Results for 'W. Ceusters'

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  1.  19
    Boekbesprekingen.W. Beuken, P. Fransen, P. Ahsmann, J. -M. Tison, J. Lambrecht, P. Smulders, B. Van Dorpe, Frank De Graeve, B. van Dorpe, F. Tillmans, R. Ceusters, Jos Vercruysse, G. Wilkens, J. H. Nota, A. A. Derksen, K. Boey, D. Scheltens, J. Kijm, P. van Doornik, S. Sangers, J. Rupert & E. de Strycker - 1971 - Bijdragen 32 (2):193-231.
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  2. On defining bruxism.W. Ceusters & B. Smith - 2018 - Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 247:551-555.
    In a series of recent publications, orofacial researchers have debated the question of how ‘bruxism’ should be defined for the purposes of accurate diagnosis and reliable clinical research. Following the principles of realism-based ontology, we performed an analysis of the arguments involved. This revealed that the disagreements rested primarily on inconsistent use of terms, so that issues of ontology were thus obfuscated by shortfalls in terminology. In this paper, we demonstrate how bruxism terminology can be improved by paying attention to (...)
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  3. Ontology-based integration of medical coding systems and electronic patient records.W. Ceusters, Barry Smith & G. De Moor - 2004 - IFOMIS Reports.
    In the last two decades we have witnessed considerable efforts directed towards making electronic healthcare records comparable and interoperable through advances in record architectures and (bio)medical terminologies and coding systems. Deep semantic issues in general, and ontology in particular, have received some interest from the research communities. However, with the exception of work on so-called ‘controlled vocabularies’, ontology has thus far played little role in work on standardization. The prime focus has been rather the rapid population of terminologies at the (...)
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  4. MIE 2005.W. Ceusters, G. De Moor & Smith Barry - 2005
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  5. Six questions on the construction of ontologies in biomedicine.Anand Kumar, A. Burgun, W. Ceusters, J. Cimino, J. Davis, P. Elkin, I. Kalet, A. Rector, J. Rice, J. Rogers, Barry Smith & Others - 2005 - Report of the AMIA Working Group on Formal Biomedical Knowledge Representation 1.
    (Report assembled for the Workshop of the AMIA Working Group on Formal Biomedical Knowledge Representation in connection with AMIA Symposium, Washington DC, 2005.) Best practices in ontology building for biomedicine have been frequently discussed in recent years. However there is a range of seemingly disparate views represented by experts in the field. These views not only reflect the different uses to which ontologies are put, but also the experiences and disciplinary background of these experts themselves. We asked six questions related (...)
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  6.  34
    Boekbesprekingen.J. -M. Tison, W. Beuken, Th de Kruijf, P. G. van Breemen, Ben Hemelsoet, P. Smulders, B. Van Dorpe, Bernard Van Dorpe, P. Fransen, S. Trooster, E. Kerckhof, F. Malmberg, G. De Schrijver, W. G. Tillmans, Jos Vercruysse, C. Verhaak, A. J. Leijen, Robert Ceusters, Frank De Graeve, G. Wilkens & Gerard Hommels - 1970 - Bijdragen 31 (1):89-110.
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  7.  34
    Boekbesprekingen.J.-M. Tison, W. Beuken, S. Trooster, D. Kinet, J. Lambrecht, Ben Hemelsoet, E. Kerckhof, A. Cnockaert, H. Pillaert, P. Fransen, S. De Smet, P. Smulders, J. Varnneste, J. Mulders, J. Vanneste, P. Grootens, Jos Vercruysse, R. Ceusters, J. Van Torre, M. De Wachter, A. Van Kol, A. Poncelet, P. Verdeyen, M. De Tollenaere, A. Roosen, H. Van Luijk, R. Hostie, H. Somers, J. Kijm, Paul Begheyn, C. Swüste, J. De Bruyne, Bernard Van Dorpe, G. Neefs, M. Prick, L. Braeckmans & G. Verschuuren - 1968 - Bijdragen 29 (3):299-348.
