En este trabajo se analiza el concepto de Estado racional mediante tres perspectivas que de modo explícito o implícito se encuentran en el Fundamento del derecho natural de Fichte. Con la intención de mostrar la centralidad del concepto de Estado, en primer lugar se trata la perspectiva de la superfluidad y sus límites ; en segundo lugar se trata la perspectiva de la coacción, que también brinda un concepto de Estado negativo. En tercer lugar se trata la perspectiva que, sin (...) caracterizarlo negativamente, no obstante no alcanza una comprensión positiva del Estado, donde éste sea el concepto central de la filosofía social, política y económica de Fichte. Finalmente, a partir de El Estado comercial cerrado y Los caracteres de la edad contemporánea se esboza una clasificación sobre los diferentes conceptos de Estado desarrollados y contenidos bajo una unidad de sentido. (shrink)

En este comentario bibliográfico queremos mostrar la relevancia de Los caracteres de la edad contemporánea de Fichte, cuya traducción castellana se ha reeditado recientemente. En primer lugar, presentamos la obra y sus aspectos fundamentales dentro de la evolución del pensamiento de Fichte. También presentamos un breve panorama de la literatura y las particularidades de esta edición. En segundo lugar, analizamos cada uno de los grandes momentos de Los caracteres y los conceptos implicados; por ejemplo, el plan del universo, las épocas, (...) la vida, la religión verdadera, etc. En tercer lugar, queremos enfatizar lo que a nuestro entender es el concepto más importante de esta obra de Fichte: el concepto de Estado absoluto. Aquí realizamos algunas consideraciones sobre las interpretaciones habituales. Y en todo este comentario intentamos reflexionar sobre la compleja relación entre el filósofo y la comprensión de su propia época. (shrink)

Se trata de una reseña amplia y que reconstruye la estructura, el desarrollo y cada uno de los momentos del libro de J. Rivera de Rosales, Fichte. La libertad es el fundamento del conocimiento y de la moral, Barcelona, RBA, 2015, 159 páginas.

ABSTRACT In Fichte’s Addresses to the German Nation, one important issue is which of the concepts works as a foundation for the others. People, nation, language, state, or education are all possible candidates to take a central place. First, this paper analyzes the problems presented by the notions of “people” and “nation,” such as their ambiguous and even contradictory aspects. Second, we focus on how the concept of education needs a solid ground from which an educational plan can develop. Finally, (...) we show that the fundamental concept of Fichte’s Addresses is the same one as in his Natural Right: the State. According to Fichte, only the rational State can guarantee the realization of education, people, and nation. (shrink)

Este artículo explora los modos en que las imágenes de perpetradores pueden encarnarse en las maquinarias propagandísticas. En este sentido, analiza parte del material de archivo de la televisión oficial argentina durante la Guerra de las Islas Malvinas que aparece en el film documental 1982 (Lucas Gallo, 2020), a fin de elaborar una revisión no sólo de la imbricación de las imágenes con las políticas de exterminio, sino para discutir la concepción del archivo como ficción y como instrumento de (...) la memoria. Palabras clave: guerra de Malvinas; archivo; imagen de perpetrador; propaganda; dictadura argentina. (shrink)

