Big data technologies are entering the world of ageing computer systems running critical infrastructures. These innovations promise to afford rapid Internet connectivity, remote operations or predictive maintenance. As legacy critical infrastructures were traditionally disconnected from the Internet, the prospect of their modernisation necessitates an inquiry into cyber security and how it intersects with traditional engineering requirements like safety, reliability or resilience. Looking at how the adoption of big data technologies in critical infrastructures shapes understandings of risk management, we focus on (...) a specific case study from the cyber security governance: the EU Network and Information Systems Security Directive. We argue that the implementation of Network and Information Systems Security Directive is the first step in the integration of safety and security through novel risk management practices. Therefore, it is the move towards legitimising the modernisation of critical infrastructures. But we also show that security risk management practices cannot be directly transplanted from the safety realm, as cyber security is grounded in anticipation of the future adversarial behaviours rather than the history of equipment failure rates. Our analysis offers several postulates for the emerging research agenda on big data in complex engineering systems. Building on the conceptualisations of safety and security grounded in the materialist literature across Science and Technology Studies and Organisational Sociology, we call for a better understanding of the ‘making of’ technologies, standardisation processes and engineering knowledge in a quest to build safe and secure critical infrastructures. (shrink)

Introduction. Digital transformation transforms all spheres of society. Digital technologies are gradually changing the interaction between producers and consumers, creating new forms of communication. The priorities of individual consumption have become of greater importance for public relations. Consumption is being individualized as the consumption of meanings, and not just the functions of things and services. Prosumers are being emerged, joint and responsible consumer practices — sharing, recycling, etc. are being spread. In the context of digitalization, the need for a person (...) to create a “demand for himself” in order to be recognized / to be let into social relations (work, family, friendship, hobbies, etc.) is actualized. A brand as a sociocultural phenomenon and its functions are undergoing significant changes under the influence of digitalization. The purpose of the study is to identify and characterize the social functions of the brand in a situation of total digitalization. Methods. The author uses general scientific methods — analysis, comparison, generalization, classification. Classification of the brand function is carried out on the basis of structural and functional analysis and a systematic approach. Scientific novelty of the study. The article presents the specifics of functioning of the brand as a sociocultural phenomenon of the consumer society in the context of digitalization. The author identifies and characterizes social functions of the brand in the digital space. Results. Consumption in the digital space is characterized by the growing importance of not only the manufacturer’s activity, but also the cultural-creative practices of consumers that set trends in the digital and material market, determine and create Web 2.0 Internet content. Brands, due to their symbolic nature, have actualized their functions in the digital environment. Conclusion. Brand research from the standpoint of social, humanitarian and philosophical sciences can reveal its humanistic potential for developing man and society in the digital age. The social functions of the brand in the digital space contribute to the self-development of a person and the evolution of social relations due to the focus on individuality and creativity. (shrink)

Introduction. In the history of philosophy we find a lot of philosophical practices that can be implemented in the university environment for students and outside the university for a wide audience. The Philosophical Walk is one of such practices. During a walk philosophy can become truly humane, turn to a person, his world, and everyday life. The purpose of the study is to comprehend the potential of a philosophical walk as a way of philosophical practice, a format of a modern (...) person’s self-knowledge and the implementation of self-care, available to a wide range of people without special philosophical education.Methods The research is based on the comparative historical method, the method of interpreting the texts of philosophical primary sources and the systematic approach. The study presents and analyzes an experiment in the context of which residents of a large city go on a philosophical walk in order to take care of themselves. Scientific novelty of the research. In theoretical terms, philosophical walk is conceptualized. In practical terms, the analysis of the effectiveness of a philosophical walk as a way of a large city resident’s self-care is carried out. Results. A philosophical walk is a form of group philosophical practice, in the context of which the participants become guided (literally and figuratively,) by the facilitator. In the summer of 2020, the authors of the article organized a series of walks, each of which was attended by 8 to 12 people who had not have direct contact with philosophy in their everyday life, in the educational and professional spheres. In September 2020, the participants of the walks were offered a questionnaire consisting of closed and open questions. According to the respondents’ answers, a general picture of the effectiveness of a philosophical walk as a form of self-care for a modern metropolis resident was drawn. Conclusions. We understand the philosophical walk as a kind of “place”, a space of calm and harmony for a person of the XXI century. A resident of a big city lives in constant noise. The events of 2020 have increased the noise and accompanying stress. A philosophical walk, in turn, within the boundaries of the same city creates an atmosphere for a person to meet with himself. With the help of an external plan (forest environment, clean air, sounds of nature) and a philosophical plan (concentration over the text, dialogue with a philosopher and a group), the meeting participant can formulate the life-meaning questions that concern him and start looking for answers. (shrink)