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  8.  39
    Boekbesprekingen.J. Lambrecht, W. Beuken, J.-M. Tison, H. Robbers, A. Roosen, P. Fransen, P. Smulders, P. Van Doornik, H. Peters, J. Van Torre, A. Van Kol, S. Trooster, Jos Vercruysse, M. De La Marche, J. Mulders, R. Ceusters, P. Grootens, Karel Van Thillo, J. Langeveld, A. Poncelet, J. H. Nota, N. Sprokel, M. De Tollenaere, G. De Schrijver & H. Van Luijk - 1968 - Bijdragen 29 (2):204-232.
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  9.  18
    Boekbesprekingen.J. Mulders, H. H. M. Thijssen, F. Tillmans, J.-M. Tison, F. J. Theunis, A. Poncelet, A. J. Leijen, A. Baekelandt, R. Ceusters, M. De Tollenaere, P. Fransen, J. Kerkhofs, K. Boey, W. Deckers & H. P. M. Goddijn - 1973 - Bijdragen 34 (1):102-115.
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  10.  41
    Boekbesprekingen.F. De Meyer, J. Lust, Th C. de Kruijf, H. W. M. van Grol, Marcel Poorthuis, P. C. Beentjes, H. W. Woorts, Martin Parmentier, Marc Schneiders, Bernard Van Dorpe, Hans Goddijn, A. H. C. van Eijk, Ulrich Hemel, Martien Parmentier, Jan van Hooydonk, Teije Brattinga, G. Rouwhorst, J. Besemer, H. J. Adriaanse, Paul van Tongeren, Ger Groot, R. Ceusters, Hent de Vries & Johan G. Hahn - 1988 - Bijdragen 49 (4):443-472.
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  11.  42
    Boekbesprekingen.L. Dequeker, J. Lambrecht, G. te Stroete, W. Beuken, P. Smulders, R. Mennes, Jos Vercruysse, P. Fransen, F. Tillmans, F. de Grijs, B. Van Dorpe, A. Poncelet, J. H. Nota, W. Thijs, F. De Graeve, H. Berghs, H. van Luijk, A. A. Derksen, H. Fink, F. Van Neste, A. J. Leijen, M. De Tollenaere, Frank De Graeve, G. Dierickx, R. Hostie, J. Besemer, G. Wilkens, P. G. van Breemen, J. Van Houtte, R. van Kessel, J. Kerkhofs & R. Ceusters - 1971 - Bijdragen 32 (1):75-115.
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  12.  77
    Kant's Conclusions in the Transcendental Aesthetic.W. Clark Wolf - forthcoming - Journal of the History of Philosophy.
    In the Transcendental Aesthetic (TA), Kant is typically held to make negative assertations about “things in themselves,” namely that they are not spatial or temporal. These negative assertions stand behind the “neglected alternative” problem for Kant’s transcendental idealism. According to this problem, Kant may be entitled to assert that spatio-temporality is a subjective element of our cognition, but he cannot rule out that it may also be a feature of the objective world. In this paper, I show in a new (...)
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  13. Referent Tracking of Portions of Reality. Docket No. 1097.015A (USPA 2009055437).Werner Ceusters, Shahid Manzoor & Barry Smith - 2008 - In U.S. Patent Application. US Patent Office.
    Management of information is facilitated by unambiguously tracking portions of reality over time. To track the portions of reality, a referent tracking system is used. The referent tracking system is able to communicate with other tracking systems and/or tradition information systems. Errors in the referent tracking system are detected and corrected to maintain actual representations of the portions of reality.
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  14. in Proceedings of the Conference: Towards an Electronic Patient Record (TEPR 2003).Werner Ceusters, Smith Barry & Jim Flanagan - 2003 - Medical Records Institute.
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  15.  1
    On Music and Tradition.Allaerts W. - 2024 - Philosophy International Journal 7 (2):1-13.
    In this paper we elaborate on the question how to bridge the gap between contemporary (New) music and the tradition of the past, often called ‘classical’ music. First we analyze the notion of tradition (in classical music) as being distinct from traditional music, nationalism and traditionalism. A central role in this paper is dedicated to the role of counterpoint education following J.J. Fux’s Gradus ad Parnassum in the development of Central-European classical music between the late Renaissance and late Romantic periods. (...)
