Results for 'researcher degrees of freedom'

976 found
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  1.  81
    Degrees of Freedom.Mariam Thalos - 1999 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 59 (1):1-39.
    This paper argues that the doctrines of determinism and supervenience, while logically independent, are importantly linked in physical mechanics—and quite interestingly so. For it is possible to formulate classical mechanics in such a way as to take advantage of the existence of mathematical devices that represent the advance of time—and which are such as to inspire confidence in the truth of determinism—in order to prevent violation of supervenience. It is also possible to formulate classical mechanics-and to do so in an (...)
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  2.  48
    Symmetries and itineracy in nonlinear systems with many degrees of freedom.Michael Breakspear & Karl Friston - 2001 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (5):813-813.
    Tsuda examines the potential contribution of nonlinear dynamical systems, with many degrees of freedom, to understanding brain function. We offer suggestions concerning symmetry and transients to strengthen the physiological motivation and theoretical consistency of this novel research direction: Symmetry plays a fundamental role, theoretically and in relation to real brains. We also highlight a distinction between chaotic “transience” and “itineracy.”.
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  3.  63
    The scientific method and its extension to systems of many degrees of freedom.C. H. Prescott - 1938 - Philosophy of Science 5 (3):237-266.
    We are told that we live in a scientific world. All about us are the fruits of scientific research, and the products of scientific industry. But, in spite of this transformation of our material surroundings, scientific thought, or the scientific method as such, has had no effect upon the everyday thought and behaviour of our people. To be sure, along with the scientific gadgets a few scientific truths have been disseminated. They know the earth is round and moves about the (...)
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  4.  16
    Exploring the Relationship of Variant Degrees of National Economic Freedom to the Ethical Profiles of Millennial Business Students in Eight Countries.Jessica McManus Warnell & James Weber - 2022 - Business and Society 61 (2):457-495.
    This research explores the relationship of variant degrees of a country’s economic freedom to the ethical profiles of millennial business students, specifically an individual’s personal value orientation and post-conventional reasoning. Grounded in Social Identity, Personal Values, and Cognitive Moral Development theories, we construct an ethical profile to compare responses provided by millennial business students from eight countries. Our results suggest that a country’s degree of economic freedom has some association with an individual’s ethical profile, yet we also (...)
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  5.  8
    Research Doctorate Programs in the United States: Continuity and Change.Marvin L. Goldberger, Brendan A. Maher, Pamela Ebert Flattau, Committee for the Study of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States & Conference Board of Associated Research Councils - 1995 - National Academies Press.
    Doctoral programs at U.S. universities play a critical role in the development of human resources both in the United States and abroad. This volume reports the results of an extensive study of U.S. research-doctorate programs in five broad fields: physical sciences and mathematics, engineering, social and behavioral sciences, biological sciences, and the humanities. Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States documents changes that have taken place in the size, structure, and quality of doctoral education since the widely used 1982 editions. This (...)
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  6.  8
    An Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States: Mathematical and Physical Sciences.Lyle V. Jones, Gardner Lindzey, Porter E. Coggeshall & Conference Board of the Associated Research Councils - 1982 - National Academies Press.
    The quality of doctoral-level chemistry (N=145), computer science (N=58), geoscience (N=91), mathematics (N=115), physics (N=123), and statistics/biostatistics (N=64) programs at United States universities was assessed, using 16 measures. These measures focused on variables related to: program size; characteristics of graduates; reputational factors (scholarly quality of faculty, effectiveness of programs in educating research scholars/scientists, improvement in program quality during the last 5 years); university library size; research support; and publication records. Chapter I discusses prior attempts to assess quality in graduate education, (...)
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  7.  17
    Ecology of Freedom: Competitive Tests of the Role of Pathogens, Climate, and Natural Disasters in the Development of Socio-Political Freedom.Kodai Kusano & Markus Kemmelmeier - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:343080.
    Many countries around the world embrace freedom and democracy as part of their political culture. However, culture is at least in part a human response to the ecological challenges that a society faces; hence, it should not be surprising that the degree to which societies regulate the level of individual freedom is related to environmental circumstances. Previous research suggests that levels of societal freedom across countries are systematically related to three types of ecological threats: prevalence of pathogens, (...)
