This essay identifies two legal lineages underlying the common heritage concept, and applies each to the human genome. The essay notes some advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and argues that patenting of human genes would be allowable under either approach.

The question thus formulated is inscribed in the purest philosophical tradition: it actualizes the scope of wonder, that Greek sentiment that awakens not before the extraordinary, but precisely before the most ordinary and obvious, before the fact of being there; wonder that is particular to the first thinkers of the dawn of the West and from which philosophy and science are born.

We consider separably closed fields of characteristic $p > 0$ and fixed imperfection degree as modules over a skew polynomial ring. We axiomatize the corresponding theory and we show that it is complete and that it admits quantifier elimination in the usual module language augmented with additive functions which are the analog of the $p$-component functions.

ABSTRACT My aim in this paper is to present a pluralist thesis about the inferential role of logical constants, which embraces classical, relevant, linear and ordered logic. That is, I defend that a logical constant c has more than one correct inferential role. The thesis depends on a particular interpretation of substructural logics' vocabulary, according to which classical logic captures the literal meaning of logical constants and substructural logics encode a pragmatically enriched sense of those connectives. The paper is divided (...) into four parts: first, I introduce the motivation for the pluralist thesis of the paper; second I introduce the calculus for the different logics endorsed in the pluralist thesis; third, I motivate how the different behaviors of the logical vocabulary of these logics can be pragmatically interpreted, and fourth, I motivate how the different inferential roles that each substructural logic attribute to logical constants can coexist, and how we should reason with a logical constant c given this plurality. (shrink)

When addressing the first principles of the science of the being and physics, Aristotle presents a special kind of proof in favor of the principle of non-contradiction and the principle of movement. This paper explores the nature of such proofs and tries to show important parallels between them. Indeed, in both cases Aristotle makes use of dialectical arguments which aim to demonstrate that whoever denies these principles necessarily assumes a series of commitments related to language that involve the very principles (...) in question. It is thus shown to what extent the principles which are discussed are a condition of possibility of the discourse itself. Thus, both series of arguments exhibit transcendental aspects, which, especially regarding disputes with the monist, have been often overlooked, and which illustrate the scope of dialectics when it comes to opening the way towards the first principles. (shrink)

Partiendo de la constatación husserliana de la crisis filosófica como crisis vital de una humanidad que se ha desviado de su _télos_ al implantar el modelo tecno-científico del dominio del mundo, el artículo investiga el lugar de la filosofía en el sistema educativo, explorando las reformas propuestas en Baviera y Prusia por Niethammer y Humboldt a principios del siglo XIX y que plantean, cada una a su modo, la necesaria incorporación de la filosofía a una educación de Estado que, frente (...) a las pretensiones utilitarias del filantropismo, logre elevar al hombre a su humanidad. En este sentido, retorna al concepto humanista de formación (_Bildung_) al que se consagran ambas reformas y que Gadamer recupera precisamente en _Verdad y método_ como un ideal para enfrentar la pretensión de universalidad de la ciencia moderna en relación a las nociones de conocimiento y de verdad, así como para pensar el horizonte ontológico de la experiencia hermenéutica. Es precisamente este ideal el que permite localizar el lugar de la filosofía en el conjunto del saber y conducir al hombre a su humanidad. (shrink)