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  16. Toward an Ontological Treatment of Disease and Diagnosis.Richard H. Scheuermann, Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2009 - In Proceedings of the 2009 AMIA Summit on Translational Bioinformatics. American Medical Informatics Association.
    Many existing biomedical vocabulary standards rest on incomplete, inconsistent or confused accounts of basic terms pertaining to diseases, diagnoses, and clinical phenotypes. Here we outline what we believe to be a logically and biologically coherent framework for the representation of such entities and of the relations between them. We defend a view of disease as involving in every case some physical basis within the organism that bears a disposition toward the execution of pathological processes. We present our view in the (...)
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  17. Notes to an Interpretation of Berkeley.W. H. Werkmeister - 1966 - In Warren E. Steinkraus (ed.), New studies in Berkeley's philosophy. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
     
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  18. Warranted Diagnosis.David Limbaugh, David Kasmier, Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2019 - In David Limbaugh, David Kasmier, Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Biomedical Ontology (ICBO), Buffalo, NY. Buffalo: pp. 1-10.
    A diagnostic process is an investigative process that takes a clinical picture as input and outputs a diagnosis. We propose a method for distinguishing diagnoses that are warranted from those that are not, based on the cognitive processes of which they are the outputs. Processes designed and vetted to reliably produce correct diagnoses will output what we shall call ‘warranted diagnoses’. The latter are diagnoses that should be trusted even if they later turn out to have been wrong. Our work (...)
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  19.  9
    The equivalence of Axiom (∗)+ and Axiom (∗)++.W. Hugh Woodin - forthcoming - Journal of Mathematical Logic.
    Asperó and Schindler have completely solved the Axiom [Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] problem. They have proved that if [Formula: see text] holds then Axiom [Formula: see text] holds, with no additional assumptions. The key question now concerns the relationship between [Formula: see text] and Axiom [Formula: see text]. This is because the foundational issues raised by the problem of Axiom [Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] arguably persist in the problem of Axiom [Formula: see text] vs. (...)
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  20. Smart contract based data trading mode using blockchain and machine learning.W. Xiong & L. Xiong - 2019 - IEEE Access 7.
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  21. What particulars are referred to in EHR data? A case study in integrating referent tracking into an electronic health record application.Ron Rudnicki, Werner Ceusters, Shaid Manzoo & Barry Smith - 2007 - In Proceedings of the Annual Symposium of the American Medical Informatics Association, Chicago, IL. Washington, DC: AMIA. pp. 630-634.
    Referent Tracking (RT) advocates the use of instance unique identifiers to refer to the entities comprising the subject matter of patient health records. RT promises many benefits to those who use health record data to improve patient care. To further the adoption of the paradigm we provide an illustration of how data from an EHR application needs to be decomposed in order to make it accord with the tenets of RT. We describe the ontological principles on which this decomposition is (...)
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  22. A terminological and ontological analysis of the NCI thesaurus.Werner Ceusters, Barry Smith & Louis Goldberg - 2005 - Methods of Information in Medicine 44 (4):498-507.
    We performed a qualitative analysis of the Thesaurus in order to assess its conformity with principles of good practice in terminology and ontology design. We used both the on-line browsable version of the Thesaurus and its OWL-representation (version 04.08b, released on August 2, 2004), measuring each in light of the requirements put forward in relevant ISO terminology standards and in light of ontological principles advanced in the recent literature. Version 04.08b of the NCI Thesaurus suffers from the same broad range (...)
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  23. Referent Tracking for Command and Control Messaging Systems.Shahid Manzoor, Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2009 - CEUR, Volume 555.
    The Joint Battle Management Language (JBML) is an XML-based language designed to allow Command and Control (C2) systems to interface easily with Modeling and Simulation (M&S) systems. While some of the XML-tags defined in this language correspond to types of entities that exist in reality, others are mere syntactic artifacts used to structure the messages themselves. Because these two kinds of tags are not formally distinguishable, JBML messages in effect confuse data with what the data represent. In this paper we (...)
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  24. Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology.Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2015 - In Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith (eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Biomedical Ontology (ICBO). CEUR vol. 1515. pp. 1-5.