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  8.  8
    An Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States: Biological Sciences.Lyle V. Jones, Gardner Lindzey, Porter E. Coggeshall & Conference Board of the Associated Research Councils - 1982 - National Academies Press.
    The quality of doctoral-level biochemistry (N=139), botany (N=83), cellular/molecular biology (N=89), microbiology (N=134), physiology (N=101), and zoology (N=70) programs at United States universities was assessed, using 16 measures. These measures focused on variables related to: (1) program size; (2) characteristics of graduates; (3) reputational factors (scholarly quality of faculty, effectiveness of programs in educating research scholars/scientists, improvement in program quality during the last 5 years); (4) university library size; (5) research support; and (6) publication records. Chapter I discusses prior attempts (...)
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  9. Degrees of Freedom: Is Good Philosophy Bad Science?Timothy Williamson - 2021 - Disputatio 13 (61):73-94.
    The lecture starts by considering analytic philosophy as a tradition, and its global spread over recent years, of which Disputatio’s success is itself evidence. The costs and benefits of the role of English as the international language of analytic philosophy are briefly assessed. The spread of analytic philosophy is welcomed as the best hope for scientific philosophy, in a sense of ‘science’ on which mathematics, history, and philosophy can all count as sciences, though not as natural sciences. Arguably, experimental philosophy (...)
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  10.  17
    The concept of freedom: A framework for the study of civilizations.Mordecai Roshwald - 1969 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 30 (1):102-112.
    THE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM CAN BE A USEFUL FRAMEWORK FOR A\nCOMPARATIVE STUDY OF CIVILIZATIONS. ASSUMING THAT FREEDOM\nIS NOT AN ABSOLUTE CONDITION, BUT MOVES IN A SPECTRUM\nBETWEEN OSSIFIED FORMS AND TOTAL ANARCHY, THE ACTUAL\nPRACTICE OF FREEDOM VARIES FROM CULTURE TO CULTURE.\nMOREOVER, THE NOTION OF FREEDOM IS RELATED TO RESTRICTIVE\nNORMS - SUCH AS LAW, MORALS, AESTHETICS, CUSTOM, VOGUE. IN\nRESPECT OF EACH SUCH NORM THE DEGREE OF FREEDOM MAY VARY.\nTHUS, THE PROFILE OF FREEDOM OF A SOCIETY MAY (...)
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  11. Non-reductive physicalism and degrees of freedom.Jessica Wilson - 2010 - British Journal for Philosophy of Science 61 (2):279-311.
    Some claim that Non- reductive Physicalism is an unstable position, on grounds that NRP either collapses into reductive physicalism, or expands into emergentism of a robust or ‘strong’ variety. I argue that this claim is unfounded, by attention to the notion of a degree of freedom—roughly, an independent parameter needed to characterize an entity as being in a state functionally relevant to its law-governed properties and behavior. I start by distinguishing three relations that may hold between the degrees (...)
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  12. Degrees of Freedom.Pieter Thyssen & Sylvia Wenmackers - 2021 - Synthese 198 (11):10207-10235.
    Human freedom is in tension with nomological determinism and with statistical determinism. The goal of this paper is to answer both challenges. Four contributions are made to the free-will debate. First, we propose a classification of scientific theories based on how much freedom they allow. We take into account that indeterminism comes in different degrees and that both the laws and the auxiliary conditions can place constraints. A scientific worldview pulls towards one end of this classification, while (...)
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  13. Degrees of freedom.Timothy O'Connor - 2009 - Philosophical Explorations 12 (2):119 – 125.
    I propose a theory of freedom of choice on which it is a variable quality of individual conscious choices that has several dimensions that admit of degrees, even though - as many theorists have traditionally supposed - it also has as a necessary condition the possession of a capacity that is all or nothing. I argue that the proposed account better fits the phenomenology of ostensibly free actions, as well as empirical findings in the human sciences.
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  14.  63
    Spatial Degrees of Freedom in Everett Quantum Mechanics.Mark A. Rubin - 2006 - Foundations of Physics 36 (8):1115-1159.
