Written in the 12th century in Arabic by a faithful Jewish man, "The Guide" is a work that explores the contradiction a very intelligent mind clearly saw between the tradition he was raised to believe inherently and the growing philosophy of Arabian and Western culture. In Maimonides' time, there was an emerging disparity between the Law and a new level of philosophical sophistication, which he attempts to bridge in this work, primarily through the use of metaphor, though also acknowledging this (...) method's limitations. "The Guide" follows the form of a three-volume letter to a student, which was quickly translated to Hebrew and spread throughout the known world and carefully read by Jews and non-Jewish philosophers alike well through the Middle Ages. This work was so successful in its organization and arguments that it has long been a classic of the Jewish religion and of the secular world of philosophy. (shrink)

The first part of this study offers a synoptic overview of Alfonso de la Torre’s selective engagement with Maimonidean philosophy in the first part of his Visión Deleitable. Our analysis is complemented with some comparative notes on the reception of Maimonides’s thought in late medieval Spain. Visión Deleitabl e’s fate will be examined in comparison to two other 15th century works of Jewish or converso authorship that also broached the Guide for the Perplexed for the benefit of Christian readers: the (...) Old Spanish translation of Maimonides’s Guide by Pedro de Toledo and Moshe Arragel’s commentary on his Bible translation for the Christian Master of Calatrava, don Luis de Guzmán. (shrink)

Moshe ben Maimon, or Moses Maimonides (1135-1204), remains one of the most celebrated rabbis in this history of Judaism; his numerous writings include philosophical and medical treatises in Arabic, two of history's most important works on Jewish law, and, most notably, efforts to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with biblical teaching. The Complete Medical Works, edited by Gerrit Bos of the Martin-Buber-Institut fur Judaistik at the University of Cologne, collects the entirety of Maimonides's medical writings. Notwithstanding its title, On Asthma is (...) in fact a complete regimen of health, designed for the needs of a high-ranking patient whose identity is not stated. In true Galenic fashion, Maimonides stresses that a healthy lifestyle and diet are the most important preventative measures against chronic illness such as asthma. Good and bad foods are described in detail, and many recipes for beneficial dishes and drugs are included, with Maimonides adapting Galenic regimens to the needs of his Muslim patient. Volume Two offers Gerrit Bos’s critical editions of all three surviving medieval Hebrew translations of Maimonides’ work: one allegedly prepared by the fourteenth-century physician Samuel Benveniste, who served Don Manuel, brother of King Pedro IV of Aragon; a second by Joshua Shatibi from Játiva (Xátiva) between the years 1379 and 1390, for the referendary Fernán Díaz of Toledo at the court of King Juan II of Castile; and a third by an anonymous translator, perhaps in the thirteenth century. The volume also contains critical editions by Michael R. McVaugh of the two medieval Latin translations of Maimonides’ treatise, one probably made by Giovanni da Capua at Rome c. 1300 and the other begun by Armengaud Blaise in Montpellier in 1294 but completed eight years later. It concludes with a section of addenda and corrigenda to the first volume. (shrink)

Brian Cutter objected to the consequence argument due to its dependence on the principle that miracle workers are metaphysically impossible. A miracle worker is someone who has the ability to act in a way such that the laws of nature would be violated. While there is something to the thought that agents like us do not have this ability, Cutter claims that there is no compelling reason to regard miracle workers as metaphysically impossible. However, the paper contends that miracle workers (...) are indeed impossible according to well-known theories concerning the laws of nature. This result highlights the reliance of the consequence argument on a plausible premise, which is widely accepted by proponents of non-Humean views of laws. The paper also provides a way to explain away the intuition that miracle workers are possible, but this has the upshot that a recent, two-dimensional formulation of the consequence argument is unsound. (shrink)

Previous studies making use of indirect processing measures have shown that perceptual grouping can occur outside the focus of attention. However, no previous study has examined the possibility of subliminal processing of perceptual grouping. The present work steps forward in the study of perceptual organization, reporting direct evidence of subliminal processing of Gestalt patterns. In two masked priming experiments, Gestalt patterns grouped by proximity or similarity that induced either a horizontal or vertical global orientation of the stimuli were presented as (...) masked primes and followed by visible targets that could be congruent or incongruent with the orientation of the primes. The results showed a reliable priming effect in the complete absence of prime awareness for both proximity and similarity grouping principles. These findings suggest that a phenomenal report of the Gestalt pattern is not mandatory to observe an effect on the response based on the global properties of Gestalt stimuli. (shrink)