    The Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) was created to serve as a domain‐neutral resource for the representation of types of information content entities (ICEs) such as documents, data‐bases, and digital im‐ages. We identify a series of problems with the current version of the IAO and suggest solutions designed to advance our understanding of the relations between ICEs and associated cognitive representations in the minds of human subjects. This requires embedding IAO in a larger framework of ontologies, including most importantly the Mental (...)
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  25.  24
    Business ethics: a stakeholder and issues management approach.Joseph W. Weiss - 2014 - Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
    The seventh edition of this pragmatic guide to determining right and wrong in the workplace is updated with new case studies and ancillary materials to combine stakeholder perspectives with a deep dive on workplace ethics issues. Using a unique stakeholder-based approach, this book takes business ethics out of the theory realm and provides practical ways to analyze any business decision. Including dozens of cases, Joseph Weiss looks beyond the impacts of ethical lapses on share price and profit to focus on (...)
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  26.  16
    Kant and Religion.Allen W. Wood - 2020 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    This masterful work on Kant's Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason explores Kant's treatment of the Idea of God, his views concerning evil, and the moral grounds for faith in God. Kant and Religion works to deepen our understanding of religion's place and meaning within the history of human culture, touching on Kant's philosophical stance regarding theoretical, moral, political, and religious matters. Wood's breadth of knowledge of Kant's corpus, philosophical sharpness, and depth of reflection sheds light not only on (...)
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  27.  28
    Kant's practical philosophy.Allen W. Wood - 2000 - In Karl Ameriks (ed.), The Cambridge companion to German idealism. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57--75.
  28. Strategies for Referent Tracking in Electronic Health Records.Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2006 - Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (3):362-378.
    The goal of referent tracking is to create an ever-growing pool of data relating to the entities existing in concrete spatiotemporal reality. In the context of Electronic Healthcare Records (EHRs) the relevant concrete entities are not only particular patients but also their parts, diseases, therapies, lesions, and so forth, insofar as these are salient to diagnosis and treatment. Within a referent tracking system, all such entities are referred to directly and explicitly, something which cannot be achieved when familiar concept-based systems (...)
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  29.  5
    Pytając o człowieka: myśl filozoficzna Józefa Tischnera.W. ±Adys±Aw Zuziak & Papieska Akademia Teologiczna W. Krakowie (eds.) - 2002 - Kraków: Wydawn. Znak.
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  30. Foundations for a Realist Ontology of Mental Disease.Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2010 - Journal of Biomedical Semantics 1 (10):1-23.
    While classifications of mental disorders have existed for over one hundred years, it still remains unspecified what terms such as 'mental disorder', 'disease' and 'illness' might actually denote. While ontologies have been called in aid to address this shortfall since the GALEN project of the early 1990s, most attempts thus far have sought to provide a formal description of the structure of some pre-existing terminology or classification, rather than of the corresponding structures and processes on the side of the patient. (...)
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  31. The evaluation of ontologies: Toward improved semantic interoperability.Leo Obrst, Werner Ceusters, Inderjeet Mani, Steve Ray & Barry Smith - 2006 - In Chris Baker & Kei H. Cheung (eds.), Semantic Web: Revolutionizing Knowledge Discovery in the Life Sciences. Springer. pp. 139-158.
    Recent years have seen rapid progress in the development of ontologies as semantic models intended to capture and represent aspects of the real world. There is, however, great variation in the quality of ontologies. If ontologies are to become progressively better in the future, more rigorously developed, and more appropriately compared, then a systematic discipline of ontology evaluation must be created to ensure quality of content and methodology. Systematic methods for ontology evaluation will take into account representation of individual ontologies, (...)
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  32. Measurement and models of performance.W. Luke Windsor - 2008 - In Susan Hallam, Ian Cross & Michael Thaut (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Music Psychology. Oxford University Press.
     
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  33. The significance of SNODENT.Louis Goldberg, Werner Ceusters, John Eisner & Barry Smith - 2005 - Medical Informatics Europe 2005: 737-742.
    SNODENT is a dental diagnostic vocabulary incompletely integrated in SNOMED-CT. Nevertheless, SNODENT could become the de facto standard for dental diagnostic coding. SNODENT's manageable size, the fact that it is administratively self-contained, and relates to a well-understood domain provides valuable opportunities to formulate and test, in controlled experiments, a series of hypothesis concerning diagnostic systems. Of particular interest are questions related to establishing appropriate quality assurance methods for its optimal level of detail in content, its ontological structure, its construction and (...)
