Name der Zeitschrift: Byzantinische Zeitschrift Jahrgang: 110 Heft: 3 Seiten: 713-718.

Vor einiger Zeit hatte Angeliki E. Laiou den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu Maria der Jüngeren und ihrer Vita (BHG 1164) in einer äußerst nützlichen und ausgewogenen Studie zusammengefaßt und durch eigene Gedanken ergänzt. Obwohl sie bezüglich der Chronologie des Lebens der Maria feststellte, daß sich diese in vernünftiger Weise, wenn nicht gar genau, rekonstruieren ließe, blieb sie doch in Hinsicht auf das Todesdatum der Heiligen, wohl in Anlehnung an die ältere Forschung, eher zurückhaltend: “she died ca. 903”. Und auch schon François (...) Halkin hatte sich in der dritten Auflage der BHG nicht genau festlegen wollen: “Maria iunior Bizyae in Thracia † c. 902 – Febr. 16”. Das Todesdatum der Maria läßt sich jedoch mit ausreichender Sicherheit genau bestimmen. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Konstantin VII. Porphyrogennetos hatte neben seinem bekannten Sohn Romanos (dem späteren Kaiser Romanos II.) noch einen weiteren Sohn namens Leon. Dieser Leon erblickte um 939 das Licht der Welt. Es ist möglich und sogar wahrscheinlich, läßt sich aber nicht mit absoluter Sicherheit sagen, ob er der ältere und damit erstgeborene der beiden Brüder war. Der Altersunterschied der beiden Brüder war jedenfalls nicht allzu groß. Aus einem Brief ihres Vaters geht hervor, daß beide Brüder in ihrer frühen Kindheit anscheinend relativ (...) schwer erkrankt waren. Es ist möglich, aber doch eher unwahrscheinlich, daß gerade diese, in dem Brief erwähnte Erkrankung zum Tode Leons führte. Leon war möglicherweise noch gegen Ende der Herrschaft des Kaisers Romanos I. Lakapenos, im Jahre 944 am Leben. Er starb aber vermutlich in diesem Jahr oder zu Beginn des nächsten Jahres. Am 6. April 945, zum Zeitpunkt der Mitkaiserkrönung seines Bruders Romanos, weilte er jedenfalls nicht mehr unter den Lebenden. Es ist möglich, aber nicht zu beweisen, daß er in dem im Zeremonienbuch erwähnten kleinen Larnakion im Heroon Konstantins des Großen in der Apostelkirche zu Konstantinopel, der Begräbnisstätte seiner Familie, beigesetzt war. (shrink)

Nun liegt dieses große prosopographische Werk in erstaunlich kurzer Zeit abgeschlossen vor. Noch weit mehr als bei der PLRE (geringere Personenzahl) und dem PLP (zwar viel größere Personenzahl, jedoch oft leichtere Auffindbarkeit durch differenzierende Familiennamen) bedurfte dieses Instrumentum studiorum einer Aufschlüsselung durch umfassende Register. Wie beim PLP ist auch hier passenderweise auf den Seiten 7–84 ein vollständiges, erneuertes Abkürzungsverzeichnis vorangestellt (Quellen, Sekundärliteratur und Zeitschriftensiglen). Darauf folgen sehr willkommene Addenda und Corrigenda (S. 85–134), in die erfreulicherweise auch so manches aus meinen (...) ausführlichen Rezensionen (in BZ 92–94) eingeflossen ist. Der Hauptteil des Bandes mit den Indices (angeführt werden die Nummern und Namen der in der PMBZ behandelten Personen) wird eingeleitet durch eine Auflistung sämtlicher (sinnvoller) Namensvarianten, Familiennamen und Beinamen (S. 143–166). Danach folgt ein eher unerwartetes, vermutlich auch nicht sonderlich wichtiges Verzeichnis der Quellenstellen (S. 167–215, hier werden nur die Nummern angeführt). Als sicherlich bedeutendstes Register ist das der Titel und Berufe zu betrachten, durch das ja erst umfassende Studien zur Verwaltungs-, Wirtschafts-, Sozialgeschichte usw. ermöglicht werden bzw. erhebliche Erleichterung erfahren. Den Abschluß bilden – auch hier folgt die PMBZ dem Vorbild des PLP – die geographischen und topographischen Namen, deren Auflistung im Rahmen einer Prosopographie ja nicht unbedingt zu erwarten ist. (shrink)