): This study answers the following question: How does John M. Finnis introduce in his Theory of Law the hartian and razian concept of “an exclusionary reason for action”? The search for an answer entails at least the following items: (a) the generic concept of a “reason for action” and its distinction from other possible motivations for action; (b) the distinctive elements of a legal reason for action, and its difference from other classes of reasons for action; (c) the correlative (...) concepts of authority and obligation, as applied to Law. This analysis will highlight some descriptive and evaluative achievements in Finnis’ proposal, particularly regarding his positivist predecessors, but also some theoretical difficulties, which we presume are linked to Finnis’ aim in trying to conciliate Legal Positivism and Natural Law Theory.Resumen:Este estudio intenta responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo introduce John M. Finnis en la teoría ius-naturalista del derecho, la idea hartiana y raziana de que el derecho proporciona razones excluyentes para la acción? En la búsqueda de una respuesta se abordarán los siguientes ejes temáticos: (a) el concepto genérico de razón para actuar, y su distinción de otras motivaciones posibles para la acción; (b) los rasgos propios de la razón jurídica para obrar, que la diferencian de otro tipo de razones para la acción; (c) los conceptos correlativos de autoridad y obligación en referencia al derecho. En este análisis se señalarán algunas fortalezas en la propuesta de Finnis con respecto a sus predecesores de la tradición positivista, pero también algunas debilidades descriptivas e inconsistencias teóricas. Estas dificultades se presumen ligadas a la dificultad de Finnis en su intento de conciliar el aparato conceptual heredado de la tradición iuspositivista, con el esquema conceptual heredado de la tradición iusnaturalista y, más ampliamente, con la epistemología práctica tomista que recoge de esta tradición. (shrink)

The claim of this paper is to argue contra Waluchow’s and Raz’s versions of legal positivism – as main representatives of the inclusive and exclusive variants – that legal interpretation always requires an appeal to law’s rea- son or purpose. The main thesis could be expressed as follows: one technique of legal interpretation (the author labels it as systematical), one that demands that the interpreter interprets the law through its general pur- poses in legal practice, is not one technique amongst (...) many, it is necessary in all legal interpretation.The second purpose of the paper is to argue that this systematic approach towards legal interpretation enables an evaluative role on the part of the interpreter that may be called “interpretative creativity”. Due to this, the creative role in legal interpretation is not an exception, but a necessary element in all interpretation. This creative role is not a defect or an inevitable evil in law, but is functional and instrumental to law’s coordinating activity of citizen’s conducts in a reasonable manner.Resumen:Este trabajo se propone mostrar, en contraposición al positivismo jurídico de Wilfrid Waluchow y Joseph Raz —como representantes, respectiva- mente, de la versión incluyente y excluyente del positivismo contemporáneo—, que la interpretación jurídica supone atender siempre, y no de modo excepcional o recortado, a las razones o fines del derecho. La expresión metodológica de esta tesis podría enunciarse diciendo que la interpretación teleológica-sistemática, mediante la cual el intérprete determina el sentido de las normas a la luz de los fines globales de la práctica jurídica, no es un método interpretativo más, sino el modo necesario de toda interpretación jurídica.El segundo propósito de este trabajo es argumentar que la dimensión teleológica sistemática de la interpretación abre un espacio para la valoración por parte del intérprete que podría denominarse, “creatividad interpretativa”. Por esto mismo, la creatividad en la interpretación jurídica no es una excepción, sino una nota general y necesaria de toda interpretación. Se intentará mostrar, por último, que esta creatividad interpretativa no es un defecto o un mal inevitable del derecho, sino que es funcional o instrumental a la función del derecho de coordinar conductas de modo razonable. (shrink)

En este trabajo presentamos la traducción al castellano del tratado «Sobre la forma primera y la materia primera» del filósofo zaragozano Avempace, precedida por una introducción que trata de mostrar los cauces por los que ha llegado hasta nosotros esta obra y los problemas que presenta para la traducción.The aim of this essay is to offer the Spanish translation of the "Treatise on Primary Form and Primary Matter" written by the philosopher Avempace, from Saragossa. The preceding introduction is an attempt (...) to show the ways through which this work has reached us and the difficulties it presents for its translation. (shrink)

En este ensayo se destaca fundamentalmente las aportaciones de T.S. Kuhn, quien al aproximarse al conocimiento científico a partir del quehacer o práctica científica, observando a los observadores científicos, apunta a dos aspectos centrales sobre el cambio radical que ha experimentado la concep..