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  34. Ontology-based error detection in SNOMED-CT.Werner Ceusters, Barry Smith, Anand Kumar & Christoffel Dhaen - 2004 - Proceedings of Medinfo 2004:482-6.
    Quality assurance in large terminologies is a difficult issue. We present two algorithms that can help terminology developers and users to identify potential mistakes. We demon­strate the methodology by outlining the different types of mistakes that are found when the algorithms are applied to SNOMED-CT. On the basis of the results, we argue that both formal logical and linguistic tools should be used in the development and quality-assurance process of large terminologies.
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  35. Referent tracking for digital rights management.Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2007 - International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies 2 (1):45-53.
    Digital Rights Management (DRM) covers the description, identification, trading, protection, monitoring and tracking of all forms of rights over both tangible and intangible assets. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system provides a framework for the persistent identification of entities involved in this domain. Although the system has been very well designed to manage object identifiers, some important questions relating to the creation and assignment of identifiers are left open. The paradigm of a Referent Tracking System (RTS) recently advanced in the (...)
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  36. Negative findings in electronic health records and biomedical ontologies: a realist approach.Werner Ceusters, Peter Elkin & Barry Smith - 2007 - International Journal of Medical Informatics 76 (3):S326-S333.
    PURPOSE—A substantial fraction of the observations made by clinicians and entered into patient records are expressed by means of negation or by using terms which contain negative qualifiers (as in “absence of pulse” or “surgical procedure not performed”). This seems at first sight to present problems for ontologies, terminologies and data repositories that adhere to a realist view and thus reject any reference to putative non-existing entities. Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and Referent Tracking (RT) are examples of such paradigms. The (...)
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  37. Transcendental idealism a history of philosophy.W. Windelband - 1938 - In Jerome Hall (ed.), Readings in jurisprudence. Holmes Beach, Fla.: Gaunt. pp. 123.
     
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  38. The Authority of Conceptual Analysis in Hegelian Ethical Life.W. Clark Wolf - 2020 - In Jiří Chotaš & Tereza Matějčková (eds.), An Ethical Modernity?: Hegel’s Concept of Ethical Life Today. Boston: BRILL. pp. 15-35.
    While the idea of philosophy as conceptual analysis has attracted many adherents and undergone a number of variations, in general it suffers from an authority problem with two dimensions. First, it is unclear why the analysis of a concept should have objective authority: why explicating what we mean should express how things are. Second, conceptual analysis seems to lack intersubjective authority: why philosophical analysis should apply to more than a parochial group of individuals. I argue that Hegel’s conception of social (...)
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  39. Ontology and medical terminology: Why description logics are not enough.Werner Ceusters, Barry Smith & Jim Flanagan - 2003 - In Proceedings of the Conference: Towards an Electronic Patient Record (TEPR 2003). Boston, MA: Medical Records Institute.
    Ontology is currently perceived as the solution of first resort for all problems related to biomedical terminology, and the use of description logics is seen as a minimal requirement on adequate ontology-based systems. Contrary to common conceptions, however, description logics alone are not able to prevent incorrect representations; this is because they do not come with a theory indicating what is computed by using them, just as classical arithmetic does not tell us anything about the entities that are added or (...)
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  40. Biomarkers in the Ontology for General Medical Science.Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2015 - In Ronald Cornet (ed.), Digital Healthcare Empowering Europeans. IOS Press. pp. 155-159.
    Based on the Ontology for General Medical Science, we propose definitions for biomarkers of various types of. These definitions provide not only a complete formal representation of what biomarkers are according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), but also remove the ambiguities and inconsistencies encountered in the documentation provided by the IOM.
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  41.  2
    Locke and Malebranche: Two Concepts of Ideas.John W. Yolton - 1980 - In Reinhard Brandt (ed.), John Locke: symposium, Wolfenbüttel, 1979. New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 208-224.
  42. Mistakes in medical ontologies: Where do they come from and how can they be detected?Werner Ceusters, Barry Smith, Anand Kumar & Christoffel Dhaen - 2004 - Studies in Health and Technology Informatics 102:145-164.