The goal of this paper is to review and critically discuss the philosophical aspects of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). Given that estimates of seismic hazard are typically riddled with uncertainty, diferent epistemic values (related to the pursuit of scientifc knowledge) compete in the selection of seismic hazard models, in a context infuenced by non-epistemic values (related to practical goals and aims) as well. We frst distinguish between the diferent types of uncertainty in PSHA. We claim that epistemic and nonepistemic (...) considerations are closely related in the selection of the appropriate estimate of seismic hazard by the experts. Finally, we argue that the division of scientifc responsibility among the experts can lead to responsibility gaps. This raises a problem for the ownership of the results (“no one’s model” problem) similar to the “problem of many hands” in the ethics of technology. We conclude with a plea for a close collaboration between philosophy and engineering. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to clarify under what conditions a philosophical problem arises. I will describe two ways in which we might perceive a question as a problem. First, when we fnd ourselves inclined to believe in propositions that appear incompatible with each other. Second, when we fnd ourselves inclined to believe in propositions that seem incompatible with our desires. I will discuss both of these cases and articulate a didactic strategy – the Clash Strategy – which can (...) be used in order to plan and facilitate dialogic inquiry in the classroom. This strategy suggests introducing stimuli that will help students appreciate the clash that drives the philosophical question to be explored during the dialogue. In summary, this paper aims to ofer insights to all teachers interested in promoting dialogic inquiry, whether philosophical or otherwise, in education. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta algunas discusiones preliminares a una reconstrucción de la mecánicacuántica desde una perspectiva estructuralista. Intento responder a la pregunta por lostérminos MQ- no teóricos, es decir, qué magnitudes pueden ser medidas con independenciade la ecuación de Schrödinger y de la regla de Born. Uno de los aspectos relevantes que puedeser analizado una vez que se ha respondido a esta pregunta es el problema de la medición.Dado que el problema de la medición está directamente relacionado con el carácter linealde (...) la evolución temporal del estado dada por la ecuación de Schrödinger, la medición delos valores de aquellos conceptos que no presupongan esta ley no se verá afectada por esteproblema. Si bien esto no responde a todas las preguntas sobre la medición cuántica, indicaun primer paso a dar en la dirección hacia una comprensión más acabada de este problema. (shrink)

In this study, we examine the influence of senior leadership on firms’ corporate social responsibility. We integrate upper echelons research that has investigated either the influence of the CEO or the top management team on CSR. We contend that functional experience complementarity between CEOs and TMTs in formulating and implementing CSR strategy may underlie differentiated strategies in CSR. We find that when CEOs who have predominant experience in output functions are complemented by TMTs with a lower proportion of members who (...) have experience in output functions, there is a pronounced effect on the community, product, and diversity dimensions of CSR. In turn, when output-oriented CEOs are complemented by output-oriented TMTs, we observe an effect on the employee relations dimension of CSR. Interestingly, we find no influence of CEO-TMT complementarity on the environment dimension of CSR. In general, our empirical results support the relevance of the interaction between CEOs and their TMTs in defining their firms’ CSR profile. (shrink)

The use of conventional manufacturing methods is mainly limited by the size of the production run and the geometrical complexity of the component, and as a result we are occasionally forced to use processes and tools that increase the final cost of the element being produced. Additive manufacturing techniques provide major competitive advantages due to the fact that they adapt to the geometrical complexity and customised design of the part to be manufactured. The following may also be achieved according to (...) field of application: lighter weight products, multimaterial products, ergonomic products, efficient short production runs, fewer assembly errors and, therefore, lower associated costs, lower tool investment costs, a combination of different manufacturing processes, an optimised use of materials, and a more sustainable manufacturing process. Additive manufacturing is seen as being one of the major revolutionary industrial processes of the next few years. Additive manufacturing has several alternatives ranging from simple RepRap machines to complex fused metal deposition systems. This paper will expand upon the structural design of the machines, their history, classification, the alternatives existing today, materials used and their characteristics, the technology limitations, and also the prospects that are opening up for different technologies both in the professional field of innovation and the academic field of research. It is important to say that the choice of technology is directly dependent on the particular application being planned: first the application and then the technology. (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone cotejar dos lecturas antimodernas de Platón y la tradición platónica, la de Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821) y la de Joris-Karl Huysmans (1848-1907) que resultan a la vez complementarias e inversas. Estas apropiaciones, que abren y cierran el siglo XIX, expresan el auge y el declive del “platonismo romántico”. De Maistre recurre intensamente a los diálogos de Platón, a los que cita, comenta, traduce y reescribe, así como a diversos textos del neoplatonismo antiguo y de la (...) tradición platónica moderna. Por su parte los textos de Huysmans, en particular _À rebours_ (1884), la novela más representativa de la sensibilidad decadente, expresa la crisis de ese platonismo romántico, tal como se advierte en cuestiones tales como el nihilismo, el recurso a la figura del simulacro y el replanteo del tópico del andrógino. El platonismo y su crisis interrogan la temporalidad histórica, desde la aceleración revolucionaria hasta la decadencia finisecular. (shrink)