Der Denkweg Hegels kann als ein Bildungsprozess von Einheitsbegriffen angesehen werden. Dieser Weg lässt sich in zwei Phasen einteilen: eine spekulative und eine vorspekulative Phase. Die These dieses Aufsatzes besteht darin, dass der Begriff der Einheit sich innerhalb beider Phasen jenes Denkweges entwickelte und dabei die gleichen allgemeinen Formen annimmt. Von daher kann der Weg dieses Denkens durch einen Doppel-Begriff, den der spekulativen und den der vorspekulativen Einheit, rekonstruiert werden. Im Blick auf das Ganze lässt sich also sagen, dass beide (...) Phasen am Ende durch die fundamentale Entscheidung Hegels eines „Eingreifens in das Leben der Menschen“ verbunden sind. Und die letzte Form der Einheit in der spekulativen Phase – die der absoluten Idee – wird dementsprechend eine gewisse aufgehobene Bewegung der Subjektivität und der Objektivität sein, an der sich die Einheit als Freiheit zeigt. (shrink)

The main purpose of this work is to provide a semiotic ontology for redescription of active cognitive externalism, recently developed by the paradigm 4E (embodied, embedded, enactive, extended cognition). In our approach, distributed cognitive systems (DCSs) are described as semiosis, signs in action. We explored the relationship between semiosis and cognition, as conceived by C. S. Peirce, in association with the notion of distributed cognitive system (DCS). We introduce Peircean externalist approach with an emphasis on the notion of temporal distribution (...) of semiosis, and describe DCSs, and their elements, as “sign in action”. To develop this argument, we describe an example of DCS -- verbal-musical improvisation of repente, repentismo, or viola singing. It is a phenomenon of verbal-musical improvisation that takes the form of a challenge in versified oral poetry. We describe the phenomenon as the embodiment of the formal structure of a cognitive task and an inferential process. This embodiment corresponds to a semiotization of the repente performances as DCSs. The temporally distributed tendency of repentismo organizes the DCS as a system that performs metasemiotic experiments on the action of signs. (shrink)

We prove that every weakly square compact cardinal is a strong limit cardinal, and therefore weakly compact. We also study Aronszajn trees with no uncountable finitely splitting subtrees, characterizing them in terms of being Lindelöf with respect to a particular topology. We prove that the class of such trees is consistently non-empty and lies between the classes of Suslin and Aronszajn trees.

The formation of the moral point of view in Bernard Williams’ work might be understood as taking place between two central concepts: the individual and the community. It is through the tension between these two poles that some form of knowledge is acquired. In Williams’ work, the individual virtue takes the name of authenticity, and the communitarian knowledge is, importantly, ethical confidence. A philosophical peer of Williams, Alasdair MacIntyre, has dealt with the same question, although in very different ways. They (...) are usually taken to be philosophical rivals in many respects, especially regarding their political views, their views on religion and their thoughts on Aristotle. But if we look deeper into their claims, we should discover that not only do they have similar ethical concerns, as their responses to those concerns are not, in essence, as different as they seem. My purpose with this paper, however, is not to deny the important differences between the two philosophers, but rather to make conspicuous Williams’ demanding ideas on the formation of the moral point of view by (1) connecting significant portions of his work and (2) contrasting his ideas with that of a philosophical “rival,” namely by interpreting MacIntyre’s own declarations on Williams’ work. It will stand out that both philosophers’ motivation to do ethics is to grant an equilibrium between the individual conscience and the moral knowledge that is acquired within a community. (shrink)

