O objeto deste artigo é a leitura que Claude Geffré faz de Paul Tillich em De Babel a Pentecostes: ensaios de teologia inter-religiosa. O autor recorre à teologia de Tillich para desenvolver uma “hermenêutica do diálogo inter-religioso”, a fim de responder ao desafio do pluralismo religioso para a teologia cristã. O argumento que Geffré encontra é que apenas a partir do paradoxo cristológico, à luz do conceito de “revelação final” e “preocupação última”, a teologia cristã pode responder ao pluralismo (...) religioso sem perder-se de si mesmo. O artigo tem dois momentos: primeiro, uma percepção da obra de Geffré, especialmente a primeira parte, intitulada Não há outro nome, onde está nosso foco; segundo, a análise dos três conceitos de Tillich desenvolvidos por Geffré, procurando identificar e caracterizar acentos da leitura e analisar o resultado dessa leitura à luz das referências na obra de Tillich. Nossa conclusão sublinha a pertinência da teologia de Tillich para a reflexão acerca do problema proposto, tal como Geffré demonstra, e destaca uma crítica a partir do conceito de preocupação última, cuja implicação questiona a positividade desse conceito para uma teologia inter-religiosa, uma vez que seu caráter paradoxal seja relativizado. (shrink)

Este artigo tem por objetivo geral destacar alguns aspectos fundamentais para o entendimento adequado do significado linguístico centrado na ideia de “uso”. A noção de uso enquanto determinante do significado foi proposta pela primeira vez por Wittgenstein nas Investigações Filosóficas. Desde então, surgiram muitas tentativas de compatibilizar a noção de uso com as demais perspectivas oferecidas pelo filósofo naquela obra, não obstante, a questão ainda permanece distante de atingir um consenso. Recentemente, a teoria do significado como uso proposta por (...) class='Hi'>Paul Horwich, reacendeu o debate a respeito das noções de uso, significado e naturalismo semântico. A abordagem inspiradora de Horwich tem se revelado uma excelente estratégia tanto no que se refere a evidenciar a pertinência da proposta wittgensteiniana, como no sentido de oferecer soluções eficazes às objeções recorrentes que ela enfrenta. O objetivo específico deste trabalho é mostrar o modo como Horwich pretende resolver algumas daquelas objeções. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é traçar como, no pensamento de Paul Ricœur, a narração e a sua especificidade da linguagem religiosa permeiam um acontecimento in illo tempore que dá ao ser humano uma orientação temporal que carrega um acontecimento passado para um futuro que, em certo sentido, é preenchido pela esperança e, com isto, coroando o esforço do existir do ser humano. O artigo fundamenta-se principalmente nas obras de Ricœur, tais como: O conflito das interpretações, A hermenêutica bíblica, Manifestation (...) et Proclamation e Do texto à ação. Discute-se a questão de, em Ricœur, a linguagem religiosa oferecer a garantia do acolhimento da revelação como palavra inacessível e, com isso, faz com que o ser humano decida por essa como um dom gratuito. Ela redescreve a realidade. Um processo realizado por meio da linguagem metafórica e simbólica. Neste sentido, o símbolo tem um sentido que pode ser reapropriado por quem o interpreta. Por fim, afirma-se que, em Ricœur, o texto sagrado, especificamente o texto bíblico, é uma janela aberta, uma possibilidade tanto do processo ético de nomeação de Deus como também da abertura e da complexidade poética da construção do texto. (shrink)

Después de recordar las dificultades del pensamiento tomista cuando trata de la relación jerárquica entre dos facultades de Dios: la voluntad y el entendimiento y de precisar el intelectualismo tomista al mostrar que para Santo Tomás la voluntad divina tiene un límite, se vincula la discusión tomista con la obra de Descartes. Finalmente, se advierte que en Ockham y en su escuela nominalista se encuentra un antecedente de la posición cartesiana. La expresión "ne quidem ratione" remite a la doctrina de (...) Ockham y de su escuela sobre la simplicidad absoluta de la esencia divina. Pues tanto para Ockham como para Descartes "ni siquiera lógicamente (ne quidem ratione)" nos es posible asignar una distinción en las facultades divinas. Dios se hace incomprensible para nuestro pensamiento, para nuestra lógica. Y Él lo es, según Descartes y Ockham, porque su poder nos supera: la potentia Dei es absoluta. (shrink)

O presente texto tem como objetivo trazer para discussão como o processo de esquecimento é refletido no terreno da memória individual e da memória coletiva. Tomamos como base teórica os estudos do filosofo francês Paul Ricoeur, em sua obra “A memória, a história, o esquecimento” edição publicada no Brasil em 2007, especificamente, seu estudo sobre o esquecimento. Neste sentido, buscaremos entender como essas questões se problematizam e quais seus reflexos.

