A partir de análise da argumentação habermasiana realizada em sua obra “Conhecimento e Interesse” original de 1968, a qual trabalhamos a partir da tradução de 1987; e ancorados nos trabalhos dos filósofos brasileiros Durão, publicado em seu livro “A crítica de Habermas à dedução transcendental de Kant” de 1996 e Hansen, em seu artigo publicado na Revista Crítica, intitulado “Os riscos da crítica da sociedade” de 1998, refletimos, nesse artigo, sobre como Habermas resgata a Teoria do Conhecimento da maneira desvirtuada (...) que a legou o positivismo comteano, perpassando por Freud e Marx para recuperá-la como uma Teoria Crítica da Sociedade. E, apresentamos o advento da Era da Informação e as facilidades de comunicação que a acompanham, para apresentar o modelo da Educação à Distância como uma forma eficaz de ampliar o alcance da Crítica Social como autorreflexão que torna o conhecimento um instrumento crítico não só do indivíduo, mas também da sociedade. (shrink)

Abstract: Introspection reveals that one is frequently conscious of some form of inner speech, which may appear either in a condensed or expanded form. It has been claimed that this speech reflects the way in which language is involved in conscious thought, fulfilling a number of cognitive functions. We criticize three theories that address this issue: Bermúdez’s view of language as a generator of second-order thoughts, Prinz’s development of Jackendoff’s intermediate-level theory of consciousness, and Carruthers’s theory of inner speech as (...) a rehearsal of action-schemata. We contend they have problems to account for those cases in which inner speech is fragmentary, and for the difference with those instances in which it appears as more sentence-like. In addition, we present verbal overshadowing as a phenomenon that neither of them can easily explain. Finally, we propose an account in which inner speech is fundamentally silent outer speech and argue that it is more explanatory than the alternatives. (shrink)

This paper analyses Cartesian ethics and politics. It defends that Descartes's position in these areas coincides with his metaphysical and physical conceptions, searching a difficult equilibrium between individualism and altruism, quiet life and social commitment.

This paper analyses Cartesian ethics and politics. It defends that Descartes's position in these areas coincides with his metaphysical and physical conceptions, searching a difficult equilibrium between individualism and altruism, quiet life and social commitment.

Many current problems surrounding science revolve around the complex epistemological framework that shapes a new vision of knowledge about reality. The traditional epistemological positions are characterized by the explanation of nature by means of concatenated facts; that is, as bricks attached to each other giving shape to the edifice of science. A conception of this nature showed that the idea of certainty was nothing more than a mere illusion, opening the way, on the contrary, to the idea of the uncertainty (...) of knowledge based on the descriptions of quantum physics, also a product of the non-reductionist conception of reality, thus criticizing the specular representation. This article addresses the main problems surrounding the critical conceptions that the emerging epistemology reveals about knowledge, pointing towards a much more complex vision of reality. (shrink)

Ockham distingue entre la ¿notitia intuitiva¿ y la ¿notitia abstractiva¿. Este es el punbto de arranque de la filosofía moderna posterior. Pocos estudios se han dedicado a relacionar y confrontar ambas nociones. Tal es el objetio del presente artículo.

En un trabajo nuestro anterior, después de haber procurado una exposición crítica de la doctrina ocamista del conocimiento desde el punto de vista de su contraposición entre ¿notitia intuitiva/notitia abstractiva¿, dejábamos pendientes dos aspectos de la máxima importancia e interés: Uno, referente a las fuentes conceptuales o presupuestos doctrinales de la doctrina ocamista al respecto; otro, respecto de las consecuencias implícitas en dicha doctrina. Lo primero, nos servirá para valorar adecuadamente esta doctrina explícita y ver sus fundamentos. Lo segundo, para (...) medir su importancia histórica y comprender sus resultados y su influencia en posiciones sistemáticas posteriores a Ockham, pero precontenidas ya de alguna manera en su horizonte conceptual. Lo primero, corresponde a lo que pudiéramos denominar ¿pre-textos¿ o presupuestos implícitos; lo segundo, podría denominarse como ¿pos-textos¿ o consecuencias doctrinales, igualmente implícitas. De acuerdo con la idea de que todo el que escribe o habla, dice no sólo lo que explícitamente expresa, sino también lo que presupone y lo que implica en sus asertos como consecuencias. De todo esto queremos ocuparnos a continuación. Y ello, con las limitaciones de espacio que este tipo de publicaciones lleva consigo; sin contar con las deficiencias que se deban cargar en nuestras personales limitaciones, como autor. (shrink)