La Masonería es una organización que ha estado presente en España, como en el mundo, en los períodos liberales y que ha sido perseguida y ha desaparecido casi en los totalitarismos, sean comunistas o fascistas. La masonería española, tradicionalmente vinculada el modelo europeo continental, ha concedido gran importancia a la participación activa en los grandes debates sociales. El cometido fundamental de la masonería es la formación de sus miembros como individuos y como ciudadanos. Desde tal perspectiva, los talleres masónicos han (...) sido reconocidos como auténticas escuelas de formación de elites democráticas y constituyen un capítulo tan importante como ignorado de nuestra cultura política. Además, la masonería ha mostrado un sobresaliente interés hacia la enseñanza, llegando con frecuencia a reducir las grandes cuestiones sociales a un problema educacional. Dentro del marco ético-jurídico laicista, la reflexión sobre la acción formativo-democrática de la masonería se centra con intensidad creciente en ¿educar para la paz¿. Un ejemplo relevante del legado cultural pacifista de la masonería histórica lo constituye los siete insignes masones distinguidos con el Premio Nobel de la Paz. La masonería debe considerase pues, por derecho propio, como una escuela de formación laica para la democracia y para la paz. (shrink)

There is a growing interest in understanding consumer ethical actions in relation to their dealings with firms. This paper examines whether there are differences between Northern and Southern European Union (EU) consumers'' perceptions of ethical consumer behaviour using Muncy and Vitell''s (1992) Consumer Ethics Scale (CES). The study samples 962 university students across four Northern EU countries (Germany, Denmark, Scotland, The Netherlands) and four Southern EU countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece). Some differences are identified between the two samples, which might (...) question the ability of organisations to consider the EU as one homogeneous market. (shrink)

Nesta resenha são apresentados alguns pontos fundamentais do livro de Tracie Matysik When Spinoza Met Marx: Experiments in Nonhumanist Activity. Na obra, a autora analisa detidamente alguns pensadores ligados à tradição alemã pós-Hegel: Heinrich Heine, Berthlod Auerbach, Moses Hess, Karl Marx, Johann Jacoby, Jakob Stern e Gueorgui Plekhanov. Seu foco é o modo como todos esses utilizaram o pensamento de Espinosa para compreender a noção de atividade e a possibilidade de transformação social. Espinosa era fundamental para o tema, pois seu (...) pensamento permitiria unir a ação humana à sua completa determinação frente à necessidade presente na natureza, duas ideias indispensáveis para um século no qual a ciência se desenvolvia rapidamente e para um país que acabara de presenciar as revoluções nas terras vizinhas. Matysik, então, nos oferece a oportunidade de entender a riqueza do espinosismo, dadas as inúmeras possibilidades de interpretação das obras do filósofo neerlandês, utilizadas tanto para fins revolucionários quanto reformistas. Além disso, a partir da segunda metade do livro, a autora nos convoca para discutir as relações entre a filosofia da completa determinação e os movimentos com raízes no socialismo marxista, apresentando os principais problemas que surgiam - e ainda surgem - para os autores que buscavam traçar tal conexão. (shrink)

In the context of business, interactions between individuals generate social systems that emerge anywhere within a corporation or in its relations with external agents. These systems influence the behaviors of individuals and, as a result, the collective actions we usually attribute to corporations. Social systems thus make a difference in processes of action that are often morally evaluated by internal and external agents to the firm. Despite this relevance, social systems have not yet been the object of specific attention in (...) the literature on moral agency in business. To fill this gap, I construct a theoretical framework based on Luhmann’s ideas on social systems and morality. In particular, I argue that morality is a phenomenon that occurs in communication, and an agent can engage in morality in three different ways (as a _moral factor_, an _expressive moral agent_, or a _reflective moral agent_) depending on the functions it plays in communicative interactions. Based on this framework, I argue that social systems in business can be considered moral agents of those types. (shrink)

A evolução dos meios de comunicação propiciou um massivo fluxo informacional, trazendo consigo alguns entraves. O fenômeno das fake news é produto dessa mudança na sociedade, afetando de diversas formas a vida das pessoas e inclusive a possibilidade de uma escolha plena e livre de influências, sua liberdade de expressão, pensamento e informação. Nesse contexto, este evento se torna gravoso para o nosso Estado Democrático, na medida que influencia o comportamento, as escolhas políticas, a conduta social e a solidez da (...) própria democracia. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é refletir como as fake news interferem no Estado Democrático de Direito no Brasil e o deformam. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, documental e qualitativa. Propõe-se, por meio desse estudo, explicitar o que é esse fenômeno tão complexo das fake news e compreender as diversas formas de como ele pode afetar nosso sistema democrático, baseando-se nas ideias discursivas de Habermas. (shrink)

A short review of the literature on the business initiative of 'Economy of Communion', plus a summary of the articles published in this issue.