Spain occupies an area of 504.645 km, and it has a population of 46.5 million people, out of which 4,538,503 are immigrants. Life expectancy is 82.5 years. Its economy grew 1.4 % in 1014. Its current Constitution was enacted in 1978. It has been part of the European Union since 1986. Spain is a social and democratic state subject to the rule of law. Liberty, justice, equality, and political pluralism are the highest values of the legal order of the rule (...) of law. Spain is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government. The legislative power rests upon two chambers: the Congress and Senate. The government exercises the executive powers and the regulatory powers. There have been six presidents since 1978 from all parties, socialist, centrist, and conservative. The judicial power rests upon the courts and tribunals established by law. (shrink)

In this paper we mainly study preservation theorems for two fragments of the infinitary languagesLκκ, withκregular, without the equality symbol: the universal Horn fragment and the universal strict Horn fragment. In particular, whenκisω, we obtain the corresponding theorems for the first-order case.The universal Horn fragment of first-order logic (with equality) has been extensively studied; for references see [10], [7] and [8]. But the universal Horn fragment without equality, used frequently in logic programming, has received much less attention from the model (...) theoretic point of view. At least to our knowledge, the problem of obtaining preservation results for it has not been studied before by model theorists. In spite of this, in the field of abstract algebraic logic we find a theorem which, properly translated, is a preservation result for the strict universal Horn fragment of infinitary languages without equality which, apart from function symbols, have only a unary relation symbol. This theorem is due to J. Czelakowski; see [5], Theorem 6.1, and [6], Theorem 5.1. A. Torrens [12] also has an unpublished result dealing with matrices of sequent calculi which, properly translated, is a preservation result for the strict universal Horn fragment of a first-order language. And in [2] of W. J. Blok and D. Pigozzi we find Corollary 6.3 which properly translated corresponds to our Corollary 19, but for the case of a first-order language that apart from its function symbols has only oneκ-ary relation symbol, and for strict universal Horn sentences. The study of these results is the basis for the present work. In the last part of the paper, Section 4, we will make these connections clear and obtain some of these results from our theorems. In this way we hope to make clear two things: (1) The field of abstract algebraic logic can be seen, in part, as a disguised study of universal Horn logic without equality and so has an added interest. (2) A general study of universal Horn logic without equality from a model theoretic point of view can be of help in the field of abstract algebraic logic. (shrink)

Max Born’s philosophic and scientific legacy is related to the orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics, which is known as the Interpretation of Copenhague. Therefore Born’s statistical interpretation has been considered as defending a positivist philosophy of science. Opposing this idea, this article is intended to face two main questions. The first one deals with the fact that Born’s interpretation of wave function, although it settles indeterminism, does not imply the abandonment of causal explanations of physical phenomena The second one is (...) aimed at showing how is it possible to defend a ‘realistic view’ of scientific labour making use of the notion of ‘invariant observationals’ that leads to the reconciliation of wave and corpuscular theories. (shrink)

Desde que Asín Palacios publicó su estudio pionero sobre Ibn Masarra a partir de las fuentes indirectasdisponibles, proponiendo que su pensamiento estaba inspirado en los escritos del Pseudo-Empédoclesárabe y que había sido el introductor de la filosofía en al-Andalus, seinició el debate al respecto. El hallazgo de dos de las obras del autor cordobés ha dado una nueva orientacióna la polémica. En este artículo se revisan algunos aspectos fundamentales del debate sobre la «reconstrucción» del pensamiento masarrí realizada por Asín, cuestionando (...) el supuesto influjo del Pseudo-Empédocles, y se analiza el texto de Ibn ÔArabı¯ de Murcia que inspiró la asociación entre la imagen delas cinco columnas atribuida a Ibn Masarra y los cinco principios del Pseudos-Empédocles.Since Asín Palacios first published his pioneering study on the Andalusian thinker Ibn Masarra, basedon indirect sources, there has been an intense debate on some of his conjectures: he proposed that Ibn Masarrawas influenced by the writings of the so-called Pseudo-Empedocles and he introduced Philosophy in al-Andalus. The discovery of two unknown works by the author provideda new framework for discussion. The present article examines Asín’s «reconstruction» of Ibn Masarra’sthought, analysing the theory of the Pseudo-Empedocles influence, as well as a text by Ibn ÔArabı¯ which inspired the association of the image of the five pillars attributed to Ibn Masarra with the five principles of the Pseudo-Empedocles. (shrink)