    Stapp claims that, when spatial degrees of freedom are taken into account, Everett quantum mechanics is ambiguous due to a “core basis problem.” To examine an aspect of this claim I generalize the ideal measurement model to include translational degrees of freedom for both the measured system and the measuring apparatus. Analysis of this generalized model using the Everett interpretation in the Heisenberg picture shows that it makes unambiguous predictions for the possible results of measurements and (...)
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  15.  76
    Non-reductive Physicalism and Degrees of Freedom.Jessica Wilson - 2010 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 61 (2):279-311.
    Some claim that Non-reductive Physicalism is an unstable position, on grounds that NRP either collapses into reductive physicalism, or expands into emergentism of a robust or ‘strong’ variety. I argue that this claim is unfounded, by attention to the notion of a degree of freedom—roughly, an independent parameter needed to characterize an entity as being in a state functionally relevant to its law-governed properties and behavior. I start by distinguishing three relations that may hold between the degrees of (...)
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  16.  47
    Degrees of freedom in the social world: Towards a systems analysis of decision.Mariam Thalos - 1999 - Journal of Political Philosophy 7 (4):453–477.
    THOMAS SCHELLING taught us that in ordinary human affairs, conflict and common interest are ubiquitously intertwined. For when it comes to variety, the occasion of pure conflict (known to some of its friends as the zerosum game) is as under-represented in human affairs as the occasion of undiluted common interest (known as the pure coordination game). The undiluted extremes are the exceptions, when it comes to counting kinds, while the mixed-motive kind of occasion is the rule. Things look a bit (...)
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  17.  72
    Degrees of freedom and the interpretation of quantum field theory.Andrew Wayne - 1997 - Erkenntnis 46 (2):165-173.
    Nick Huggett and Robert Weingard (1994) have recently proposed a novel approach to interpreting field theories in physics, one which makes central use of the fact that a field generally has an infinite number of degrees of freedom in any finite region of space it occupies. Their characterization, they argue, (i) reproduces our intuitive categorizations of fields in the classical domain and thereby (ii) provides a basis for arguing that the quantum field is a field. Furthermore, (iii) it (...)
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  18.  16
    Degree of Freedom of Social Locomotion: A Psychological Concept for Political Science.J. F. Brown - 1937 - Science and Society 1 (3):404 - 410.
  19. When Fields Are Not Degrees of Freedom.Vera Hartenstein & Mario Hubert - 2021 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 72 (1):245-275.
    We show that in the Maxwell–Lorentz theory of classical electrodynamics most initial values for fields and particles lead to an ill-defined dynamics, as they exhibit singularities or discontinuities along light-cones. This phenomenon suggests that the Maxwell equations and the Lorentz force law ought rather to be read as a system of delay differential equations, that is, differential equations that relate a function and its derivatives at different times. This mathematical reformulation, however, leads to physical and philosophical consequences for the ontological (...)
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  20. Entanglement Between Degrees of Freedom in a Single-Particle System Revealed in Neutron Interferometry.Yuji Hasegawa - 2012 - Foundations of Physics 42 (1):29-45.
    Initially Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) and later Bell shed light on the non-local properties exhibited by subsystems in quantum mechanics. Separately, Kochen and Specker analyzed sets of measurements of compatible observables and found that a consistent coexistence of these results is impossible, i.e., quantum indefiniteness of measurement results. As a consequence, quantum contextuality, a more general concept compared to non-locality, leads to striking phenomena predicted by quantum theory. Here, we report neutron interferometric experiments which investigate entangled states in a (...)
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  21. Degrees of freedom: liberal political philosophy and ideology.Edwin van de Haar - 2015 - London (UK): Transaction Publishers.
     
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  22.  14
    No Strings Attached? Potential Effects of External Funding on Freedom of Research.René Chester Goduscheit - 2021 - Journal of Business Ethics 176 (1):1-15.
    Universities are increasingly pushed to apply for external funding for their research and incentivised for making an impact in the society surrounding them. The consequences of these third-mission activities for the degree of freedom of the research, the potential to make a substantial research contribution and the ethical challenges of this increased dependency on external funding are often neglected. The implications of external sponsorship of research depend on the level of influence of the sponsor in the various elements of (...)
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  23.  5
    Degrees of Freedom: The Interaction of Standards of Practice and Engineering Judgment.Stuart Shapiro - 1997 - Science, Technology and Human Values 22 (3):286-316.