Este trabajo se propone mostrar cómo la Teoría Neoclásica de la Ley Natural fundamenta la existencia de normas morales absolutas, cuál es su relevancia para la filosofía moral, y qué críticas pueden ser formuladas a la argumentación de los autores. Ellos postulan que la ley natural, mediante normas, lleva a elegir y proteger bienes humanos básicos, correspondientes a los diversos aspectos de la naturaleza humana, evitando su destrucción, daño o impedimento. Aunque la mayoría de las normas morales admiten excepción, nunca (...) lo hacen las que prohíben realizar un acto que siempre daña directamente un bien básico, pues tal acto no puede compatibilizarse con la propia autorrealización, y atenta contra la dignidad humana. La división del trabajo tomará la siguiente forma: en los primeros cuatro apartados se abordarán los conceptos clave para la defensa de una norma absoluta en la Teoría Neoclásica, en el quinto se enlazarán los conceptos al modo que los autores lo hacen para demostrar la existencia de absolutos morales y someter el consecuencialismo a crítica, y en el sexto se hará una breve revisión crítica de los argumentos presentados. (shrink)

Educators are central to the implementation of Britain’s Prevent Strategy, through the ‘Prevent duty’. This mandatory reporting responsibility, shared with professional practitioners in health and welfare, requires educators to spot and refer individual students potentially ‘vulnerable to’ or ‘at risk’ of radicalisation. The Prevent duty explicitly instructs educators and educational institutions to understand this responsibility as ‘safeguarding’ and to operationalise it through existing safeguarding paradigms and mechanisms, an approach mirrored by other Western countries. This framing of terrorism prevention as ‘safeguarding’ (...) within education, health and welfare has come under strong criticism from scholars who see it both as a perversion and as a securitisation of ‘traditional’ safeguarding. There has been too little consideration of what ‘safeguarding’ represents within modern education and how coherently, therefore, terrorism prevention approaches such as the Prevent duty fit. The article contributes to addressing this deficit, arguing that safeguarding within modern education is a form of anticipatory security, an approach of ‘new public management’, which sees anticipating and preventing risk to students as a core responsibility for all professionals. In this way, the article argues that counter-terrorism prevention responsibilities for educators, such as Britain’s Prevent duty, are entirely consistent with broader, pre-existing safeguarding paradigms within education. (shrink)

In this article, I revisit Karl Marx’s claim in his Economic and Phil-osophic Manuscripts of 1844, that the subject in its “individual existence is at the same time a social being.” I redefine what has been translated as “social being” as “common being” in order to extrapolate an understanding of subjectivity that is a socio-ontological and collectively structured collectivity. In doing so, I demonstrate (1) that this common being is a collection of different socio-ontological traits; (2) that in order for (...) this common being to be approximated we must take into account all modes of subjectivity production that intersect in what will appear as the subject; and (3) that the Other is the constitutive parameter of the common being on which the subject depends. Finally, I revisit three exemplary modes of practice - namely critique, solidarity, and utopia - and show that conceiving of the subject as a common being renders critique constellational, solidarity overdetermined, and utopia a koinotopia. (shrink)

Introduction: The Anarchist -- The Minister: 1756-93 -- The Philosopher: 1793 -- The Activist: 1794-95 -- The Husband: 1796-99 -- The Educator: 1800-09 -- The Father:1810-19 -- The Pensioner:1819-36 -- The Legacy.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Basic Cartesian intuitions are directed at simple natures, not truths; but intuitions are also a foundation for propositional knowledge. There are two basic objectives of this chapter: to show how Descartes gets from intuitions to propositional knowledge, and to show how his solution to this problem structures his thinking on the main issues in Cartesian epistemology. I maintain that the solution to is to be found in the principle if we perceive the presence of an attribute A, there must be (...) an actually existing substance to which A is attributed. This principle gets its clearest expression in the Principles of Philosophy but also appears in the Rules for the Direction of the Mind and in the Meditations where, I argue, it appears in the form of the Rule of Truth. I show how this principle is derived from the cogito, understood both as inference and as intuition, how this principle plays a role in Descartes theory of consciousness and self‐knowledge, in the case for substance dualism, and in the theory of clear and distinct ideas. (shrink)