    We present the details of a methodology for quality assurance in large medical terminologies and describe three algorithms that can help terminology developers and users to identify potential mistakes. The methodology is based in part on linguistic criteria and in part on logical and ontological principles governing sound classifications. We conclude by outlining the results of applying the methodology in the form of a taxonomy different types of errors and potential errors detected in SNOMED-CT.
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  43. Tracking Referents in Electronic Health Records.Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2005 - Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 116:71–76.
    Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are organized around two kinds of statements: those reporting observations made, and those reporting acts performed. In neither case does the record involve any direct reference to what such statements are actually about. They record not: what is happening on the side of the patient, but rather: what is said about what is happening. While the need for a unique patient identifier is generally recognized, we argue that we should now move to an EHR regime in (...)
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  44. Would SNOMED CT benefit from realism-based ontology evolution?Werner Ceusters, Kent Spackman & Barry Smith - 2007 - AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2007:105-109.
    If SNOMED CT is to serve as a biomedical reference terminology, then steps must be taken to ensure comparability of information formulated using successive versions. New releases are therefore shipped with a history mechanism. We assessed the adequacy of this mechanism for its treatment of the distinction between changes occurring on the side of entities in reality and changes in our understanding thereof. We found that these two types are only partially distinguished and that a more detailed study is required (...)
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  45. Metaphysics in Logic'in A. Flew.W. Warnock - 1966 - In H. Brotman & Antony Flew (eds.), Essays in conceptual analysis. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
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  46.  3
    De geordende wereld van het recht: een inleiding.W. J. Witteveen - 1996 - Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
    Inleidend studieboek op universitair niveau over de Nederlandse rechtswetenschap.
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  47. A Unified Framework for Biomedical Terminologies and Ontologies.Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2010 - Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 160:1050-1054.
    The goal of the OBO (Open Biomedical Ontologies) Foundry initiative is to create and maintain an evolving collection of non-overlapping interoperable ontologies that will offer unambiguous representations of the types of entities in biological and biomedical reality. These ontologies are designed to serve non-redundant annotation of data and scientific text. To achieve these ends, the Foundry imposes strict requirements upon the ontologies eligible for inclusion. While these requirements are not met by most existing biomedical terminologies, the latter may nonetheless support (...)
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  48. Applying the Realism-Based Ontology-Versioning Method for Tracking Changes in the Basic Formal Ontology.Selja Seppälä, Barry Smith & Werner Ceusters - 2014 - In P. Garbacz & O. Kutz (eds.), Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2014). IOS Press. pp. 227-240.
    Changes in an upper level ontology have obvious conse-quences for the domain ontologies that use it at lower levels. It is therefore crucial to document the changes made between successive versions of ontologies of this kind. We describe and apply a method for tracking, explaining and measuring changes between successive versions of upper level ontologies such as the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). The proposed change-tracking method extends earlier work on Realism-Based Ontology Versioning (RBOV) and Evolutionary Terminology Auditing (ETA). We describe (...)
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  49. Referent tracking for treatment optimisation in schizophrenic patients.Werner Ceusters & Barry Smith - 2006 - Journal of Web Semantics 4 (3):229-236.
    The IPAP Schizophrenia Algorithm was originally designed in the form of a flow chart to help physicians optimise the treatment of schizophrenic patients. We examined the current version from the perspective of recent work on terminologies and ontologies thereby drawing on the resources of Basic Formal Ontology, and this with the objective to make the algorithm appropriate for Semantic Web applications. We found that Basic Formal Ontology is a rich enough theory to represent all the entities involved and that applying (...)
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  50. Referent Tracking: The Problem of Negative Findings.Werner Ceusters, Peter Elkin & Barry Smith - 2006 - Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 124:741-46.
    The paradigm of referent tracking is based on a realist presupposition which rejects so-called negative entities (congenital absent nipple, and the like) as spurious. How, then, can a referent tracking-based Electronic Health Record deal with what are standardly called ‘negative findings’? To answer this question we carried out an analysis of some 748 sentences drawn from patient charts and containing some form of negation. Our analysis shows that to deal with these sentences we need to introduce a new ontological relationship (...)
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