    While the issue of standards has received attention from analysts in science and technology studies, this attention has tended to focus on either units of measurement or compatibility standards. Much less attention has been devoted to equally important standards of practice. These are the procedural or process standards which govern how technologists go about designing and constructing artifacts. Such standards have a substantial documented history in the form of engineering codes of practice. As the embodiment of judgments rendered by a (...)
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  24.  59
    Kinematical Reduction of Spatial Degrees of Freedom and Holographic Relation in Yang’s Quantized Space-Time Algebra.Sho Tanaka - 2009 - Foundations of Physics 39 (5):510-518.
    We try to find a possible origin of the holographic principle in the Lorentz-covariant Yang’s quantized space-time algebra (YSTA). YSTA, which is intrinsically equipped with short- and long-scale parameters, λ and R, gives a finite number of spatial degrees of freedom for any bounded spatial region, providing a basis for divergence-free quantum field theory. Furthermore, it gives a definite kinematical reduction of spatial degrees of freedom, compared with the ordinary lattice space. On account of the latter (...)
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  25. The Process of Doctoral Research Constraints and Opportunities.David Allen & National Conference on Doctoral Research in Management and Industrial Relations - 1982 - Health Services Management Unit, Dept. Of Social Administration, University of Manchester.
     
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  26.  54
    Explaining metamers: Right degrees of freedom, not subjectivism.Michael T. Turvey, Virgil Whitmyer & Kevin Shockley - 2001 - Consciousness and Cognition 10 (1):105-116.
  27.  12
    Degrees of freedom between somatosensory and somatomotor processes; or, One nonsequitur deserves another.P. E. Roland - 1979 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2 (2):307-312.
  28.  19
    Degrees of freedom, dynamical laws, and boundary conditions for discrete voluntary movement.J. A. S. Kelso - 1989 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):225-225.
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  29.  10
    Degrees of freedom.Dirk Van Zylsmit - 1994 - Criminal Justice Ethics 13 (1):31-38.
  30. Systems with Single Degree of Freedom and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.Mehran Shaghaghi - manuscript
    Physical systems can store information and their informational properties are governed by the laws of information. In particular, the amount of information that a physical system can convey is limited by the number of its degrees of freedom and their distinguishable states. Here we explore the properties of the physical systems with absolutely one degree of freedom. The central point in these systems is the tight limitation on their information capacity. Discussing the implications of this limitation we (...)
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  31.  7
    A Guide for Research Supervisors.David Black & Centre for Research Into Human Communication And Learning - 1994
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  32.  54
    Descartes on Degrees of Freedom.C. P. Ragland - 2013 - Essays in Philosophy 14 (2):239-268.
    In an influential article, Anthony Kenny charged that (a) the view of freedom in Descartes’ “1645 letter to Mesland” is incoherent, and (b) that this incoherence was present in Descartes’ thought from the beginning. Against (b), I argue that such incoherence would rather support Gilson’s suspicions that the 1645 letter is dishonest. Against (a), I offer a close reading of the letter, showing that Kenny’s objection seems plausible only if we misconstrue a key ambiguity in the text. I close (...)
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  33. Teleology and degrees of freedom.Scott Sehon - unknown
    There is a debate in philosophy of mind about the nature of reason explanations of action, and this volume is testament to a resurgence of interest in non-causal accounts. In Teleological Realism: Mind, Agency, and Explanation,2 I have proposed a non-causal account according to which common-sense reason explanations of action are irreducibly teleological in form. I claim that we explain behavior by citing the state of affairs towards which the agent was directing her behavior, i. e., by citing the purpose (...)
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  34. Emergence and Creativity: Five Degrees of Freedom.Richard McDonough - 2002 - In Terry Dartnall (ed.), Creativity, Cognition and Knowledge. pp. 283-302, 314-320.
     
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  35.  89
    Are There Thermodynamical Degrees of Freedom of Gravitation?H.-H. V. Borzeszkowski & T. Chrobok - 2003 - Foundations of Physics 33 (3):529-539.