José Ortega y Gasset,, Spanish writer, philosopher and revolutionary was noted for his humanistic criticism of modern civilization. His best known work, The Revolt of the Masses earned him an international reputation. In it, he decried the destructive influence of the mass-minded, and therefore mediocre, people, who, if not directed by the intellectually and morally superior minority, encourage the rise of fascism and totalitarianism.

Con ocasión de la edición digital de sus Obras Completas y... nada más.

My dissertation is a critical study of Jose Ortega Y Gasset's attempt to reconcile his notion of lived-experience , which is fundamentally immediate experience, with his idea of life as vital-reason. But life as vital reason is, itself, best understood as consisting of life as a rational-existential project. This, in effect is Ortega's manner of fusing idealism and realism. The result of this mediation is to be interpreted as the self-with-things or what amounts to: I-in-the-world. Man is never what he (...) is in his immediacy and therefore he must create his essence through a self-conscious existential project. Thus, Ortega's notion of life as radical reality is the culmination of an underlying dialectic that is present throughout his work. That is, man's self-awareness of his life as a pre-reflective extranatural phenomenon vis-a-vis the material world can only be understood through reflection and therefore never in its immediacy. Therefore I conclude that for Ortega the synthesis of these apparently antithetical notions culminates in a form of subjective idealism given that primacy is necessarily attributed to the self over the external world. Even though I accept the fundamental tenets of his argument concerning the synthesis of Realism and Idealism and Rationalism and Vitalism, I have focused upon the inherent tension that exists in any such reflective endeavor. I believe that due to Ortega's emphasis that all reflection must originate and therefore concern itself with life as phenomenon, his philosophy necessarily gives primacy to the self over the material world . In arguing "Yo Soy Yo Y Mis Circumstancias" Ortega stresses the character of the Rational Vitalism that results from my self-awareness of my life as a problem for reflection that is forged through my necessary dealings with the world. The result of this self-knowledge is the foundation of a metaphysics of life that is best understood as man as radical reality. (shrink)

LARROSA, Jorge. Nietzsche & a Educação. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2002.

The article tries to contribute to the understanding of Michel Foucault’s analysis on the relation between forms of exercising power and forms of resistance. The resistance issue is taken as the guideline to analyse a series of notions like: revolution, relations of power, “counter-conducts”, up-risings, struggles. This study about resistance makes possible the discussion on the issue of subjectivity in contemporary societies, since a foucauldian perspective.

Information Retrieval systems benefit from the use of long queries containing a large volume of search-relevant information. This situation is not common, as users of such systems tend to use very short and precise queries with few keywords. In this work we propose a modification of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) technique using data from the document collection and its vocabulary for a better representation of short queries. Additionally, a study is carried out on how the modification of the proposed (...) LDA weighted vectors increase the performance using relevant documents as feedback. The work shown in this paper is tested using three biomedical corpora (TREC Genomics 2004, TREC Genomics 2005 and OHSUMED) and one legal corpus (FIRE 2017). Results prove that the application of the proposed representation technique, as well as the feedback adjustment, clearly outperforms the baseline methods (BM25 and non-modified LDA). (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar o pensamento desenvolvido por Georges Canguilhem e Gilbert Simondon sobre dois conceitos principais: o conceito de organismo e de máquina. A intenção é de reconstruir, a partir das continuidades e descontinuidades entre os dois conceitos, o raciocínio desenvolvido pelos dois autores sobre esses temas na história da filosofia francesa do século passado. Assim, tomamos como escopo as obras La connaissance de la vie, publicada por Canguilhem em 1952 e a tese complementar de doutoramento (...) de Simondon, orientada por Canguilhem, Du mode d’existence des objets techniques, de 1958. A partir disso, o texto se divide em seis partes: uma introdução, onde damos as especificações de escopo e de análise, seguida pela primeira parte, onde analisamos os conceitos de pensamento, conhecimento, sujeito e objeto. Em seguida, na parte dois, analisamos os conceitos de máquina, mecanismo e motor, como utilizadas em Canguilhem, e os conceitos de indivíduo, elemento e conjunto técnico desenvolvidas por Simondon. A terceira parte se dedica a analisar a questão do autômato, bem como os conceitos de mecanismo e finalismo. A quarta parte desenvolve o conceito de organismo-máquina e os conceitos de potencialidade e de teleologia desenvolvidos principalmente em Canguilhem. Por fim, na conclusão, analisamos as aproximações e distâncias entre os dois autores, bem como a imagem do monstro e do robô. (shrink)