This paper reflects on how the possibility of meaningful evidence is to be assumed in view that all our linguistic exercises take place in the context of a discursive horizon where we are situated. To do this, the paper starts distinguishing two phenomena: first, the possibility of meaningful evidence and second, the horizontal character that is inherent to the deployment of linguistic meaning. Furthermore, through a discussion with Husserl and Wittgenstein, the paper considers how those two phenomena are to be (...) consistently assumed within phenomenology. (shrink)

En este artículo se reconstruye la propuesta ética de la “fenomenología clásica” desarrollada por E. Husserl y M. Scheler. En ella la noción de valor queda inscrita dentro del ámbito de la “razón”, pero de una razón ampliada, que es una auténtica “razón afectiva”, en la que se enlazan sentimientos (subjetivos) y valores (objetivos). Para ello se adopta la perspectiva husserliana de una fenomenología subjetivo-trascendental, que se aleja del objetivismo, evitando así una posible lectura objetivista de la teoría de Scheler.

The article studies two texts closely linked to each other. In the first place, the final lines of Physics I 2, a text in which Aristotle offers a refutation against positions that propose to modify the language to adapt it to a monistic semantics that, from his point of view, involves a reduction of the senses of being analogous to that of the Eleatic thinkers that he has been criticizing. Second, the refutation that the Eleatic Stranger offers to the linguistic (...) monists who “deny the possibility of saying one thing through another” in Plato’s Sophist 251a-254e. It is particularly interesting to illuminate the link between such passages in order to exhibit not only important points of contact in their respective positions regarding the relationship between being and language, but also some significant differences in terms of the doctrines each one of them point to, which denotes a rich and extensive discussion held at the time around the problem of unity and multiplicity in their relationship with language. (shrink)

En esta investigación analizamos los efectos que ha tenido la Covid-19 en la consecución de la Agenda 2030 y específicamente en el ODS4 sobre la educación como factor condicionante del desarrollo social y económico. La metodología utilizada ha sido una revisión sistemática de los textos de Naciones Unidas y otros organismos internacionales. Los resultados y discusión abordan el retroceso que la pandemia ha supuesto para la consecución de los ODS, siendo necesarios la implicación de los gobiernos y organismos con medidas (...) más efectivas para un mayor acceso a una educación de calidad y una reducción de la brecha de digitalización. (shrink)

Karl Rahner: quehacer teológico, necesidad del cambio, mirada renovada a Tomás de Aquino, Antropología transcendental, condiciones antropológicas de la escucha de la Palabra.

This article aims to clarify the relationship between the Truth and Justification in the philosophies of Jürgen Habermas and Richard Rorty from their discussions. The thesis that I advocate is that the relationship between Truth and Justification depends on the Ontological and Epistemological assumptions that each maintains and is not a matter of conditions of speech as stated by Habermas.

The stream on political corporate social responsibility argues that companies have recently assumed state-like roles to influence global governance. However, following emerging calls for greater contextualization of CSR, we trace the historic evolution of PCSR in the case of Colombia and argue that such political engagement by firms is not new. Looking beyond a linear chronological account, we reveal the sedimentation process behind PCSR by exploring the archetypical political roles businesses have taken on in providing public goods and acting as (...) regulators, and chart their transformation. Our findings allow us to make two main contributions. First, by unearthing different strata of business and society relations, we enrich the research on PCSR, highlighting its historical sedimentation dynamics. By integrating institutional and historical perspectives, we respond to calls for complementary accounts of one of the premises found in the literature that considers globalization as the starting point of PCSR. Second, our exploration of the past and present of PCSR in Colombia provides scholars and practitioners with an overview of the complex state and stakes of CSR in that country. We also discuss the implications of sedimentation for PCSR theory and future research directions. (shrink)