    In discussing fundamentals of general-relativistic irreversible continuum thermodynamics, this theory is shown to be characterized by the feature that no thermodynamical degrees of freedom are ascribed to gravitation. However, accepting that black hole thermodynamics seems to oppose this harmlessness of gravitation one is called on to consider other approaches. Therefore, in brief some gravitational and thermodynamical alternatives are reviewed.
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  36.  35
    Are There Thermodynamical Degrees of Freedom of Gravitation?H. -H. V. Borzeszkowski & Th Chrobok - 2003 - Foundations of Physics 33 (3):529-539.
    In discussing fundamentals of general-relativistic irreversible continuum thermodynamics, this theory is shown to be characterized by the feature that no thermodynamical degrees of freedom are ascribed to gravitation. However, accepting that black hole thermodynamics seems to oppose this harmlessness of gravitation one is called on to consider other approaches. Therefore, in brief some gravitational and thermodynamical alternatives are reviewed.
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  37.  41
    Strategies for the control of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom.Gerald L. Gottlieb, Daniel M. Corcos & Gyan C. Agarwal - 1989 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):189-210.
    A theory is presented to explain how accurate, single-joint movements are controlled. The theory applies to movements across different distances, with different inertial loads, toward targets of different widths over a wide range of experimentally manipulated velocities. The theory is based on three propositions. (1) Movements are planned according to “strategies” of which there are at least two: a speed-insensitive (SI) and a speed-sensitive (SS) one. (2) These strategies can be equated with sets of rules for performing diverse movement tasks. (...)
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  38. Simplified and Higher Degree-of-freedom Correction Method of Spatially Inhomogeneous Noise on Parallel MR Images obtained with Surface Array Coils.T. Kimura & Y. Machida - unknown - Ratio 1000 (S E).
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  39.  30
    Convention for protection of human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology and biomedicine: Convention on human rights and biomedicine.Council of Europe - 1997 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 7 (3):277-290.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Biomedicine: Convention on Human Rights and BiomedicineCouncil of EuropePreambleThe Member States of the Council of Europe, the other States and the European Community signatories hereto,Bearing in mind the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948;Bearing in mind the (...)
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  40. Nonlinear brain systems with nonlocal degrees of freedom.Gordon G. Globus - 1997 - Journal of Mind and Behavior 18 (2-3):195-204.
    Quantum degrees of freedom greatly enrich nonlinear systems, which can support nonlocal control and superposition of states. Basing my discussion on Yasue’s quantum brain dynamics, I suggest that the Cartesian subject is a cybernetic process rather than a substance: I am nonlocal control and my meanings are cybernetic variables. Meanings as nonlocal attunements are not mechanically determined, thus is it concluded we have freedom to mean.
     
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  41. Academic Freedom, Feminism and the Probabilistic Conception of Evidence.Tom Vinci - 2022 - Philosophy Study 12 (6):22-28.
    There is a current debate about the extent to which Academic Freedom should be permitted in our universities. On the one hand, we have traditionalists who maintain that Academic Freedom should be unrestricted: people who have the appropriate qualifications and accomplishments should be allowed to develop theories about how the world is, or ought to be, as they see fit. On the other hand, we have post-traditional philosophers who argue against this degree of Academic Freedom. I consider (...)
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  42. Relativistic Markovian dynamical collapse theories must employ nonstandard degrees of freedom.Wayne C. Myrvold - 2017 - Physical Review A 96:062116.
    The impossibility of an indeterministic evolution for standard relativistic quantum field theories, that is, theories in which all fields satisfy the condition that the generators of space-time translation have spectra in the forward light-cone, is demonstrated. The demonstration proceeds by arguing that a relativistically invariant theory must have a stable vacuum and then showing that stability of the vacuum, together with the requirements imposed by relativistic causality, entails deterministic evolution, if all degrees of freedom are standard degrees (...)
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  43.  63
    Reichenbach’s Common Cause Principle in Algebraic Quantum Field Theory with Locally Finite Degrees of Freedom.Gábor Hofer-Szabó & Péter Vecsernyés - 2012 - Foundations of Physics 42 (2):241-255.
