This article tries to point out that in the early modern period, including the Renaissance, philosophy increasingly developed a certain kind of thinking and arguing that needed to be sustained by »icons«, »pictures« or »signs«. Following a suggestion made by Stephen Clucas in inviting a group of scholars to discuss the topos of »silent languages« at Birbeck College , this paper discusses 1. a general possible meaning of »silent language«, divided into three modes of symbolic and geometric representation, and introducing (...) 2. three »stages« in the historical development of philosophical systems representing these three modes: Plotinus, Cusanus, the philosophy of the 16th and 17th century. (shrink)

This essay analyzes the ways in which, in his Nova de Universis Philosophia, Francesco Patrizi uses, adopts, and, in some cases, rejects the Stoic philosophical tradition. Although, at first glance, most of Patrizi’s remarks on Stoicism and Stoic understanding of nature are critical – as this article demonstrates – he widely relied on Stoic teaching that he sought to combine with Neoplatonism and the prisca theologia doctrine.

Zu Beginn seiner Abhandlung *Über das einsame Leben* (De vita solitaria) schreibt Francesco Petrarca 1346: *Niemand schafft es, lange unter Wasser zu leben. Es ist unausweichlich, dass er auftaucht und das Antlitz, das er verbarg, offen zeigt.* René Descartes dagegen, in seinen Cogitationes privatae, notiert dreihundert Jahre später: *Wie die Komödianten [...] Masken anziehen, so schreite ich, der ich am Schauspiel dieser Welt [...] teilzunehmen gedenke, mit einer Maske bedeckt voran.*-Einmal die offene, einmal die verdeckte Konfrontation: bei Petrarca ein Ich, (...) das sich schrittweise erst aus dem mittelalterlich-scholastischen Gefüge herauswindet; bei Descartes ein selbstbewusstes, aber skeptisches Subjekt, das sich angesichts der Erfahrungen der Inquisition lieber verdeckt auf die Bühne des Theatrum mundi begibt. Zwischen diesen beiden Selbstentwürfen liegt eine komplexe geistesgeschichtliche Entwicklung, der Thomas Leinkauf in seiner grossangelegten, materialreichen Studie zur Philosophie des Humanismus und der Renaissance zwischen 1350 und etwa 1600 detailliert nachgeht. Auf allerhöchstem Niveau, dabei die historischen Grundbedingungen wie die rasante Wissensentwicklung und Weltexploration, Protestantismus und Konfessionalisierung, aber auch Faktoren wie die Ausbreitung der Pest und die Rivalität zum kirchlich-scholastischen Denken im Blick behaltend, beschreibt das Werk die faszinierende, komplizierte, von gegensätzlichen Kräften und Denkschulen vorangetriebene Entwicklung hin zum modernen Denken. Eine Einleitung, ausführliche Register und eine Bibliographie erschliessen das Werk.--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

This volume is a study of the influence of Timaeus on the development of Western cosmology in three axial periods of European culture: Late Antiquity, Middle Ages and Renaissance.

Der Naturbegriff ist unzweifelhaft einer der Grundbegriffe frühneuzeitlicher Wissenschaft und Literatur. Die hier versammelten Beiträge stellen semantische Perspektiven des Naturbegriffs in der Frühen Neuzeit vor. In eingehenden Analysen werden seine philosophischen und wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Funktionen ebenso diskutiert wie seine theologischen, magisch-alchemischen, musiktheoretischen und literarischen Bedeutungsspektren.

In the eyes of his own contemporaries and successors, as well as many today, Giordano Bruno is something of an ‘outsider’ because of his views in metaphysics, ontology, cosmology, and theology. Concentrating on his central theses, I will show how, with an immense speculative energy, Bruno escaped the ordinary philosophical, scientific, and theological traditions. He conceived of himself, as it were, as a mirror reflecting an unending universe without a center, and through the power of language and ingenium transfers the (...) structure of this universe to the human mind. Bruno’s philosophy, which he himself referred to as ‘new’ or as a «philosophia nolana», required a semantic transformation of traditional terms, because he, no more than any other thinker, could start completely afresh. Although his views initially appear to place him outside of traditional discussions, they in fact touch, in each case, on central problems of traditional philosophical and theological discourse. (shrink)

Identität und Differenz bilden ein zentrales Thema der Philosophie. Seit Beginn der Metaphysik steht neben dem Modell der substantiellen Differenz, das Seiendes gemäß dem Kriterium einer nicht-akzidentellen, durch ideale Selbstgleichheit gekennzeichneten Form denkt, als grundsätzlich alternative Möglichkeit das Modell einer "quantitativen Differenz". Dieses gestattet es, Unterschiede an einem Seienden herauszuheben, die durch bestimmte Intensität oder durch einen je bestimmten Grad einer einheitlichen Qualität entstanden sind. Im Zuge der Diskussionen um die exakte Bestimmung sinnenfälliger Differenzen an bestimmten Körpern im späten Mittelalter (...) und der Aufnahme dieser Debatte in der Frühen Neuzeit und der Moderne gewinnt diese Konzeption trotz nachhaltiger Kritik immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die theologische Begrifflichkeit der Univozität etwa, die sich gegen das Analogie-Konzept richtet und den Begriff des Seins in gleicher Weise Gott und den Geschöpfen zuspricht, unterscheidet dieses allgemeine Sein nur dem Grade nach. Die physikalische Konzeption des Raumes bestimmt das Kontinuum als Struktur der physikalischen Wirklichkeit im Sinne eines "dreifach Erstreckten" und bestimmt die Differenzen innerhalb dieses allgemeinen Raumes quantitativ. Die philosophische Theorie der fundamentalen Qualitäten wie Denken oder Ausdehnung begründet eine neue Form des a priori und sucht nicht-substantielle Formen der Autonomie. Mit der neuen Bedeutung der graduellen Differenzen ergibt sich auch eine Rückwirkung auf die substantiale Differenz: In der Moderne zeigt sich Wirklichkeit nicht mehr als Substanz, sondern als Intensität, die sich als Selbstbezug manifestiert. Untersucht werden Konzeptionen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, von Platon bis zu Deleuze. (shrink)