This Article considers the conditions under which administrative agencies - particularly those with public health-related missions - may obtain partial autonomy from external interests or politicians. In the process, it critiques the proposition that administrative agencies in advanced industrialized countries such as the United States are routinely “captured” by external economic interests. Through case studies and the application of relevant theory from law and the study of political organization, the Article describes how agencies can produce a measure of autonomy by (...) forging coalitions of stakeholders both internal and external to the agency, and considers how partial autonomy may be modeled as a strategic process involving decisions under uncertainty. The Article then investigates how American publichealth agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration, the Food Safety Inspection Service, and the Centers for Disease Control have been able to use their partial autonomy to develop significant health policy innovations. Although agencies are by no means guaranteed even a partial degree of autonomy, they are nonetheless capable of affecting their political and legal environment, with consequences not only for public-health policy but also for the legitimacy of the nation-state. (shrink)

La hipótesis principal es que el crecimiento conduce inexorablemente a un rendimiento económico continuamente menguante, lo que nos coloca en una situación paradójica: siendo la economía un «juego de suma cero», sostener y acrecentar la riqueza monetaria de las poblaciones ya ricas requiere cada vez más esfuerzo, es cada vez más difícil, requiriendo mayores poblaciones que explotar a la vez que mayor transporte a fin de ampliar mercados, extraer recursos a mayores distancia, etc. Y puesto que la jerarquía mundial de (...) conurbaciones, desde las denominadas ciudades globales hasta las megalópolis del Tercer Mundo, forman la máquina clave que sustenta el crecimiento; las conurbaciones se han ido transformando en los nodos fundamentales de la red de flujos y en el espacio del conflicto. Y nada, salvo el decrecimiento, puede modificar esa transformación. (shrink)

parte 1. As ideologias no século XXI -- parte 2. Ideologias, ambiente(s), identidade(s).

Le discours sur le rôle du design dans la résolution et la cause des problèmes socioculturels actuels est double. D’une part, on observe un intérêt croissant pour la manière dont le design pourrait contribuer à améliorer les problèmes sociaux et à promouvoir les transformations socio-culturelles souhaitées. D’autre part, des questions se posent, non seulement sur l’efficacité de la contribution du design au social, mais aussi le rôle de la pratique du design dans la création de ces mêmes problèmes sociaux.

According to constitutivism, we can justify the authority of aims and norms on the ground that they are inescapable. Constitutivist views divide between ambitious and modest ones. According to ambitious constitutivism, the inescapability of aims grounds their unconditional authority, whereas according to modest constitutivism, the inescapability of aims only grounds their conditional authority. Either way, both forms of constitutivism share the assumption that inescapability grounds authority, which in turn presupposes that at the foundation of normativity we find aims and norms (...) that can be evaluated as having or lacking authority. In this paper I shall defend a form of constitutivism that rejects this assumption. According to this view, which I shall call Hinge Constitutivism, at the foundation of epistemic normativity we find an aim, the truth-aim, that is altogether beyond the evaluation in terms of the ordinary notion of authority. Moreover, I shall argue that to aim at truth is a condition of possibility for justifying the authority of any other aims or norms. In this sense, to aim at truth is a hinge of deliberation. (shrink)

Norm theory (Kahneman & Miller, 1986) described a tendency for people to associate stronger regret with a negative outcome when it is a result of an exception (abnormal behavior) compared to when it is a result of routine (normal behavior). In two pre-registered studies, we conducted a replication and extension of three classic experiments on past behavior exception/routine contrasts (N = 684). We successfully replicated Kahneman and Miller’s (1986) experiments with the classic hitchhiker-scenario (Part 1) and car accident-scenario (Part 2). (...) In both cases, participants examined negative outcomes and tended to indicate a protagonist who deviated from own past behavior as more regretful than another who followed routine. Pre-registered extensions also showed effects for ratings of social norms, negative affect, and perceived luck. We did not find support for the Miller and McFarland (1986) experiment robbery scenario (Part 3) using a compensation measure, in that compensation to a victim of a robbery was not significantly different comparing exceptional and routine circumstances. However, a pre-registered extension showed that robbery under exceptional circumstances was regretted more than robbery under routine circumstances. We discuss implications for current and future research. (shrink)