The leading idea of this chapter is that, for Descartes, intellectual ideas make it obvious what metaphysical category the properties they disclose to the mind fall into but not whether they are actually exemplified; sensations make it obvious whether the properties they disclose to the mind are exemplified but not what their metaphysical category is. This idea is worked out through a discussion of three stages in the development of Descartes's doctrine of the material falsity of sensory ideas, the core (...) concept of his error explanation of the senses. Material falsity is a set of three defects that sensations have in comparison with intellectual ideas, ideas that fully discharge the role, which Descartes assigns to ideas in his philosophical system. The first stage, reflected in Meditation III, identifies material falsity with two defects: nonrepresentation and misrepresentation ; the second stage, reflected in the Reply to Arnauld, identifies material falsity with obscure ideas ; the third stage, reflected in the Principles of Philosophy I, sees the terminology of material falsity disappear and the terminology of clear but not distinct ideas appear. Other topics discussed include a special application of the rule of truth and skepticism. (shrink)

How can a Cartesian idea represent ordinary physical objects? One possibility is that Descartes holds a theory of natural signs according to which ideas, including sensations, represent states of the external world that are correlated with them. I deny that Descartes has a theory of natural signs in this sense, arguing, instead, that our perception of ordinary physical objects is achieved not through ideas, properly speaking, but through a special act of the mind which projects its sensations onto objects in (...) the external world, objects truly represented by ideas of primary qualities alone. This ”projection” comprises referral judgments that account for the characteristic phenomenology of experience of the physical world but in a way that misleads us to think that our ideas bear a resemblance to the underlying metaphysical reality of the physical world. Other issues discussed include Descartes's taxonomy of ideas. (shrink)

Cartesian epistemology comprises three main divisions: an a priori theory, discussed in Chs. 1–3, a psychological theory of error explanations in judgment induced by features of our sense experience discussed in Chs. 4, 5 and 7, and a theory of natural reasons, discussed here. The theory of natural reasons, based on Descartes's notion of natural inclinations, is expressed here in terms of a series of warrant principles of which there are two main kinds: those that warrant action and those that (...) warrant claims for what is true. This chapter traces Descartes's epistemically ambivalent attitude to cognitive dispositions from the early treatment in the Rules for the Direction of the Mind through to the final treatment in The Passions of the Soul. The chapter focuses special attention on the appearance of one kind of natural reason, reasons of truth, in the proof of the external world in Meditation VI and the striking absence of same in the proof of the external world in the Principles of Philosophy II. The chapter also considers whether natural reasons apply to particular aspects of corporeal things, concluding with a discussion of the Cartesian Circle. (shrink)

This essay explores the nature and neurological basis of creativity in technical production. After presenting a model of expert technical cognition based in cognitive anthropology and cognitive psychology, the authors propose that craft production has three inherent sources of novelty — procedural drift, serendipitous error and fiddling. However, these are quite limited in their creative potential, which may help explain the virtual absence of innovation over the long millennia of the Palaeolithic. Innovation can be far more rapid and effective via (...) invention, which requires folk theories of causation and adequate working memory capacity, all fairly recent evolutionary developments. The neurological basis of expert technical cognition lies in well-known cortical and sub-cortical structures, but recent research has established a provocative role for the cerebellum in the formulation of novel arrangements. (shrink)

The paper is about the interpretation of opaque verbs like “seek”, “owe”, and “resemble” which allow for unspecific readings of their (indefinite) objects. It is shown that the following two observations create a problem for semantic analysis: (a) The opaque position is upward monotone: “John seeks a unicorn” implies “John seeks an animal”, given that “unicorn” is more specific than “animal”. (b) Indefinite objects of opaque verbs allow for higher-order, or “underspecific”, readings: “Jones is looking for something Smith is looking (...) for” can express that there is something unspecific that both Jones and Smith are looking for. Given (a) and (b), it would seem that the following inference is hard to escape, if the premisses are construed unspecifically and the conclusion is taken on its under- specific reading: Jones is looking for a sweater. Smith is looking for a pen. Smith is looking for something Jones is looking for. (shrink)

This paper provides an axiomatic formalization of a theory of foundational relations between three categories of entities: individuals, universals, and collections. We deal with a variety of relations between entities in these categories, including the is-a relation among universals and the part-of relation among individuals as well as cross-category relations such as instance-of, member-of, and partition-of. We show that an adequate understanding of the formal properties of such relations – in particular their behavior with respect to time – is critical (...) for formal ontology. We provide examples to support this thesis from the domain of biomedicine. (shrink)