The objectivity is a basic requirement for the measurements in the classical world, namely, different observers must reach a consensus on their measurement results, so that they believe that the object exists “objectively” since whoever measures it obtains the same result. We find that this simple requirement of objectivity indeed imposes an important constraint upon quantum measurements, i.e., if two or more observers could reach a consensus on their quantum measurement results, their measurement basis must be orthogonal vector sets. This (...) naturally explains why quantum measurements are based on orthogonal vector basis, which is proposed as one of the axioms in textbooks of quantum mechanics. The role of the macroscopicality of the observers in an objective measurement is discussed, which supports the belief that macroscopicality is a characteristic of classicality. (shrink)

This article examines the impact of traditional Chinese culture on organ donation from the perspective of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. In each of these cultural systems, it appears that there are some particular sayings or remarks that are often taken in modern Chinese society to be contrary to organ donation, especially cadaveric organ donation. However, this article argues that the central concerns of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism are “great love,” “ren,” and “dao,” which can be reasonably interpreted to support organ (...) donation. The author understands that each cultural system, in order to play its cultural function, must have its central concerns as well as relevant ritual practices (li) that incarnate its religious and ethical commitments. That is, each plays a general cultural role, which influences organ donation in particular not merely through abstract or general ethical principles and teachings, but through a combination of ethical teachings and the forming of particular ritual practices. This article contends that the primary reason Chinese individuals fail to donate sufficient cadaveric organs for transplantation is not because particular remarks or sayings from each of these systems appear to conflict with donation. Neither is it that the central concerns of these systems cannot support cadaveric donation. Rather, it is that modern Chinese individuals have failed to develop and secure relevant ritual practices that support the central concerns of organ transplantation. The article concludes that in order to promote more donations, there is a need to form relevant ritual practices supporting organ donation in conformity with the central concerns of these cultural systems. (shrink)

Buddhisms and Deconstructions considers the connection between Buddhism and Derridean deconstruction, focusing on the work of Robert Magliola. Fourteen distinguished contributors discuss deconstruction and various Buddhisms—Indian, Tibetan, and Chinese —followed by an afterword in which Magliola responds directly to his critics.

Environmental ethics can be cultivated in China and other Asian countries based on Chinese philosophical perspectives. Two major Chinese philosophies relevant to the issues of environmental ethics—Confucianism and Taoism—suggest certain approaches to developing environmental ethics. These approaches can complement each other in developing a Chinese or East Asian theory of environmental ethics. Drawing on these perspectives, China’s Wolong National Nature Reserve can face the challenge of protecting its pandas while developing the local economy. By adopting a set of strategies with (...) elements from both Confucianism and Taoism, Wolong has fared well in both protecting pandas and promoting environmental ethics. This case has implications for both managerial researchers and practitioners. (shrink)

Between the sense of self and the reality of self Content Type Journal Article Category Book Review Pages 113-118 DOI 10.1007/s11097-011-9234-y Authors Wenjing Cai, Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 140-142, 5th floor, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark Journal Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences Online ISSN 1572-8676 Print ISSN 1568-7759 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 1.

Tras la caída del positivismo -- Mitología, cristianismo y ciencia moderna.

Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. By Liang Cai. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2014. Pp. xii + 276. $85, $27.95.

Seminal work by Knobe, Prasada, and Newman (2013) distinguished a set of concepts, which they named “dual‐character concepts.” Unlike traditional concepts, they require two distinct criteria for determining category membership. For example, the prototypical dual‐character concept “artist” has both a concrete dimension of artistic skills, and an abstract dimension of aesthetic sensibility and values. Therefore, someone can be a good artist on the concrete dimension but not truly an artist on the abstract dimension. Does this analysis capture people's understanding of (...) cornerstone social categories, such as gender, around which society and everyday life have traditionally been organized? Gender, too, may be conceived as having not only a concrete dimension but also a distinct dimension of abstract norms and values. As with dual‐character concepts, violations of abstract norms and values may result in someone being judged as not truly a man/woman. Here, we provide the first empirical assessment of applying the dual‐character framework to people's conception of gender. We found that, on some measures that primarily relied on metalinguistic cues, gender concepts did indeed resemble dual‐character concepts. However, on other measures that depicted transgressions of traditional gender norms, neither “man” nor “woman” appeared dual‐character‐like, in that participants did not disqualify people from being truly a man or truly a woman. In a series of follow‐up studies, we examined whether moral norms have come to replace gender role norms for the abstract dimension. Implications for the evolution of concepts and categories are explored. (shrink)

The 85 Lao Zi bamboo slips from around 300 B. C. E. are the earliest texts of what later became known as the Tao Te King. They also contain the-until now-unknown Taoist narrative of Creation 'Great One gave Birth to Water.' These texts are very original and not yet intermingled with Confucian philosophy, governance, or ethics.This English translation presents the Tao Bamboo Slips in modern simplified Chinese characters, with commentaries and a comparison of the modern Chinese version to the old (...) characters. This bilingual Chinese-English publication is a contribution to the crosscultural visions and values of the New SiIk Road of the 21st century. (Series: Practical Ethics-Documentation / Ethik in der Praxis-Materialien, Vol. 16) [Subject: Confucianism, Chinese Studies, Philosophy]. (shrink)