Karl Popper and Paul Feyerabend were among the most influential philosophers of science of the twentieth century. Extensive studies have been dedicated to the development of their controversial relationship, which saw Feyerabend turning from a student and supporter of Popper to one of his harshest critics. Yet, it is not as well known that the rift between Popper and Feyerabend arose mainly in the context of their studies on the foundations of quantum mechanics, which has been the main subject (...) of their discussions for about two decades. This paper reconstructs in detail their diatribe over the foundations of quantum mechanics, emphasising also the major role that their personal relationship played in their distancing. (shrink)

RESUMO O artigo trata da apropriação fenomenológica das epístolas aos Tessalonicenses levada a termo por Martin Heidegger em sua prelação do semestre de inverno de 1920-1921 intitulada “Introdução à Fenomenologia da Religião”, quando era assistente de Edmund Husserl na Universidade de Freiburg. A preleção foi publicada pela primeira vez no quadro da Edição Integral das obras de Heidegger em 1995. No artigo considerarei especialmente a noção de temporalidade escatológica a partir da análise do fenômeno cristão da παρoυσíα fora do contexto (...) do sercrente e de sua consequente fundamentação teológica. Portanto, a proposta do presente estudo sobre o jovem Heidegger consistirá, em primeiro lugar, no “status quaestionis” da pesquisa sobre a referida preleção acadêmica e sua relação com o Denkweg de Heidegger. Em segundo lugar, destacarei a peculiaridade da leitura das epístolas de Paulo no contexto de uma abordagem fenomenológica a partir do conceito de “pré-compreensão” no sentido de que há um sentido a ser procurado em um fenômeno sem ainda determiná-lo teoricamente. Esta categoria metodológica indica um horizonte para o qual é preciso avançar realizando uma metamorfose do si. Em terceiro lugar, examinarei o §26 da segunda parte da mesma preleção acadêmica que versa sobre a “expectativa da parusia” no Cristianismo das Origens para explicitar especialmente as conexões entre historicidade e modalidade da vida autenticamente vivida, bem como a estrutura da temporalidade vivida pelo Cristianismo das origens: “a experiência fática da vida é histórica. A religiosidade cristã vive a temporalidade como tal”. ABSTRACT The article deals with the phenomenological appropriation of the epistles to the Thessalonians carried out by Martin Heidegger in his lecture of the winter semester of 1920-1921 entitled "Introduction to the Phenomenology of Religion", when he was assistant to Edmund Husserl at the University of Freiburg. The lecture was first published in the context of the Integral Edition of Heidegger's works in 1995. In the article, I will especially consider the notion of eschatological temporality from the analysis of the Christian phenomenon of the παρoυσíα outside the context of the believer and its consequent theological foundation. Therefore, the proposal of the present study on the young Heidegger will consist, in first place, in the "status quaestionis" of the research on the said academic lecture and its relation with the Denkweg of Heidegger. In second place, I will highlight the peculiarity of the reading of Paul's epistles in the context of a phenomenological approach from the concept of "pre-comprehension" in the sense that there is a meaning to be sought in a phenomenon without yet determining it theoretically. This methodological category indicates a horizon for which one must advance by performing a metamorphosis of the self. In third place, I shall examine § 26 of the second part of the same academic lecture dealing with the "expectation of the parusia" in Christianity of Origins in order to explicate especially the connections between historicity and modality of an authentically lived life, as well as the structure of temporality experienced by Christianity of the origins: "the factual experience of life is historical. Christian religiosity lives temporality as such". (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo discute a questão do percurso plástico do pintor Paul Cézanne e a influência direta vivida por Merleau-Ponty nas fases da fenomenologia e da ontologia selvagem. Para tanto, o referido percurso é sustentado pelo tema da organização estruturante das obras de arte que “lançam” os sujeitos da percepção ao mundo vivido. Na fase fenomenológica mostramos o problema da percepção das imagens a partir das criações romântica e impressionista de Cézanne, pintor moderno, que critica a produção clássica (...) pelo poder de representação da natureza em suas formas “nítidas” e delimitadas, por exemplo, pelas linhas e pelos desenhos, estabelecendo-se, a partir dessa questão, a ultrapassagem do mundo determinado. Em seguida, pretendemos mostrar como a pintura do último Cézanne encontra-se aberta, enquanto pintura “selvagem”, ao sujeito e ao mundo, na condição de envolvimento carnal. Desse modo, passamos a compreender questões fundamentais como: o olhar e a experiência perceptiva; o processo de criação pictórica; a constância e os instantes do mundo; a profundidade, a visão radical e a ontologia selvagem. (shrink)