Public participation in scientific research has gained prominence in many scientific fields, but the theory of participatory research is still limited. In this paper, we suggest that the divergence of values and goals between academic researchers and public participants in research is key to analyzing the different forms this research takes. We examine two existing characterizations of participatory research: one in terms of public participants' role in the research, the other in terms of the virtues of the research. In our (...) view, each of these captures an important feature of participatory research but is, on its own, limited in what features it takes into account. We introduce an expanded conception of norms of collaboration that extends to both academic researchers and public participants. We suggest that satisfying these norms requires consideration of the two groups' possibly divergent values and goals, and that a broad characterization of participatory research that starts from participants' values and goals can motivate both public participants’ role in the research and the virtues of the research. The resulting framework clarifies the similarities and differences among participatory projects and can help guide the responsible design of such projects. (shrink)

El proyecto del _Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles _(_VEP_, 2004) es el primer abordaje a gran escala del problema de la traducción en el discurso filosófico. Su principal animadora, Barbara Cassin, postula, a partir de la revalorización del relativismo sofístico, que la traducción implica un “saber hacer con las diferencias” de alcances éticos y comunitarios a escala transnacional. Sin embargo, más allá del pluralismo que supone la “logología sofística”, se insinúa en la traducción al castellano del _VEP_, el (...) _Vocabulario de las Filosofías Occidentales_ (_VFO_, 2018), una imagen de Latinoamérica estereotipadamente eurocéntrica, que entra en conflicto con otras narrativas también presentes en la edición española. El objeto de este trabajo es pues analizar la cartografía de la filosofía mundial que traza el _VFO_, lo cual supone revisar la teoría de la traducción de Cassin y establecer conexiones con las posiciones que tomaron la filósofa y algunos de sus colaboradores en las discusiones que se dieron en los últimos años en la Argentina en torno a la adopción del “modelo sudafricano” como forma de tramitar la violencia del pasado reciente. (shrink)

Una serie de avisos televisivos que el Frente de Todos difundió en las elecciones bonaerenses de 2019 introdujo un elemento sobre la banda de imagen que concitó cierta atención en los medios de prensa. Se trata de un automóvil con el cual el líder del binomio, Axel Kicillof, recorrió el interior de la Provincia de Buenos Aires con el objeto de que el espacio político que representaba recuperase el gobierno de dicho territorio, tras un período de cuatro años administrado por (...) la coalición Cambiemos. En nuestro estudio creemos oportuno examinar, a partir de aquel vehículo y otros operadores de superficie, la diégesis que atravesó los anuncios que podríamos denominar Llegando, debido a que los elementos, espacios y situaciones que los conforman revelan un sentido connotado más amplio que el encuentro entre los candidatos y los electores. La metodología consistió en la realización de un corpus de unidades de observación, de acuerdo a la dimensión argumental que las unifica y a los espacios referenciales en los cuales acontece la trama de los spots. El impacto que se espera obtener consiste en un estudio de la banda de imagen de los avisos, debido a que los dispositivos técnicos de propaganda concernientes a la política partidaria electoral constituyen muestras pertinentes para examinar un aspecto sustancial de la cultura visual contemporánea. (shrink)

Dentro de las diversas relecturas de la literatura latina 'decadente' del fin-desiècle, Le latin mystique de Remy DE GOURMONT ocupa un lugar excepcional, en la medida en que no se trata solamente de un texto crítico sino también de una antología comentada y traducida. Le latin mystique, texto que se plantea como la exploración de una literatura no estudiada por críticos y profesores, es una obra clave para comprender aspectos de la sensibilidad fin-de-siècle y las lecturas 'no académicas' que escritores (...) del siglo XX, tales como Ezra POUND o Jorge Luis BORGES, harán de la latinidad clásica y medieval. Among the various fin-de-siècle reinterpretations of the 'decadent' latin literature, Le latin mystique of Remy DE GOURMONT has a singular place, because is not only a critical essay but also an annotated and translated anthology. Le latin mystique, book that reviews a literature supposedly not studied by critics and scholars, is a key text for understanding aspects of the fin-de-siècle sensibility and the 'non-academic' readings that twentieth century writers, like Ezra POUND or Jorge Luis BORGES, will make of the classical and medieval latin literature. (shrink)