En la primera parte del Teeteto Sócrates refuta tres tesis que considera estrechamente vinculadas entre sí: la tesis de Teeteto que identifica conocimientoy percepción, la tesis relativista y la tesis movilista. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar que en tres de las refutaciones ofrecidas contra estas posiciones se exhibe una misma estrategia tendiente a remitis a un prerrequisito dialéctico vinculado a la pretensión de verdad. ESta constituiría una estrategia radical, en el sentido de que pone en cuestión la misma (...) posibilidad de enmitir la propia tesis por parte del adversario. (shrink)

RESUMEN El artículo examina el origen del proyecto rortiano de acabar con la imagen única de Platón. En su escrito autobiográfico, Trotsky las orquídeas silvestres, Rorty describe su trayectoria filosófica y presenta su alternativa a Platón como pensada desde su más pronta juventud. Sin embargo, como vamos a mostrar, el proyecto central de acabar con la imagen única de Platón no es algo que esté pensado ni se dé desde un principio en sus obras. Defendemos que, pese a lo que (...) el propio Rorty indicó en sus escritos, encontramos indicios de que no es hasta la década de los noventa que Rorty piensa en elaborar una nueva relación alternativa al léxico último de Platón. ABSTRACT The article examines the origin of the rortyan project to destroy Plato's unique image. In his autobiographical writing, Trotsky the Wild Orchids, Rorty describes his philosophical journey and presents his alternative to Plato as thought out from his earliest youth. However, as we will show, the central project of ending Plato's unique image is not something that is thought out or given from the beginning in his works. We argue that, despite what Rorty himself indicated in his writings, we find indications that it is not until the 1990s that Rorty thinks of elaborating a new alternative relationship to Plato's last lexicon. (shrink)

The papers in this dossier were written within the framework of two research projects on the refutation strategies of radical adversaries in Plato’s and Aristotle’s writings. Both projects, directed by Graciela Marcos and based in the Institute of Philosophy “Dr. Alejandro Korn” (Instituto de Filosofía “Dr. Alejandro Korn”) of the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras of the Universidad de Buenos Aires, were subsidised by the Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica of this university and by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica (...) y Técnológica (ANCyPT), to whom we would like to express our gratitude. Special thanks also to Fabián G. Mié, who, for several years, has been working on the question of dialectic in Plato and Aristotle and with whom, even if he has not formally joined our team, we have had the good fortune to exchange ideas and discuss many of the issues related to both projects. Fabián Mié’s work is therefore added to the works presented by Lucas M. Álvarez, María E. Díaz, Martín S. Forciniti, Julián Macías and Graciela E. Marcos in this dossier. (shrink)

The dialectic exhibited in Plato’s dialogues assumes different characters throughout the corpus. Nevertheless, it remains always linked to refutation. In this way, like dialectic, refutation assumes different characteristics. The aim of this work is to show how refutation takes a key role in the Sophist, even with unique features: far from facing an opponent of flesh and blood as in Socratic dialogues, the Eleatic Stranger faces hypotheses, and instead of examining consistence within the opponent’s beliefs, he draws upon a radical (...) mechanism that focuses in the conditions of possibility of the discourse. (shrink)

El artículo pretende mostrar la importancia que reviste el tratamiento ofrecido por Gorgias en torno a la sensación y su relación con el pensamiento y el lenguaje en los dos resúmenes conservados del Peri tou me ontos. Sostengo queallí se postula una fragmentación radical del hombre como polo unificado de la sensación, así como también del objeto en una multiplicidad de aristas que no encuentran momento sintético alguno. El paradigma de la sensibilidad fragmentada es el fundamento central, incuestionado en el (...) tratado que se proyectará a las relaciones entre ser, pensamiento y discurso para abonar la tesis de la imposibilidad del conocimiento y de la comunicación. Más allá de las intenciones gorgianas, se subraya el valor aporético de tales planteos y se sugieren importantes proyecciones de tales aporías en las propuestas de Platón y Aristóteles en torno a la sensibilidad. (shrink)

Information from forensic genetic tests of crime scene samples has been used to make claims about suspects' race and appearance. This article discusses and critiques the techniques used to make such claims, and raises policy concerns about them.