The practical failure to understand in conflicts, where participants routinely challenge each other’s attribution of meaning, undermines the key assumption of the Weberian interpretive project: that the subject acts meaningfully. This article revisits Weber’s concept of meaning as an object of understanding for a social scientist. Ascertaining the empirical fact of subjective attribution, as Weber advised, may not be sufficient when it comes to understanding action whose meaning is disputed. The article uses the example of E.P. Thompson’s interpretation of eighteenth-century (...) English food riots to show that the disputed empirical meaning is a product of rational understanding, which Weber would classify as dogmatic meaning. The social scientist fails to understand what the critic claims to: a failure to act meaningfully in cultural terms. Furthermore, because the subject acts meaningfully without fail, we close off the option of explaining conflict as a rational disagreement. (shrink)

Moderní evropská kultura o sobě ráda prohlašuje, že se na svou nynější intelektuální, kulturní a vědeckotechnickou úroveň dostala díky tomu, že se osvobodila od předsudků a iluzí. Jednou z nejčastěji zmiňovaných iluzí se stal geocentrismus vykládaný obvykle jako projev naivní touhy člověka postavit se do středu vesmíru. V této studii ukazuji, že geocentrismus se v antice, středověku ani renesanci nepojil s představou lidské výlučnosti v kosmu. Z kosmologického hlediska byla Země kloaka světa a z teologického hlediska byla Země působištěm ďáblovým. (...) Teprve Koperníkova reforma astronomie rozbila dosavadní distribuci dignity v kosmu a přinesla odlišné zhodnocení Země a středu světa. A geocentrismus začal být napadán právě jako projev naivního a infantilního antropocentrismu, který v nekonečném vesmíru obydleném miliony inteligentních bytostí, nemá smysl. (shrink)

Moderní evropská kultura o sobě ráda prohlašuje, že se na svou nynější intelektuální, kulturní a vědeckotechnickou úroveň dostala díky tomu, že se osvobodila od předsudků a iluzí. Jednou z nejčastěji zmiňovaných iluzí se stal geocentrismus vykládaný obvykle jako projev naivní touhy člověka postavit se do středu vesmíru. V této studii ukazuji, že geocentrismus se v antice, středověku ani renesanci nepojil s představou lidské výlučnosti v kosmu. Z kosmologického hlediska byla Země kloaka světa a z teologického hlediska byla Země působištěm ďáblovým. (...) Teprve Koperníkova reforma astronomie rozbila dosavadní distribuci dignity v kosmu a přinesla odlišné zhodnocení Země a středu světa. A geocentrismus začal být napadán právě jako projev naivního a infantilního antropocentrismu, který v nekonečném vesmíru obydleném miliony inteligentních bytostí, nemá smysl. (shrink)

The kalām cosmological argument for the existence of God proposed by W. L. Craig (in 1970’s) has been subject to much debate on all sorts of issues related to the existence of God and the beginning of the universe. The goal of the paper is to briefly evaluate several complex questions embraced in the argument in order to show the depth and strength of the argument, and to avoid oversimplification, which one can find in some recent publications. The argument as (...) such does not rely on a single thesis or a theory proposed by a single author. The argument has such a support from different fields that its opponents would need to elaborate a theory with much more explanatory power than the most recent cosmological theories. (shrink)

Recenze knihy:Tereza Matějčková, Hegelova fenomenologie světa. Oikoymenh, 2018, 373 s.

Předkládaná stať je obsáhlejší recenzí knihy Terezy Matějčkové Hegelova fenomenologie světa. Zdůrazňuji, že v její interpretaci hraje klíčovou roli pojem vzdělání. Nikoli toliko ve smyslu akumulace vědění, ale ve smyslu zbavování se vědění, které již neodpovídá skutečnosti. V mém čtení pak skrze opakované osvobozování se od starého vědění vstupuje vědomí do světa, nechává za sebou starý „světový řád“ a učí se současně žít na výši přítomnosti. Svět a (každodenní) přítomnost je to, čemu podle Matějčkové učí Hegelova Fenomenologie ducha dostát. Nejen (...) vědomí, ale i čtenář má dostát světu, neboť je rovněž vědomím. Moje základní výhrada či spíše podnět k rozvedení spočívá v tom, že aby tohoto cíle Fenomenologie dosáhla, měl by její interpret vzít v potaz dějiny dvacátého století a ukázat, jak se na nich duch vzdělal a pozvedl je k dějinám ducha. V opačném případě čtenář bude stále rámovat přítomnost pojmy převzatými z minulosti a nebude skutečně moderní. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to present and analyze the argumentative structures which are decisive for Leibniz’s position regarding the issue of the ontological status of material things (or bodies) and matter. I reconstruct and thoroughly analyze (i) two different argumentative strategies of Leibniz’s – viz. an “epistemic” and a “realistic” one – for his general thesis that nothing material (and a fortiori no body) has rigore metaphysico the status of a substance, as well as (ii) the corresponding suggestions (...) of his as to how the material world is to be construed out of substances and their modes. Throughout, I lay special emphasis onpinpointing the real key elements of Leibniz’s arguments and on articulating them in such terms that would allow for their direct confrontation with other paradigmatic positions regarding the issue in Leibniz’s times. (shrink)