639), přičemž se zaměřuje na jeho kosmologii, astrologii, magii, medicínu a prorocké vize. Jsou zdůrazněny některé z jeho antiaristotelských tezí a v neposlední řadě je poukázáno na zajímavé paralely, analogie a průniky se staršími autory (Dante, Ficino…) i současníky (Komenský, Galileo…). Závěrečné tvrzení, že Campanella nepatří k průkopníkům moderní vědy, ale spíše k starší renesanční hermeticko-magicko-platónské tradici, by (...) nemělo zastínit literární a rétorickou kvalitu jeho spisů, především jeho metaforiku a obraznost. (shrink)

As has been shown by several studies, teaching is a highly stressful occupation (Johnson et al., 2005), and most teachers experience work stress. Long-term stress decreases job satisfaction and can result in chronic exhaustion which can develop into burnout syndrome. Implications of burnout syndrome are strongly negative both for the personal and professional life of teachers. As burnout syndrome puts teachers’ well-being, quality of the teaching process and relationships with students at risk, it is important to seek ways to avoid (...) teachersÉ’ burnout. Many studies have confirmed the protective role that coping strategies play in managing stressful situations, teacher’s self-efficacy or social support. In previous studies, a negative connection was found between burnout syndrome and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is a crucial element in the definition of wellbeing. We find wellbeing rather not as a resource for burnout prevention but as an opposite state to burnout syndrome. The paper presents a quantitative survey on burnout syndrome and related variables among Czech elementary school teachers (n = 2,394). According to burnout score, two subgroups were selected – teachers with no burnout manifestations and teachers with developing/developed burnout syndrome. Through the statistical analysis, these two groups were compared in job satisfaction, self-efficacy, coping strategies, and social support. The study shows significant differences between the two groups of teachers... (shrink)

John Searle je profesor filosofie na University of California v Berkeley. Do filosofie se nesmazatelně zapsal již svou ranou teorií řečových aktů , která významně ovlivnila současné pojetí jazyka. Searle v ní klade důraz na mínění mluvčího a posluchače a na roli jejich mínění při ustavování významu. Searlův zájem o mysl a intencionalitu později vyústil v komplexní teorii intencionality a v úvahy o ontologii mysli a vědomí a o začlenění vědomí do světa přírody . Se zájmem o mysl souvisí i (...) slavný argument obvykle nazývaný „čínská místnost“, který je zaměřen proti teorii silné umělé inteligence, tedy proti názoru, že mysl může vzniknout implementací počítačového programu. Úvahy o jazyce a intencionalitě také předznačily Searlovo další velké téma a další originální příspěvek k filosofii – jeho ontologii sociální reality , na níž v současné době dále pracuje. Jiným Searlovým důležitým filosofickým tématem je racionalita . Následující rozhovor se uskutečnil u příležitosti Searlovy návštěvy v Praze ve dnech 8.–11. října 2007, kdy Searle přednesl dvě přednášky na téma sociální reality a úlohy jazyka v jejím ustavování. Za laskavou spolupráci při zpracování rozhovoru patří dík paní Dagmar Searle. (shrink)

Cílem textu je načrtnout ty rysy filosofie Johna Searla, které ji činí objektivním, v jistém smyslu empirickým zkoumáním, jehož předmětem je náš vědomý či mentální život a jeho intencionalita. Searlův přístup k tomuto fenoménu není zcela naturalistický, neboť je pro něj podstatná tzv. perspektiva první osoby. Chápání vědomého života jako přírodního fenoménu se projevuje jiným způsobem: především tak, že chápe intencionalitu jako evolučně rozvrstvenou.

Although to the readers of Utopian Studies Darko Suvin remains perhaps best known for his criticism of science fiction, much of his recent writing has fallen into the category of Marxist political epistemology. Of note are In Leviathan's Belly: Essays for a Counter-Revolutionary Time (2012), his analysis of former Yugoslavia in Splendour, Misery, and Potentialities: An X-ray of Socialist Yugoslavia (2017) as well as a number of shorter works on subjects that range from the Russian Revolution to George Orwell's Nineteen (...) Eighty-Four. For decades, Suvin has also written (about) poetry: he discussed verse already in the 1979 The Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre and his... Read More. (shrink)

Ever since I encountered Lyman Tower Sargent's writing, he has signified to me a scholar whose lifelong dedication to utopian thought and literature has nurtured generations of students, critics, and practitioners of utopia. It is for this reason that my birthday wishes briefly place Lyman's work alongside that of William Morris—a writer, critic, designer, and activist whose inspiration was the past.