Este trabalho analisa e o decadentismo bobbiano dialogando-o com existencialismo sartriano. As duas grandes guerras mundiais ocorridas na Europa impactaram significativamente os campos da política, da economia e da cultura europeia. A crise foi vivida pela elite como uma decadência. A crise da filosofia ou filosofia da crise resultou no surgimento do decadentismo, que se constitui em um movimento existencialista que propôs a reflexão sobre a experiência humana no mundo. Amparado no existencialismo proposto por Kierkegaard, Heidegger e Jaspers o decadentismo (...) promove uma tomada de consciência e a exaltação de uma posição diante da vida. Bobbio tem em Jean-Paul Sartre a mais perfeita encarnação do intelectual decadente, na medida em que se constata que os personagens sartrianos são predominantemente decadentes e tem como característica principal a contínua interação entre a reflexão e a vida, entre a paixão vivida e a que se coloca em frente ao espelho da consciência. Metodologicamente o estudo foi desenvolvido por meio da análise da obra El Existencialismo: ensayo de intepretación de Norberto Bobbio e Existencialismo é um humanismo e o Ser e o Nada: Ensaio de uma Ontologia Fenomenológica de Sartre. Nesse sentido, a filosofia da crise esboçada pelos dois pensadores permite uma reflexão profunda sobre a experiência humana no mundo, com a possibilidade constante de estabelecer projetos de realidade humana no mundo. (shrink)

Um estudo sobre a relação entre literatura e religião tomando ambas como expressão de produtividade da interpretação no contexto da Modernidade. O artigo aborda os pressupostos filosóficos da relação entre história da salvação e história da interpretação, e suas consequências para a consciência histórico-cultural do Ocidente, tal como examinado por Gianni Vattimo. Segundo este, o legado do Cristianismo se atualiza na Modernidade tardia em termos de produtividade da interpretação, ampliando a noção de linguagem e discurso por suas implicações ontológicas e (...) epistemológicas. A partir desses argumentos, a relação entre literatura e religião se estreita, permitindo compreender ambas como formas de produção simbólica, narrativa e discursiva de interpretações poéticas e normativas da vida no mundo. Para compreendê-lo nesses termos, recorre-se a conceitos chaves da hermenêutica literária desenvolvida por Paul Ricoeur, com o qual temos categorias de análise, bem como uma compreensão hermenêutica do próprio evento do texto literário. Finalmente, o artigo conclui com apontamentos para o que seria uma hermenêutica teológica da literatura, nos termos da teologia da cultura de Paul Tillich. Palavras-chaves: Literatura. Religião. Interpretação. Hermenêutica Literária. Teologia da cultura.: This article presents a study on the relationship between literature and religion taking both as expression of the productivity of interpretation in the context of modernity. The article discusses the philosophical assumptions of the relationship between the salvation history and the history of interpretation and its implications for historical and cultural consciousness of the West, as seen by Gianni Vattimo. According this author, the legacy of Christianity is updated in late modernity in terms of productivity interpretation, expanding the notion of language and discourse for their ontological and epistemological implications. From these arguments on, the relationship between literature and religion becomes closer, allowing us to understand both literature and religion as forms of symbolic production: poetic and normative interpretations of life in the world. To understand it in those terms, key concepts of literary hermeneutics developed by Paul Ricoeur are evoked. These terms are used as categories of analysis to facilitate a hermeneutic understanding of the actual event of the literary text. Finally, the paper concludes with some considerations for a hermeneutics of theological literature, in terms of the theology of Paul Tillich culture. Keywords : Literature. Religion. Interpretation. Literary Hermeneutics. Theology of culture. - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2012v10n25p29. (shrink)

There is little work of a systematic nature in ethical theory or deontic logic on aretaic notions such as praiseworthiness and blameworthiness, despite their centrality to common-sense morality. Without more work, there is little hope of filling the even larger gap of attempting to develop frameworks integrating such aretaic concepts with deontic concepts of common-sense morality, such as what is obligatory, permissible, impermissible, or supererogatory. It is also clear in the case of aretaic concepts that agency is central to such (...) appraisal, so some agential notions must be integrated with aretaic concepts as well. The current paper takes the first step in a larger project aimed at the closure of these gaps. Here I sketch a simple framework for the aretaic appraisal of an agent's performance, layered on top of a simple framework for agency and predetermination. In Part I, I develop the framework for agency, ability, and inevitability, combining elements of work by Brown, Elgesem, Carmo, Santos, and Jones. In Part II, drawing on work by Chisholm and Sosa on intrinsic preferability, I sketch and explore a framework for defining aretaic superiority, praiseworthiness, blameworthiness, neutrality, and indifference, etc., retaining proper links to agency. (shrink)