    In the paper it will be shown that Reichenbach’s Weak Common Cause Principle is not valid in algebraic quantum field theory with locally finite degrees of freedom in general. Namely, for any pair of projections A, B supported in spacelike separated double cones ${\mathcal{O}}_{a}$ and ${\mathcal{O}}_{b}$ , respectively, a correlating state can be given for which there is no nontrivial common cause (system) located in the union of the backward light cones of ${\mathcal{O}}_{a}$ and ${\mathcal{O}}_{b}$ and commuting with (...)
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  44.  29
    Do legs have surplus degrees of freedom?R. McN Alexander - 1986 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):600-600.
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  45.  30
    Relations Between Different Notions of Degrees of Freedom of a Quantum System and Its Classical Model.Nikola Burić - 2015 - Foundations of Physics 45 (3):253-278.
    There are at least three different notions of degrees of freedom that are important in comparison of quantum and classical dynamical systems. One is related to the type of dynamical equations and inequivalent initial conditions, the other to the structure of the system and the third to the properties of dynamical orbits. In this paper, definitions and comparison in classical and quantum systems of the tree types of DF are formulated and discussed. In particular, we concentrate on comparison (...)
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  46.  32
    Ecological foundations of cognition. II: Degrees of freedom and conserved quantities in animal-environment systems.Robert E. Shaw & M. T. Turvey - 1999 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 6 (11-12):11-12.
    Cognition means different things to different psychologists depending on the position held on the mind-matter problem. Ecological psychologists reject the implied mind-matter dualism as an ill-posed theoretic problem because the assumed mind-matter incommensurability precludes a solution to the degrees of freedom problem. This fundamental problem was posed by both Nicolai Bernstein and James J. Gibson independently. It replaces mind-matter dualism with animal-environment duality -- a better posed scientific problem because commensurability is assured. Furthermore, when properly posed this way, (...)
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  47.  23
    Minimum-uncertainty states of systems with many degrees of freedom.John H. Marburger & Edwin A. Power - 1980 - Foundations of Physics 10 (11-12):865-874.
    The minimum-uncertainty states for systems with many degrees of freedom are investigated. The limiting situation, relevant to the electromagnetic field, is discussed and it is pointed out that the states that minimize Δp Δq do not tend to the coherent states. These latter, including the vacuum state, are minimum-uncertainty states for the transverse electric and magnetic fields. In an appendix a direct method to obtain the wave functional for the vacuum is presented.
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  48.  65
    General covariance and the objectivity of space-time point-events: The physical role of gravitational and gauge degrees of freedom - DRAFT.Luca Lusanna & Massimo Pauri - unknown
    This paper deals with a number of technical achievements that are instrumental for a dis-solution of the so-called "Hole Argument" in general relativity. Such achievements include: 1) the analysis of the "Hole" phenomenology in strict connection with the Hamiltonian treatment of the initial value problem. The work is carried through in metric gravity for the class of Christoudoulou-Klainermann space-times, in which the temporal evolution is ruled by the "weak" ADM energy; 2) a re-interpretation of "active" diffeomorphisms as "passive and metric-dependent" (...)
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  49.  52
    A Pinning Actor-Critic Structure-Based Algorithm for Sizing Complex-Shaped Depth Profiles in MFL Inspection with High Degree of Freedom.Zhenning Wu, Yiming Deng & Lixing Wang - 2021 - Complexity 2021:1-12.
    One of the most efficient nondestructive methods for pipeline in-line inspection is magnetic flux leakage inspection. Estimating the size of the defect from MFL signal is one of the key problems of MFL inspection. As the inspection signal is usually contaminated by noise, sizing the defect is an ill-posed inverse problem, especially when sizing the depth as a complex shape. An actor-critic structure-based algorithm is proposed in this paper for sizing complex depth profiles. By learning with more information from the (...)
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  50.  52
    The relevance of Rawls' principle of justice for research on cognitively impaired patients.P. D. Dr Giovanni Maio - 2002 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 23 (1):45-53.
    An ethical conflict arises when we must perform research in the interest of future patients, but that this may occasionally injure the interests of today''s patients. In the case of cognitively impaired persons, the question arises whether it is compatible with humane healthcare not only to treat, but also to use these patients for research purposes. Some bioethicists and theologians have formulated a general duty of solidarity, also pertaining to cognitively impaired persons, as a justification for research on these persons. (...)
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