Critical aspects in the field of education are currently related to low levels of socioemotional competences and high rates of school dropouts. However, there are no standard practices or guidelines for helping countries to assess and train social and emotional competences. To overcome this limitation, the project Learning to be (L2B) aims to propose a comprehensive model of the assessment and development of social and emotional competences that bring together policymakers, researchers, teachers, school authorities and learners from different participating countries: (...) Finland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain. The project attempts to create an international framework for regulating activities and supporting teachers working on the social and emotional competences of the students and to provide tools which can be used across countries. The aim of the paper is to describe how L2B has been developed in Spain by analyzing the contributions of the international framework and extracting the specific needs in the Spanish context. Specifically, we describe two products of the project: a) the process for creating a toolkit, a tool focused on creating activities and materials for helping teachers develop social and emotional competences of students and b) the results of an exploratory study in Spain in which social and emotional competences are assessed and compared to the international framework. First, we explain the definition of social and emotional competences used for creating the toolkit. Second, we analyze responses of Spanish students to questionnaires administered before applying the toolkit in the schools. The paper describes social and emotional competences in Spain and evaluates the overlap between relevant variables in Spain and those used for developing the toolkit, the international tool. Specific needs in Spain are discussed, as well as the contribution of the project for promoting the improved development of students’ social and emotional competences, improving learning outcomes and stronger social cohesion in schools and local communities, as well as the utility of the results for creating new educational policies. (shrink)

As Social Economy financial institutions, credit unions have traditionally been considered less efficient than traditional banking entities. However, like banks and savings banks, they have to be as efficient and competitive as possible to survive in today’s business environment, especially at times of crisis. To date, there have been very few studies on their efficiency and practically none for the crisis period. Moreover, almost all the existing studies assess only financial efficiency, without considering their social function. This study examines the (...) levels of both financial and social efficiency in Spanish credit unions as well as their main determinants during the recent crisis. We apply the two-stage double bootstrap data envelopment analysis methodology based on panel data corresponding to all the credit unions active in Spain between 2008 and 2013. The empirical results indicate that financial and social efficiency achieved an acceptable level, although on average the former was slightly greater than the latter. We also find that both age and merger and acquisition activity were positively influential on the financial efficiency of credit unions but had a significant negative effect on their social efficiency. Moreover, the regional location of such entities and the financial crisis were also crucial determinants of both types of efficiency. Our findings are therefore useful for all the stakeholders of credit unions to know if these entities have been efficient according to a double bottom line accounting in the crisis period and hence to maintain successful social management that is compatible with satisfactory financial efficiency. (shrink)

En esta artículo se defiende que el cosmos no es un todo (una sustantividad) que se articule en meras partes, sino un agregado formado por distintos todos. Se introduce el tema partiendo de la teoría gestáltica de Wolfgang Köhler, para entrar a continuación en un terreno propiamente ontológico. En él se propone una reconstrucción de la ontología de Xavier Zubiri eliminando la tesis de la sustantividad del cosmos. El cosmos no es una magna cosa, sino un agregado de cosas; pero (...) esto no supone disgregarlo en una multiplicidad de sustancias aisladas -con relaciones meramente accidentales-, pues se trata de un agregado de sustantividades abiertas unas a otras en respectividad externa. En efecto, la sustantividad en tanto que real posee una "respectividad constituyente" (interna) que, como apertura de suyo mundanal, funda la "respectividad externa" (remitente) entre las distintas sustantividades del mundo, y el mundo en el nivel talitativo es el cosmos. (shrink)