La actitud que asume Descartes con respecto a la historia es inseparable del desmoronamiento del cosmos de Aristóteles y Santo Tomás a fines del siglo XIII, y del profundo sentimiento de soledad que sobrecoge al hombre. Lejos de reflejar la fuerza de un pensamiento seguro del poder de su pensar, la modernidad de Descartes traduce la contingencia y la soledad radical de una subjetividad que experimenta en su nuevo poder-pensar la impotencia del pensamiento para fundarse a sí mismo en el (...) ejercicio discontinuo de lo que define al hombre, el cogito. (shrink)

La analogía que existe entre algunos textos de San Agustín y de Descartes es el indicio de un profundo parentezco, a saber, la presencia inmediata del alma a sí misma, la sustancialidad del alma y la distinción del alma y del cuerpo. Este parentezco permite plantear el problema del conocimiento inmediato del alma por sí misma en San Agustín y Descartes, por una parte, y el problema del conocimiento reflexivo del alma en Santo Tomás, por otra parte, como dos teorías (...) irreconciliables. (shrink)

Resumen: Este trabajo se propone revisar la tesis de la proliferación de alternativas, expuesta por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, a la luz de algunas críticas a la tesis de la proliferación de teorías, expuesta por Paul Feyerabend. Se defiende que, aunque no de modo explícito, hay una afinidad entre ambas tesis y, en consecuencia, las debilidades de la segunda afectan a la primera. No obstante, el objetivo básico consiste en mostrar cómo propuestas emergentes, como la ecología de los (...) saberes, antes que insistir en su carácter contraepistemológico, podrían beneficiarse de una discusión epistemológica amplia.: In this paper I review the thesis about the proliferation of alternatives by Boaventura de Sousa Santos, from some criticisms to the thesis of the proliferation of theories by Paul Feyerabend. I claim that, though not in explicit way, there is an affinity between them, therefore the weakness from the second one affects the first one. However, the point is to show how some emergent proposals, as the ecology of knowledges, could benefit from a full epistemological discussion, instead of insisting on its counter-epistemological nature. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The article aims to examine the behavior of contemporary speech genre theory in the analysis of Pauline epistles. The genre of letters is conceived within its original communicative purpose, limited to sender and receivers, whereas the epistle refers to the letter read outside of its original context, considered as literature. The research corpus is composed of the Corinthian epistles of the New Testament, which are accepted as authored by the Apostle Paul. They are selected due to their shared (...) audience, enabling a comparison of production context aspects in the apostle’s writings over time. Research findings include: letters that acquire new meanings, when transformed into epistles with a broader readership; the epistle genre, despite undergoing significant modifications, remains recognizable to present-day readers due to its macrostructure; the social role and communicative intent of the sender that result in alternating usage of formal and informal language, as well as variations in discourse person. (shrink)

La "Grande Morale," progettata da J.-P. Sartre tra il 1947 e il 1949 come naturale completamento della filosofia esistenzialista esposta ne L'essere e il nulla e L'esistenzialismo e un umanismo, non e mai stata pubblicata: abbandonata e ripresa piu volte nei successivi vent'anni, ha finito per costituire un serbatoio di annotazioni e di riflessioni sempre dirottate altrove, una specie di fantasma letterario, onnipresente, ma pronto a dileguarsi ogni volta che sembrava avere raggiunto una forma consistente. Sappiamo oggi, grazie alla pubblicazione (...) dei molti inediti sartriani, che la riflessione sulla morale ha accompagnato tutti gli snodi fondamentali del pensiero di Sartre, dai cosiddetti scritti giovanili alle opere della maturita, dalla svolta "dialettica" sino all'ultima discussa intervista, rilasciata poco prima della scomparsa. Gli studi qui riuniti hanno nei Quaderni per una morale (1947-48) il loro centro di gravita e di maggiore interesse. Di questo tentativo abortito di scrivere una "Morale" essi provano a disegnare la parabola, dalle origini remote nei Taccuini della strana guerra (1939) sino al Santo Genet commediante e martire (1952), che ne sancisce l'abbandono. Senza disdegnare qualche incursione nell'estetica sartriana, poiche della "morale introvabile" non c'e in realta testo che non rechi qualche traccia.". (shrink)