En el problema filosófico sobre la existencia de Dios se levanta, por la parte negativa, un famoso argumento, conocido ya y contestado desde antiguo, pero que algunos siguen exhibiendo triunfalmente como prueba irrecusable de ateísmo... Es de una forma u otra el argumento que se apoya en la existencia del mal.Pero son muy pocos los que han tomado la molestia de hacer un análisis racional de dicho argumento y de sus nada claras presuposiciones. Es lo que ahora vamos a intentar, (...) con la brevedad que impone este tipo de escritos y con la claridad que la dificultad misma del tema lo permita, aparte de la imbecilidad propia del autor.. (shrink)

La celebración del segundo centenario del nacimiento de Ch. Darwin, no puede por menos de renovar la problemática teológica, asociada a esta revolución científica. Aceptado el hecho de la evolución filogenética, incluso con respecto al cuerpo humano y al origen del hombre sobre la tierra , ello no resuelve todos los problemas, sino que los hace aparecer a partir de esa aceptación, que es, por lo demás, ineludible. Especialmente el del dogma sobre el pecado original. Algunos, para salir del atolladero, (...) se decantan por suprimir sin más tal dogma o dejarlo de lado, olvidarlo. Es como eliminar el problema, pero sin solucionarlo. El autor cree que ese dogma es una parte innegable de la dogmática cristiana, según los cánones del Concilio Trento. Pero lo que allí se define es su existencia, la existencia de “un pecado” de origen. No se define su naturaleza. Partiendo de esto, podemos obtener una nueva visión y comprensión del dogma, incluso más positiva, y que se ajuste mejor tanto a otros dogmas de fe, como a los conocimientos que actualmente tenemos acerca del origen del hombre. (shrink)

Este artículo trata sobre el arte brasileño y su posible identidad. A diferencia de lassociedades andinas y de América Central, ninguna sociedad aborigen de Brasil logróalcanzar el nivel de civilización. En tierras brasileñas, el hibridismo cultural de Latinoaméricaalcanza su punto límite. En tanto que se habla de un arte esencialmentemestiza, cabe la pregunta: ¿existe un arte brasileño?

The aim of this article is to analyze Lonergan’s criteria of truth, which is the absence of further pertinent questions. This position is compared with that defended by Habermas in his book Truth and Justification, in which he abandoned the consensual theory of truth, in order to adopt a truth called for him “pragmatic”. In both positions there is a distinction between factual judgments which could be made in the common sense realm of meaning, and in scientific propositions in which (...) it is not possible to reach certainty. (shrink)

Nurses have their own ways of talking about their experiences of injustice in healthcare organizations. The aim of this article is to describe how nurses talk about their work‐life experiences and discuss the discursive effects that arise from nurses' use of language regarding their political agency. To this end, we present the findings garnered from a study focused on exploring how nurses deploy their political agency to project their idea of social and political justice in public healthcare organizations and how (...) they face the challenges and uncertainties of (re)thinking their institutional order when it does not resonate with their professional ethos. We then discuss the implications that nurses' use of language has in relation to their ability to deploy their political agency to oppose the forms of injustice they face in their daily practice. We conclude by stating that careful attention should be placed on understanding the discursive implications of nurses' use of language on their individual and collective emancipation in healthcare organizations. (shrink)