Las experiencias de unio mystica alcanzadas por Plotino encuentran su reflejo en los escritos que los pensadores gnósticos utilizan en sus discusiones con este en Roma, tal como describen Zostrianos (NH VIII, 1) y Allógenes (NH XI, 3). A pesar de dicha rivalidad filosófica, es posible encontrar similitudes entre los testimonios si analizamos estas experiencias a través de su relación con los denominados Estados Alterados de Consciencia (EAC), concepto propuesto por la psicología de la religión. Tanto el corpus filosófico como (...) la tradición gnóstica describen este estado particular del alma (ψυχἠ) al detallar el proceso mistico. En dicho proceso destaca para ambos el cambio profundo en la consciencia del iniciado, aunque neoplatónicos y gnósticos difieren en los límites de identificación con la divinidad.De esta forma, a través del análisis textual y filológico, centraremos el presente trabajo en el estudio de la unio mystica en dos aspectos. Por una parte, en el proceso mismo seguido por el iniciado. Por otra, en el grado de unión o contacto del visionario-iniciado con el Absoluto o la divinidad. Dicho análisis subrayará los caminos comunes que impulsaban ambas escuelas de pensamiento en su búsqueda de lo trascendente, a la vez que planteará preguntas esenciales sobre dicho proceso que delimitarán claramente las diferencias entre las mismas. (shrink)

This book uses mathematical models of language to explain why there are certain gaps in language: things that we might expect to be able to say but can't. For instance, why can we say I ran for five minutes but not *I ran to the store for five minutes? Why is five pounds of books acceptable, but *five pounds of book not acceptable? What prevents us from saying *sixty degrees of water to express the temperature of the water in a (...) swimming pool when sixty inches of water can express its depth? And why can we not say *all the ants in my kitchen are numerous? The constraints on these constructions involve concepts that are generally studied separately: aspect, plural and mass reference, measurement, and distributivity. In this book, Lucas Champollion provides a unified perspective on these domains, connects them formally within the framework of algebraic semantics and mereology, and uses this connection to transfer insights across unrelated bodies of literature and formulate a single constraint that explains each of the judgments above. (shrink)

Tu duca, tu signore, e tu maestro». Con estas palabras se inicia una relación educativa entre Virgilio y Dante que manifiesta de manera concreta una visión sobre el maestro de permanente validez y actualidad. El viaje de Dante permite descubrir en la Divina Comedia la existencia de unos principios universales que fundamentan la acción del maestro. No obstante, dichos principios no son del todo originales, sino que permiten evidenciar la influencia que Tomás de Aquino ha ejercido en Dante. El Aquinate (...) no solo es mencionado en el Paraíso en los cantos X al XIV, sino que los principios pedagógicos tomistas, especialmente los contenidos en la Suma de Teología, informan la relación concreta entre los dos poetas. En este estudio intentaremos explicitar la visión del maestro propuesta por Dante, a la vez que se buscará mostrar que Tomás de Aquino es la fuente principal de la que Dante se nutre para labrar esa específica relación entre maestro y discípulo. (shrink)

The Somatic Mutation Theory has been challenged on its fundamentals by the Tissue Organization Field Theory of Carcinogenesis. However, a recent publication has questioned whether TOFT could be a valid alternative theory of carcinogenesis to that presented by SMT. Herein we critically review arguments supporting the irreducible opposition between the two theoretical approaches by highlighting differences regarding the philosophical, methodological and experimental approaches on which they respectively rely. We conclude that SMT has not explained carcinogenesis due to severe epistemological and (...) empirical shortcomings, while TOFT is gaining momentum. The main issue is actually to submit SMT to rigorous testing. This concern includes the imperatives to seek evidence for disproving one’s hypothesis, and to consider the whole, and not just selective evidence. (shrink)