Does the Holy Spirit acts in Church? If so, what are His ways of action? How does the Spirit works in the believer and the community and for what purposes? Apostle Paul's guidelines recorded in his first letter to Corinthians community show that the Spirit works in church and in a certain variety of ways. Detailing these forms of action of the Spirit based on the text of the First Letter to the Corinthians, in twelve and fourteen chapters, is (...) the main objective of this research. This detail is important for a better understanding of the Spirit’s action in Church. The reading of the biblical text, the searching for positions of authors who have studied the issue and the development of research-driven established structure into two distinct sections, such as the distribution of gifts and the building of church, constitute a consistent methodology in order to achieve the purposes of this study. As a result of the research, it can be concluded that there are unambiguous actions of the Spirit in church. Text analysis allows us to observe that there are several forms of action and they pass directly through the granting of spiritual gifts that, if used accordingly to the order standards, lead church to edification. (shrink)

L'Exhortation apostolique post-synodale de Jean-Paul II sur la vie consacrée et sur sa mission dans l'Eglise et dans le monde d'aujourd'hui a suscité un certain nombre de débats. L'A. s'est concentré ici sur une question particulière : la façon dont l'Esprit-Saint transforme l'existence du croyant qui s'est engagé dans la vie consacrée. La méthode que l'A. a choisie pour traiter la question tend à faire ressortir la théologie paulinienne soujacente à ce problème.

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By Bernard Doering, Pp.x, 268, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1983, £18.25. Dorothy Day: A Biography. Dorothy Day: A Biography. By William D. Miller. Pp.xv, 527, New York, Harper and Row, 1982, $18.00, $10.50. For God and Clarity: New Essays in Honour of Austin Farrer. For God and Clarity: New Essays in Honour of Austin Farrer. Edited by Jeffrey C. Easton and Ann Loades. Pp.xiii, 205, Allison Park, Pickwick Publications; Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1983, £11.75. God, Free Will, and Morality. God, Free Will, and Morality. By Robert J. Richman. Pp.xi, 195, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, 1983, $36.95. God and Skepticism: A Study in Skepticism and Fideism. God and Skepticism: A Study in Skepticism and Fideism. By Terence Penelhum. Pp.xii, 186, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, 1983, $34.00. Religious Belief and Religious Skepticism. Religious Belief and Religious Skepticism. By Gary Gutting. Pp.xi, 192, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1982, £11.20. A Philosopher's Search for the Infinite. A Philosopher's Search for the Infinite. By Jules M. Brady. Pp.94, New York, Philosophical Library, 1983, $10.00 Realism and Reason: Philosophical Papers, Vol.3. Realism and Reason: Philosophical Papers, Vol.3. By Hilary Putnam. Pp.xviii, 312, Cambridge University Press, 1983, £22.50. Perception, Learning and the Self. Perception, Learning and the Self. By D.W. Hamlyn. Pp.viii, 311, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982, £14.95. Science and Speculation: Studies in Hellenistic Theory and Practice. Science and Speculation: Studies in Hellenistic Theory and Practice. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Pp.xxvii, 351, Cambridge University Press, 1983, £25.00. Plato: Hippias Major. Plato: Hippias Major. Translated with a commentary and essay by Paul Woodruff. Pp.xvi, 211, Oxford, Basil Blackwell 1983, £12.50. Max Scheler: The Man and his Work. Max Scheler: The Man and his Work. By John H. Nota, translated by T. Plantinga and J. Nota. Pp.vii, 213, Chicago, Franciscan Herald Press, 1983, $12.00. Searching: Practices and Beliefs of the Religious Cults and Human Potential Groups. Searching: Practices and Beliefs of the Religious Cults and Human Potential Groups. By Harriet S. Mosatche. Pp.432, New York, Straven Educational Press, 1983, £10.95. (shrink)

In the literature on enculturation—the thesis according to which higher cognitive capacities result from transformations in the brain driven by culture—numerical cognition is often cited as an example. A consequence of the enculturation account for numerical cognition is that individuals cannot acquire numerical competence if a symbolic system for numbers is not available in their cultural environment. This poses a problem for the explanation of the historical origins of numerical concepts and symbols. When a numeral system had not been created (...) yet, people did not have the opportunity to acquire number concepts. But, if people did not have number concepts, how could they ever create a symbolic system for numbers? Here I propose an account of the invention of symbolic systems for numbers by anumeric people in the remote past that is compatible with the enculturation thesis. I suggest that symbols for numbers and number concepts may have emerged at the same time through the re-semantification of words whose meanings were originally non-numerical. (shrink)