This article aims to present the life and work of German thinker Hartmut Rosa as a philosopher of interest for nursing. Although his theoretical framework remains fairly unknown in the nursing domain, its main key concepts open up a philosophical and sociological approach that can contribute to the understanding of a wide range of study phenomena related to nurses, nursing, and healthcare. The concepts of social acceleration, alienation, and resonance are useful to explore healthcare organizations' performance by bringing the time (...) dimension of modernity to the center; to grasp nurses' experiences of caring for patients; and to understand nurses as agents endowed with the capacity to deploy their political agency to create alternative forms of relationship to themselves, to others, and the world, challenging the institutional order of healthcare organizations when it fails to resonate with their professional ethos. In this article, we propose Hartmut Rosa's theoretical framework as a new and inspiring phenomenological and critical lens that should be further explored to advance knowledge concerning phenomena that are found at the crossroads of the nursing domain and other fields of knowledge. (shrink)

Many pragmaticians have distinguished three levels of meaning involved in the comprehension of utterances, and there is an ongoing debate about how to characterize the intermediate level. Recanati has called it the level of ‘what is said’ and has opposed the idea that it can be determined semantically — a position that he labels ‘pragmatic minimalism’. To this end he has offered two chief arguments: semantic underdeterminacy and the Availability Principle. This paper exposes a tension between both arguments, relating this (...) discussion with Carruthers’s cognitive view of language, according to which some thoughts are, literally, sentences of our natural language. First we explain how this view entails minimalism, and we construct an argument based on semantic underdeterminacy that shows that natural language sentences do not have the compositional properties required to constitute thoughts. Then we analyze the example of a subject’s overhearing a sentence without an interpretive context, arguing that in the light of the Availability Principle the corresponding thought can be regarded as a natural language sentence. Thus, semantic underdeterminacy and availability pull in different directions, and we claim that there is no characterization of the latter that can relieve this tension. We contend that Recanati’s availability shares with Carruthers’s introspectivism an overreliance on intuitions about what appears consciously in one’s mind. We conclude, therefore, that the Availability Principle ought to be abandoned. (shrink)

In the present study we asked whether it is possible to decode personality traits from resting state EEG data. EEG was recorded from a large sample of subjects (n=289) who had answered questionnaires measuring personality trait scores of the 5 dimensions as well as the 10 subordinate aspects of the Big Five. Machine learning algorithms were used to build a classifier to predict each personality trait from power spectra of the resting state EEG data. The results indicate that the five (...) dimensions as well as their subordinate aspects could not be predicted from the resting state EEG data. Finally, to demonstrate that this result is not due to systematic algorithmic or implementation mistakes the same methods were used to successfully classify whether the subject had eyes open or closed. These results indicate that the extraction of personality traits from the power spectra of resting state EEG is extremely noisy, if possible at all. (shrink)

Some recent scholarship on Kuhn emphasizes his unconscious contribution to logical positivism—a consequence of Kuhn’s superficial knowledge and criticism of that school of thought. In this paper I argue against that thesis on the basis of an unpublished text: The Quest for Physical Theory, his lectures at theLowell Institute, Boston, and an early version of the point of view of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.Ciertas interpretaciones de la obra de Kuhn subrayan su contribución inconsciente al positivismo lógico, lo que es (...) consecuencia de un conocimiento y una crítica superficiales de dicha corriente por su parte. En este artículo critico dicha tesis a partir de un texto inédito de Kuhn: The Quest for Physical Theory, sus conferencias en el Instituto Lowell de Boston y una primera presentación del punto de vista de The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. (shrink)

Se analizan los desafíos de futuro de la sociedad digital. Desde perspectiva fenomenológico-hermenéutica, la idea de una ética de la tecnología considera la sociedad digital como dispositivo técnico. La literatura pertinente permite, primero, estudiar la tecnología disruptiva como generadora de cambios sociales, los cuales, a su vez, transforman las formas de la facticidad de la vida. De esta manera, la ética de la sociedad material, sirve de argumento para analizar la ética en la sociedad digital. Tomando la bioética filosófica como (...) instrumento, se concluye que la sociedad digital antepone retos para la vida, los cuales debe afrontar para la supervivencia. (shrink)