En primer término, el autor expone el proceso mediante el cual los conceptos "imagen" y "representación" han perdido su sentido originario en la historia de Occidente; a partir de allí se ha creado una situación de crisis, denominada por el autor "crisis de la representación". Ésta se caracteriza por los siguientes aspectos: 1) el cambio del estatuto óptico de la imagen; 2) la pérdida de todo paradigma visual, con lo cual la imagen ha dejado de servir como intermediaria de sentido; (...) 3) consecuencia de la anterior afirmación, las funciones metafórica y simbólica de la imagen han quedado inoperantes; 4) finalmente, se ha dado lugar a una saturación de imágenes. A partir de este diagnóstico, el autor sostiene que vivimos actualmente en una "culturafractal" u "orden de representación despótica", cuyos fenómenos afines son la estetización de los mundos de vida, la caída de la razón y de la historia. En segundo término, el autor analiza algunas obras del arte colombiano de los años noventa, en las cuales intenta mostrar el eco de la "crisis de la representación". (shrink)

本书为上海市哲学社会科学规划课题新世纪以来中国社会思潮跟踪研究之成果,部分章节来自作者前期发表于各学术期刊,新媒体平台的专稿.书稿立足当代哲学,以1990年代来涌现的中国社会思潮为脉络,在阐述各思潮的 形成与发展之基础上提出独到见解,亦对实现"中国梦"和"人类命运共同体"的必要哲学基础和重要哲学意义作了初步探讨.

We show that there is a non-GL2 degree which is a minimal cover of a minimal degree. This answers a question by Lerman.

Reproductive diseases are a long‐standing problem and have become more common in the world. Currently, 15% of the world's population suffers from infertility, and half of them are women. Maturation of oocytes, successful fertilization, and high‐quality embryos are prerequisites for pregnancy. With the development of assisted reproductive technology and advanced genetic assays, we have found that infertility in many young female patients is caused by mutations in various developmental regulators. These pathogenic factors may result in impediment of oocyte maturation, failure (...) of fertilization or early embryonic development arrest. In this review, we categorize these clinically‐identified, mutated genetic factors by their molecular characteristics: nuclear factors (PALT2, TRIP13, WEE2, TBPL2, REC114, MEI1 and CDC20), cytoplasmic factors (TLE6, PADI6, NLRP2/5, FBXO43, MOS and BTG4), a factor unique to primates (TUBB8), cell membrane factor (PANX1), and zona pellucida factors (ZP1‐3). We compared discrepancies observed in phenotypes between human and mouse models to provide clues for clinical diagnosis and treatment of related reproductive diseases. (shrink)

對於person與self，「個人」與「自我」概念的釐清， 有助於東亞漢字文化圈內部的相互理解，並可作為東亞與西方對話的橋樑。 本書所收錄各篇論文大多涉及了「跨學科」與「跨文化」的研究，以「個人」（人格）與「自我」的概念作為串貫，當中包括中國思想、德國哲學、英國哲學、京都學派、當代新儒家哲學與臺灣日治時期哲學。在篇目安排上，以 〈非人類學觀點下的自我與個人〉作為全書在方法論上的引言，其後再列東亞傳統思想中具有主流意義的孔孟儒學、道家哲學與陽明心學，最後則列以東亞現代哲學。 本書所論及的中西思想家，主要有老子、孔子、孟子、莊子、王弼、王陽明、康德、海德格、謝勒、格林、西田幾多郎、田邊元、阿部次郎、和辻哲郎與洪耀勳等；主題方面，主要由人格、身心、語言與意識、場所、媒介、人間 與實存等議題組成。在個人與自我之概念的研討上，相當值得參考。.

王陽明的「心學」在宋明理學上佔有一席之地，但他的思想亦較受爭議及難以理解， 因其部份學說充滿「對峙性」及批判色彩。 本書分成「基礎篇」及「進階篇」，基礎篇所涉及內容簡單易懂，作者不多談精細的爭議問題 僅對陽明思想做基礎的闡釋。進階篇中則探討陽明思想的細部問題，並針對爭議議題做談論。 陽明學說宏觀細膩，對峙的批判色彩濃厚，作者從另一個角度來談論哲學大家─王陽明.

从公元前624年(周襄王二十八年)起,至公元1945年止,中外著名哲学家和思想家的生卒年,著作和学术活动年代,确有记载的都尽量收入本年表,与哲学有关的历史事件与哲学邻近的其他学科的重大发现和重要思想家 及其著作也予收入。.

本書收有八篇論文，除了論及朱子學的詮釋外，亦關涉了東亞朱子學的區域特色與交流互動。由本書所收論文，可具體而微地看到東亞儒者對朱子學的討論，有基本架構上的同，也有不同契入角度之異，這種同異互現的結果，使 得不同時代及區域的朱子學，因其差異的詮釋而發展了豐富的內涵。.

本书内容包括:解题;东西两圣人;孔子的思想世系和基督的信徒;孔子的修身和基督的救赎;《论语》和《圣经》;孔子的仁爱和基督的博爱等。.

本書透過考究江戶以降的日本思想和哲學中的儒學元素，揭示其倫理學潛力和議題。書中主要談及了日本著名思想家山崎闇齋、荻生徂徠、大西祝、西田幾多郎、柳田國男、和辻哲郎等人的論述，檢視他們如何創造富有儒學色彩 的日本倫理觀。另外，透過與中國、朝鮮等東亞儒學傳統作比較研究，本書也試圖進一步建構「東亞倫理學」的研究論域。 從東亞倫理學之發展的角度看，本書有三個重要的貢獻：其一在於揭示日本「倫理」、「倫理思想」及「倫理學」之中的儒家傳統是以何種面貌出現。其二是日本學者如何思考並發展倫理思想，使其成為具有西方意義的「學」。 其三是東亞世界仍然需要倫理學的建構，所謂倫理學即是對倫理思想產生懷疑，並經過理性的不斷追究，所產生的普遍性學問。.