This article presents a variety of philosophical answers to the age old question: unde malum - where does evil come from? Starting with the metaphysical responses of Augustine, Hegel and Kant, it proceeds to examine some more recent approaches - Lyotard, Kristeva and Zizek - in terms of the 'postmodern sublime'. He concludes by proposing a 'hermeneutic' response to the problem, inspired by Paul Ricoeur, which seeks to address the question in terms of narrative understanding and practical action. /// (...) O presente artigo apresenta uma série de respostas filosóficas à imemorial questão: unde malum - qual a origem do mal? Partindo das respostas metafísicas de Santo Agostinho, Hegel e Kant, o autor examina depois algumas das abordagens mais recentes ao problema - Lyotard, Kristeva e Zizek - em termos do 'sublime pós-moderno', O artigo conclui com uma proposta 'hermenêutica 'para o problema, proposta essa inspirada no pensamento de Paul Ricoeur e cujo objectivo é elucidar a questão do mal em termos de uma compreensão narrativa e de acção prática. (shrink)

In 1939, the influential psychophysicist S. S. Stevens proposed definitional distinctions between the terms ‘number,’ ‘numerosity,’ and ‘numerousness.’ Although the definitions he proposed were adopted by syeveral psychophysicists and experimental psychologists in the 1940s and 1950s, they were almost forgotten in the subsequent decades, making room for what has been described as a “terminological chaos” in the field of numerical cognition. In this paper, I review Stevens’s distinctions to help bring order to this alleged chaos and to shed light on (...) two closely related questions: whether it is adequate to speak of a number sense and how philosophers can make sense of the claim by cognitive scientists that numbers are perceptual entities. Moreover, I offer further support to Stevens’s distinction between numerosity and numerousness by showing that they are relational properties that emerge through different relationships between agents and their environments. The final conclusion is that, by adopting Stevens’s distinctions, numbers do not need to be seen as perceptual entities, since the so-called number sense is better described as a sense of numerousness. (shrink)

Creations of the Mind presents sixteen original essays by theorists from a wide variety of disciplines who have a shared interest in the nature of artifacts and their implications for the human mind. All the papers are written specially for this volume, and they cover a broad range of topics concerned with the metaphysics of artifacts, our concepts of artifacts and the categories that they represent, the emergence of an understanding of artifacts in infants' cognitive development, as well as the (...) evolution of artifacts and the use of tools by non-human animals. This volume will be a fascinating resource for philosophers, cognitive scientists, and psychologists, and the starting point for future research in the study of artifacts and their role in human understanding, development, and behaviour.Contributors: John R. Searle, Richard E. Grandy, Crawford L. Elder, Amie L. Thomasson, Jerrold Levinson, Barbara C. Malt, Steven A. Sloman, Dan Sperber, Hilary Kornblith, Paul Bloom, Bradford Z. Mahon, Alfonso Caramazza, Jean M. Mandler, Deborah Kelemen, Susan Carey, Frank C. Keil, Marissa L. Greif, Rebekkah S. Kerner, James L. Gould, Marc D. Hauser, Laurie R. Santos, Steven Mithen. (shrink)

Anti-exceptionalists about logic claim that logical methodology is not different from scientific methodology when it comes to theory choice. Two anti-exceptionalist accounts of theory choice in logic are abductivism and predictivism. These accounts have in common reliance on pre-theoretical logical intuitions for the assessment of candidate logical theories. In this paper, I investigate whether intuitions can provide what abductivism and predictivism want from them and conclude that they do not. As an alternative to these approaches, I propose a Carnapian view (...) on logical theorizing according to which logical theories do not simply account for pre-theoretical intuitions, but rather improve on them. In this account, logical theories are ameliorative, rather than representational. (shrink)

Nietzsche was a severe critic of German Idealism, but what exactly is the relation between his thought and theirs? Papers from leading specialists in Kant, Hegel, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche contribute to a clearer understanding of the differences and affinities between Nietzsche's philosophy and that of his predecessors.".