In addition to two Czech translations of Thomas More’s Utopia—one from 1950 by Bohumil Ryba, the other from 1911 by Jiří Foustka—More’s imaginary society has been introduced into the Czech context through prefaces and afterwords that accompanied the translations, through journalistic essays, and through a number of scholarly articles and book-length studies. Drawing on several such recently published accounts of More’s life and his work, the following pages first sketch contemporary debates about Utopia in the Czech Republic. Subsequently, I devote (...) myself to the translations by Ryba and Foustka. Besides discussing them in detail, I consider the paratexts, alongside selected critical studies as well... (shrink)

“Since 1989 we have lived in a world where the nightmare of socialist science fiction has become reality: capitalism has won. With some exceptions, we have no alternative visions of economic, technological, and social future, no visions that would spring from anything besides capitalism”.1 With these words, Tomáš Pospiszyl closes the introduction to a volume that accompanied a recent exhibition about imaginary futures in socialist Czechoslovakia organized in Dům umění in Brno and Centrum současného umění Dox in Prague. Pospiszyl’s idea (...) indeed echoes through contemporary Czech culture. At second sight, however, through the over-a-century-old... (shrink)

Josef Čapek’s writings from between 1914 and 1920 present a distinctive conception of primitivism, which was, beginning in the early twentieth century, of fundamental importance for the development of modern trends in the fine arts, in connection with the essential change in understanding the term ‘art’. Two manuscript version of the essay Umění přírodních národů (The art of primitive peoples) from 1914 to 1916 and the article ‘Sochařství černochů’ (Negro sculpture) from 1918 are amongst the first European critical attempts to (...) interpret ethnic art. Čapek presents the ‘art of the savages’ (divošské umění) as fully fledged art, and he tries to analyse its principles of expression. He compares them to current trends in art. The essays from the volume Nejskromnější umění (The humblest art, 1919–20), which consider other dimensions of primitivism, present a particular definition and expansion of the term ‘art’. In contrast to academic virtuosity, Čapek here emphasizes values of hitherto peripheral and unacknowledged areas of artistic expression, and achieves a distinctively personal revision of the traditional conception of the boundaries of the work of art and therefore also its essence and purpose. The essay ‘Sociální užitečnost umění’ (The social utility of art, 1919) also relates to these questions. (shrink)

Inleidend overzicht van de wijsgerige ethiek.

Scientific realists have suggested that changes in our scientific communities over the course of their history have rendered those communities progressively less vulnerable to the problem of unconcieved alternatives over time. I argue in response not only that the most fundamental historical transformations of the scientific enterprise have generated steadily mounting obstacles to revolutionary, transformative, or unorthodox scientific theorizing, but also that we have substantial independent evidence that the institutional apparatus of contemporary scientific inquiry fosters an exceedingly and increasingly theoretically (...) conservative form of that inquiry. I conclude that contemporary scientific communities are actually more vulnerable to the problem of unconceived alternatives than their historical predecessors, and I briefly suggest how we might seek to pursue scientific inquiry in a less theoretically conservative way. (shrink)

In Industry 4.0 completely new production worlds are emerging, where robots are becoming a key element and where common human skill activities and thinking are commonly surpassed. The growing degree of automation and the interconnection of the digital and the real-world create an environment that requires a set of interdisciplinary skills. For the sustainability of enterprises in this environment, human creativity acquires an irreplaceable role. The aim is to compare the application of selected values in corporate culture, which creates a (...) space for increasing the creativity of employees from the perspective of different sizes of enterprises. The research sample consists of 1,716 companies of the Czech and Slovakia that participated in the questionnaire survey. The results of the independent T-test confirmed significant differences in the applied values between the countries being compared. Differences in terms of business size have been further explored through the ANOVA test and the Tukey HSD test. The results subsequently confirmed that the values: work meaningfulness, passion for work, and trust are applied more significantly to microenterprises in both the countries, creating an environment that supports creativity. (shrink)

Recenze: Peter HARRISON - Ronald L. NUMBERS - Michael H. SHANK Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science. Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press 2011, 416 s.

인간의 이성적 의식과 법의 관계를 밝히고 법의 해석 과 판단에 인간의 의식이 어떻게 작용하는가를 고찰 한 저술. 제1부에서는 법의 형이상학적인 측면에서 법의 실체, 그리스의 법, 데카르트의 법, 로크와 법, 칸트와 법, 헤겔과 법, 아담스미스의 법의 경제, 중국의 도덕과 법사상을 다루었다. 제2부에서는 심리학적 분석으로 헌법의 심리학적 해석, 법의 판결절차, 증거법, 형법과 죄, 청소년과 가족법, 조세법, 플라톤의 법, 칸트의 도덕론의 경험적 확인, 헤겔의 자아와 노동법, 법의 4차원에 대해 다뤘다.