This contribution tries to analyse in a systematic and hermeneutic approach the ideas that Leibniz developed regarding the concept of ‘history’ (historia, histoire). ‘History’ is understood here not only in the narrow sense of the discipline established since the Humanist debates and conceived as a “narratio rerum gestarum”, but also in the much broader sense of a certain “conditio humana”, as a denomination also with regard to nature (historia naturalis) or, also, as an expression for the temporality of all being.

Este artigo discute o significado e desenvolvimento do conceito de religião no cenário histórico e teórico do início da filosofia moderna. Considerando especialmente as contribuições dos mais importantes filósofos do Renascimento, dentre os quais Nicolau de Cusa, Marsílio Ficino, Maquiavel, Cardano e Bruno, discute as bases metafísicas e antropológicas da religião, bem como sua função política no alvorecer do pensamento filosófico moderno.

This article tries to give a survey of anthropological thinking in early modern philosophy, taking ‘anthropology’ not in its modern sense and not even sensu strictu as for example Otto Casman did it in his work from the late 16th century, i.e.: as the physiology of the human being, but sensu lato as a philosophical reflection on the condition of man as an ‘animal rationale’. The arguments focus on three ‘directions’ of the inner movement of the mental and psychological activity (...) of mankind, which, taken all together, form the total concept of “Selbstrealisierung”. (shrink)

v. 1. Editorial introduction -- v. 2. The English and Latin texts (i) -- v. 3. The English and Latin texts (ii).

The newly updated Right and Wrong 2nd Edition is an accessible introduction to the major traditions in western philosophical ethics, written in a lively and engaging style. It is designed for entry-level ethics courses and includes real-life ethical scenarios chosen to appeal directly to students. Greatly expanded and improved, this successful text introduces students to the major ethical traditions, and provides a simple methodology for resolving ethical dilemmas Treats teleological and deontological approaches to ethics as the two most important traditions, (...) but now includes chapters on virtue ethics and the ethics of care The very accessible writing style speaks directly to students’ own experience Draws examples from three types of real-life ethical scenarios submitted by students: academic dishonesty, partying, and personal relationships Provides a concise treatment of this notoriously complex subject, perfect for entry-level ethics and applied ethics courses. (shrink)

When making decisions, humans can observe many kinds of information about others' activities, but their effects on performance are not well understood. We investigated social learning strategies using a simple problem-solving task in which participants search a complex space, and each can view and imitate others' solutions. Results showed that participants combined multiple sources of information to guide learning, including payoffs of peers' solutions, popularity of solution elements among peers, similarity of peers' solutions to their own, and relative payoffs from (...) individual exploration. Furthermore, performance was positively associated with imitation rates at both the individual and group levels. When peers' payoffs were hidden, popularity and similarity biases reversed, participants searched more broadly and randomly, and both quality and equity of exploration suffered. We conclude that when peers' solutions can be effectively compared, imitation does not simply permit scrounging, but it can also facilitate propagation of good solutions for further cumulative exploration. (shrink)

It is somewhat misleading to think of the Franciscans as forming a “school” in ethics, since there was a fair bit of diversity among Franciscans. Nonetheless, one can identify certain characteristic tendencies of Franciscan moral thought, and certain “celebrity” Franciscans whose views in ethics and moral psychology are particularly noteworthy. I shall first offer an overview of the general character of Franciscan moral thought in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries and then turn to a more detailed examination of (...) the thought of John Duns Scotus (1265/66-1308) and William Ockham (c. 1288-1347) on three central matters of debate: the nature of the virtues, the relationship between intellect and will, and the relationship between moral requirements and the divine will. (shrink)

In this book Thomas Wren uncovers and assesses the largely hidden philosophical assumptions about human motivation that have shaped contemporary psychological ...

INTRODUCTION Although the writings of Thomas Reid are very fertile and interesting, his life is biographically barren in comparison to such seventeenth - and ...

THE NATURE OF ART is a collection of 29 seminal, historically-organized readings that are focused on a basic philosophical question: What is Art? Including writings from the Western tradition'both Continental and Analytic traditions'as well as non-Western, minority, and feminist writings, this volume provides students with a rich set of resources to explore this matter both broadly and deeply. Introductions to each reading situate the selection amidst each respective thinker's body of work and the greater philosophical context in which the remarks (...) arose. Reading questions accompany each selection, drawing students' attention to key points to be encountered. Hailed by reviewers and adopters for its clarity and rigor, Wartenberg's THE NATURE OF ART offers a lively and engaging introduction to the philosophy of art. (shrink)