First collected in Italy in 1985, _Art's Claim to Truth_ is considered by many philosophers to be one of Gianni Vattimo's most important works. Newly revised for English readers, the book begins with a challenge to Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Hegel, who viewed art as a metaphysical aspect of reality rather than a futuristic anticipation of it. Following Martin Heidegger's interpretation of the history of philosophy, Vattimo outlines the existential ontological conditions of aesthetics, paying particular attention to the works of (...) Kandinsky, which reaffirm the ontological implications of art. Vattimo then builds on Hans-Georg Gadamer's theory of aesthetics and provides an alternative to a rationalistic-positivistic criticism of art. This is the heart of Vattimo's argument, and with it he demonstrates how hermeneutical philosophy reaffirms art's ontological status and makes clear the importance of hermeneutics for aesthetic studies. In the book's final section, Vattimo articulates the consequences of reclaiming the ontological status of aesthetics without its metaphysical implications, holding Aristotle's concept of beauty responsible for the dissolution of metaphysics itself. In its direct engagement with the works of Gadamer, Heidegger, and Luigi Pareyson, _Art's Claim to Truth_ offers a better understanding of the work of Vattimo and a deeper knowledge of ontology, hermeneutics, and the philosophical examination of truth. (shrink)

Sets are central to mathematics and its foundations, but what are they? In this book Luca Incurvati provides a detailed examination of all the major conceptions of set and discusses their virtues and shortcomings, as well as introducing the fundamentals of the alternative set theories with which these conceptions are associated. He shows that the conceptual landscape includes not only the naïve and iterative conceptions but also the limitation of size conception, the definite conception, the stratified conception and the graph (...) conception. In addition, he presents a novel, minimalist account of the iterative conception which does not require the existence of a relation of metaphysical dependence between a set and its members. His book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students in logic and the philosophy of mathematics. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar Hch 16 en tanto relato organizado por el autor en base a las tensiones de las ἐκκλησίαι de inicios del siglo II. Identificaremos en la narración cómo se representan las inquietudes por el liderazgo comunitario y la forja de una identidad grupal. En el primer caso, la interacción de Pablo con los οἶκοι filipenses propicia una reflexión acerca de la relación entre ministros y fieles. En el segundo, las diferentes designaciones que recibe Pablo en (...) el capítulo evidenciarían no solo la compleja identidad de los creyentes, sino la propuesta comunitaria del autor. (shrink)

Contemporary views of truth-directedness endorse what I shall call the Common-Element Argument. According to this argument, there is something in common between judgment and other attitudes like assumption and imagination: they all regard their contents as true. Since this regarding-as-true feature is not distinctive of judgment - the argument goes - it can’t explain its truth-directedness. On this ground, theorists have been motivated to endorse an inflationary view that tries to capture truth-directedness by appealing to some further feature: intentions, second-order (...) representations, sub-personal mechanisms, or subjugation to norms are the most discussed candidates for fulfilling this role. In this paper I will argue that the Common-Element Argument is unsound. It rests on a false premise, namely that there is some common element such as a regarding-as-true component between judgment and other cognitive attitudes. I shall reject Velleman’s and Railton’s defenses of the Common-Element-Argument. Then I will discuss three influential inflationary accounts of truth-directedness: Railton’s account, Velleman’s teleological account, and Shah and Velleman’s conceptualist account. I shall argue that they all face a phenomenological and an explanatory challenge. Finally, I shall sketch a deflationary view of truth-directedness that evades these challenges. (shrink)

The notions of common knowledge or common belief play an important role in several areas of computer science , in philosophy, game theory, artificial intelligence, psychology and many other fields which deal with the interaction within a group of “agents”, agreement or coordinated actions. In the following we will present several deductive systems for common knowledge above epistemic logics –such as K, T, S4 and S5 –with a fixed number of agents. We focus on structural and proof-theoretic properties of these (...) calculi. (shrink)