This review shows the various tools used to implemente the food quality system in food establishments. Presenting the various laws that subsidize this process, establishing criteria and instrumentes for a correct implementation of the quality system in order to offer adequate hygiene processes in the production of safe food, in addition to favoring the maintenance of companies in the consumer market. The implementation of food safety management systems such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) e Hazard Analysis (...) and Critical Control Points (HACCP), in order to guarantee the safety of the food served and portray the organization of the company. It is essential to implement these systems ensuring the quality of the servisse (planning, control and improvement). In order to achieve healthy criteria related to foodstuffs, it is necessary to implement quality programs as prerequisites of the Hazard Analysis System and Critical Control Points in food services. Regulating and inspecting are just a few points that guarantee food security, since food that does not pose a health hazard to consumers is considered safe. (shrink)

Physiological responses in futsal have not been studied together with temporal information about the players’ stay on the court. The aim of this study was to compare heart rate and blood lactate concentration responses between 1-H and 2-H considering the time of permanency of the players on the court at each substitution in a futsal match. HR was recorded during entire match and [La−] was analyzed after each substitution of seven players. %HRmean and [La−] mean did not differ between 1-H (...) and 2-H. Time in intensity zones of 50–100 %HRmax differed only in 60–70 %HRmax. HR coefficient of variation throughout the match was low and among the four outfield players on the court. Substitutions, time of permanence on the court, ratio between time in- and out-ratio on the court also were similar between 1-H and 2-H. Balancing the number of substitutions, and the In:Outcourt ratio of players in both halves of the match, playing lower time at 1-H, ~8 min for each participation in the match, made it possible to maintain intensity of the match in 2-H similar to the 1H. These results are a good guidance to coaches and for application in future studies. (shrink)

The aim of this work is to analyse the influence of sociocultural factors on corruption levels. Taking as starting point Husted (J Int Bus Studies 30:339–359, 1999) and Graeff (In: Lambsdorff J, Taube M, Schramm M (eds) The new institutional economics of corruption. Routledge, London, 2005) proposals, we consider both the interrelation between cultural dimensions and the diverse expressions of social capital with corruption. According to our results, the universalistic trust (linking and bridging social capital) constitutes a positive social capital (...) that is negatively linked to corruption. In contrast, the particularistic levels of trust (bonding) can constitute a negative social capital directly related to corruption levels. Furthermore, cultures which are favourable to the legitimation of dependency relations and the formation of closed particularistic groups (power-distance and community factors) create a breeding ground for the development of these amoral rent-seeking structures. (shrink)

This paper seeks to explore the processes involved in becoming a teacher in this particular historical moment of global pandemic in Brazil. What are the challenges, limitations, possibilities and opportunities that the pandemic presents to the process of teaching work and teacher formation? A review of the literature that included contributions from Caponi, Kohan, Larrosa, Neuscharank, Vaz, Arroyo and Abramowicz suggests a dialogue between pedagogic theory, philosophy of education and the contemporary experience of political and social events in the pandemic (...) period The discussions reviewed explore the profound extent to which Covid-19 has affected our way of living, working and relating to others, and the psychological effects of social isolation. The situation demands from the Brazilian teacher an attitude of openness to change, specifically in the use of new technologies, and the extent to which they are or are not able to replace face-to-face interactions. The situation also challenges us to reconstruct, beyond the logic of neoliberalism, our notions of the type of school we have and type of school we want, the type of teachers we are and the type of teacher we want to be. We conclude that this process of thinking school again depends, if it is to escape neoliberal logic, on the capacity of understanding the vocation of the teacher to be one of “becoming-child” in the sense of experiencing an openness to and a desire for the new. As such, the “becoming-teacher” is one who allows herself to be addressed by another logic, another more sensitive and more aesthetic temporality, and who finds, in encounter with others, with art, with childhood, with becoming itself, the capacity to think, to resist, to fight for the realization of that logic. (shrink)

This work has its origin in a master's research about Brazilian Education. The approach that we present in this text reveals the perspectives of caring perceived in a five-year-olds classroom in the daily life in a municipal center for Early Childhood Education in Fortaleza. The theoretical discussions on the theme involved a dialogue between Pedagogy and Philosophy of Education based on the contributions of Kramer, Pagni, Foucault, Rancière, Kohan and Boff. It was a qualitative research of phenomenological inspiration, which method (...) of data creation was participant observation. The analysis revealed that: in the interactions occurred in pedagogical practices, teachers and children take care of each other; the meaning of caring for children can be perceived in the minutia of their daily actions, as well as in affective involvement, in playing together, in speaking and listening to others, in sharing life on a daily basis; as for the meaning of caring for the adults, it is influenced by the way they were cared for, by their subjectivation and their choices in their way of being; caring humanizes teaching practices, inspiring emancipation; the policy on results that has aimed at "improving educational indices" may represent a danger to Early Childhood Education by minimizing the sharing of specific childhood experiences to training in order to achieve expected results. The study emphasized the need to reflect on the meaning of education and therefore proposes that caring be valued as an ethical decision and as an option for reflection on the way of living and interacting. (shrink)