George Berkeley is one of the greatest and most influential modern philosophers. In defending the immaterialism for which he is most famous, he redirected modern thinking about the nature of objectivity and the mind's capacity to come to terms with it. Along the way, he made striking and influential proposals concerning the psychology of the senses, the workings of language, the aims of science, and the scope of mathematics. In this Companion volume a team of distinguished authors not only examines (...) Berkeley's achievements but also his neglected contributions to moral and political philosophy, his writings on economics and development, and his defense of religious commitment and religious life. The volume places Berkeley's achievements in the context of the many social and intellectual traditions - philosophical, scientific, ethical, and religious - to which he fashioned a distinctive response. (shrink)

One diagnosis of what is wrong with the Knowledge Argument rests on the Ability Hypothesis. This couples an ability analysis of knowing what an experience is like together with a denial that phenomenal propositions exist. I argue against both components. I consider three arguments against the existence of phenomenal propositions and find them wanting. Nevertheless I deny that knowing phenomenal propositions is part of knowing what an experience is like. I provide a hybrid account of knowing what an experience is (...) like which is the coherent expression of a single idea: knowing what an experience is like is knowing what it would be like to have the phenomenal content of the experience as the content of an experience one is currently having. I explain how my conclusions indicate that the focus of discussion should be on the alleged explanatory gap between phenomenal facts and physical facts and not on the Knowledge Argument. The latter is a poor expression of the difficulty Physicalists face. (shrink)

Typical discussions of virtual reality (VR) fixate on technology for providing sensory stimulation of a certain kind. They thus fail to understand reality as the place wherein we live and work, misunderstanding it instead as merely a sort of presentation. The first half of the paper examines popular conceptions of VR. The most common conception is a shallow one according to which VR is a matter of simulating appearances. Yet there is, even in popular depictions, a second, more subtle conception (...) according to which VR is a matter of facilitating new kinds of interaction. The latter half of the paper turns to questions about the contemporary technology of Internet chatrooms. The fact that chatrooms can be used in certain ways suggests something about the prospects for VR. The penultimate section asks whether chatrooms may legitimately be thought of as places. (In a sense, they may.) The final section asks whether cybersex may legitimately be thought of as sex. (Again, yes.) Chatroom technology thus provides an argument for the second conception of VR over its much ballyhooed rival. (shrink)

There has been an increase in recent years in the use of empirical methods in healthcare ethics. Appeals to empirical data cannot answer moral questions, but insights into the knowledge, attitudes, experience, preferences and practice of interested parties can play an important part in the development of healthcare ethics. In particular, while we may establish a general ethical principle to provide explanatory and normative guidance for healthcare professionals, the interpretation and application of such general principles to actual practice still requires (...) interpretation and judgement. And many situations in healthcare practice are complex and may involve a variety of principles, each of which may conflict with the others. Simple surveys or interview studies may not be sufficient if we wish to develop a nuanced approach to ethical practice that can be set out in guidelines, codes or directives. We do not resolve moral questions by plebiscite. In this paper, the authors argue for the use of consensus methods to develop shared understanding of ethical practice, and they argue further for the combination of the Delphi method with the use of vignettes to illustrate the kind of situations that may occur in practice. They develop their argument in part by reference to their experience of using this approach in their recent research. (shrink)

As family physicians, general practitioners play a key role in safeguarding children. Should they suspect child abuse or neglect they may experience a conflict between responding to the needs and interests of the child and those of an adult patient. English law insists on the paramountcy of the interests of the child, but in family practice many other interests may be at stake. The authors argue that uncritical adoption of the paramountcy principle is too simplistic and can lead, paradoxically, to (...) greater harm. They argue for a more subtle and nuanced view of interests and of conflicts of interest in safeguarding children. (shrink)

Prospect Theory: For Risk and Ambiguity, provides a comprehensive and accessible textbook treatment of the way decisions are made both when we have the statistical probabilities associated with uncertain future events and when we lack them. The book presents models, primarily prospect theory, that are both tractable and psychologically realistic. A method of presentation is chosen that makes the empirical meaning of each theoretical model completely transparent. Prospect theory has many applications in a wide variety of disciplines. The material in (...) the book has been carefully organized to allow readers to select pathways through the book relevant to their own interests. With numerous exercises and worked examples, the book is ideally suited to the needs of students taking courses in decision theory in economics, mathematics, finance, psychology, management science, health, computer science, Bayesian statistics, and engineering. (shrink)

On-line, just as off-line, there are ways of assessing the credibility of information sources. The Internet, although it arguably makes for nothing wholly new in this regard, complicates the ordinary task of assessing credibility. In the first section, I consider a specific example and argue that Internet content providers have no clear interest in resolving these comlications. In the second, I consider four general ways that we might assess credibility and explore how they apply to life online. Finally, I argue (...) that even careful information gathering may pose subtle pitfalls but that some of these may be mitigated on-line. (shrink)