In this essay, I reflect on the implications of intellectual virtues in scientific endeavor. To this end, I first offer a depiction of scientific endeavor by resorting to the notion of academic attitude, which involves aspects concerning the generation and possession of knowledge. Although there are differences between these activities, they have in common the engagement of diverse intellectual agents (scientists). In this sense, I analyze how intellectual virtues are linked to 1) scientific research tasks, such as theory appraisal, and (...) 2) those tasks of vigilance and intervention in the uses of scientific knowledge. I conclude that intellectual virtues play a leading role in achieving higher quality scientific research and adequate foresight on the uses and impacts of scientific findings. In this order of ideas, I propose an agenda for further inquiries on these matters, highlighting the relevance of reflecting and empirically researching the relationship between intellectual virtues and science, as well as cultivating intellectual virtues in various stages of scientific training. (shrink)

The world of work has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the high instability observed in the labor market, bringing several new challenges for leaders and employees. The present study aims to analyze the role of organizational and job resources in predicting employees’ job insecurity during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, through the mediating role of work engagement. A sample of 207 Portuguese employees participated, of which 64.7% were women. Data was collected using an online (...) survey, including self-report measures of organizational resources, job resources, job insecurity, and work engagement. Data showed that job and organizational resources negatively influenced job insecurity. Moreover, work engagement was a significant mediator of the relation between performance feedback and job insecurity. Findings suggest that investing in job and organizational resources can act as protective factors to minimize feelings of job insecurity. Likewise, leaders should foster work engagement among employees to help them balance the relation between these resources and job insecurity, especially in crisis situations. Overall, this study takes a new, underexplored perspective, theoretically bridging organizational and job resources with job insecurity and work engagement during a time of great uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

Software vulnerabilities are the root cause for a multitude of security problems in computer systems. Owing to their efficiency and tight control over low-level system resources, the C and C++ programming languages are extensively used for a myriad of purposes, from implementing operating system kernels to user-space applications. However, insufficient or improper memory management frequently leads to invalid memory accesses, eventually resulting in memory corruption vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities are used as a foothold for elaborated attacks that bypass existing defense methods. (...) In this paper, we summarise the main memory safety violation types (i.e. memory errors), and analyse how they are exploited by attackers and the main mitigation methods proposed in the research community. We further systematise the most relevant techniques with regards to memory corruption identification in current programs. (shrink)

O estudo propõe na temática da ordem econômica nacional, a possibilidade de convergência de valores do sistema capitalista com o desenvolvimento humano, a partir da problemática de promoção de acesso ao tratamento da Atrofia Muscular Espinhal 5q tipos I e II, que é oriundo de pesquisas e novas tecnologias promovidas pelas entidades privadas. Para tanto, buscou-se compreender o direito humano à vida e garantia do acesso e manutenção da saúde à luz do texto constitucional, assim como, a relação entre Estado (...) e iniciativa privada na disponibilidade do tratamento para a doença no SUS, sem inibição do progresso tecnológico. Com o auxílio da pesquisa bibliográfica e documentos dos órgãos governamentais no tocante à matéria, pelo método hipotético-dedutivo, conclui-se que ao adotar o humanismo, com o uso da dignidade da pessoa humana como principio basilar do ordenamento, a interpretação funcionalizada da ordem econômica materializa as políticas positivas para o acesso ao tratamento de saúde, já que a iniciativa privada colabora com a assistência, seguindo os direcionamentos legais. (shrink)

O presente artigo procura desvelar como Pascal e a abordagem psicanalítica, em sua vertente freudiana e lacaniana, pensaram a experiência de um ser humano finito diante de uma situação paradoxal. Com efeito, as propostas da psicanálise e de Pascal, embora separadas por mais ou menos dois séculos, apresentam pontos comuns que talvez ajudem a elucidar suas próprias posições. Nesse cenário, a hipótese que discutimos a seguir é a de que tanto Pascal quanto a psicanálise tecem suas categorias a partir de (...) uma observação atenta do comportamento do homem que procura compreender o porquê de uma constante sensação de vazio marcar a experiência humana. Assim, nossa investigação será realizada por meio, de um lado, do cotejo dos conceitos pascalianos de divertissement e de graça com, de outro lado, as ideias metapsicológicas de das Ding, de representação, de pulsão e de fantasia da psicanálise. (shrink)