Análisis y revisión historiográfica actualizada de los distintos periodos constructivos de la Giralda: islámico, medieval, renacentista, barroco y de los siglos XIX y XX. En todos ellos se insiste en las personalidades y mentalidades que influyeron en su fisonomía. Se concluye con una revisión de las diferentes artes plásticas: Arquitectura, Escultura, Pintura, Mobiliario, Orfebrería. Bordados, Estampación, Arte Popular, y recreaciones e interpretaciones de la torre en las que se ejemplifican los distintos tipos y usos del monumento sevillano.

O presente trabalho buscará fazer uma breve fenomenologia da ação humana tendo como ponto de inflexão a concepção de trágico na ação, isto é, pensar a ação humana como portadora de aspectos trágicos que exigem de nós respostas e atitudes que geralmente os sistemas éticos clássicos não conseguem proporcionar. Esta concepção pode ser apresentada a partir de vários autores de épocas e lugares bastante distintos. Todavia, optaremos por buscar em dois, dos três grandes tragediógrafos gregos, uma perspectiva trágica da ação (...) humana para então examinarmos, a luz do pensamento de Friedrich Nietzsche e Hannah Arendt, possíveis modos de redenção aos infortúnios em que as ações humanas podem nos colocar. (shrink)

A better understanding of the relative age effect in youth will increase the awareness of the need for reducing the bias of selection. Thus, we investigated the RAE in youth female and male soccer and futsal players in Portugal, using nationwide data. Birthdates of 5,306 female and 126,285 male soccer players, and 2,437 female and 23,988 male futsal players, registered in Portugal during the season 2019–2020, and Portuguese National teams were analyzed. Data were categorized into age groups and certification levels (...) [no certification, basic football training center, football school, and training institution] of the respective clubs/academies. Birthdates were stratified from the start of the selection year using quartiles and semesters. Differences between the observed and expected birthdate distributions were analyzed using chi-square statistics, and RAEs were calculated using odds ratios. In both soccer and futsal, female players, in the age category U9, RAEs were found. In male soccer, differences in the birthdate distribution were observed in all age categories with significant OR between all comparisons. In contrast, an over-representation of young male futsal players was observed only in the age categories U7 and U9. The stratification by certification level showed a significant RAE for all certification levels in male soccer players. In contrast, in male futsal players, the RAE was significant only in clubs and academies with the highest level. For National teams, the RAE was more pronounced in male soccer, particularly in the U16 and U17. Data showed a RAE in female and male youth soccer and futsal, particularly in male, younger age categories, and in clubs and academies having a higher certification level, which could be accompanied by a loss of valuable elite players during the youth phase of their careers. Thus, adjustments in the systems and structure of talent identification are recommended to prevent RAE-related discrimination in youth soccer and futsal. (shrink)

Esperamos que este dossiê possibilite aos leitores uma reflexão sobre a problemática geral do governo das diferenças e dos corpos ingovernáveis, particularmente, que encontrem nesse conjunto de artigos algumas respostas para o enfrentamento da face obscura do biopoder no presente. Nossa expectativa também é a de que os eventuais impactos que esses corpos e suas alianças com a arte produzem na formação humana e em sua educação filosófica, tragam tanto à filosofia da educação quanto ao ensino de filosofia alguma oxigenação, (...) quem sabe, entusiasmando-nos a extrapolar os pensamentos, práticas de pesquisa e de ensino, que também são nossas. (shrink)

A teologia esforça-se por repertoriar e sistematizar o que a revelação e a fé trazem ao crente sobre o problema do sentido da história, da peregrinação através do tempo da humanidade pensada em seu conjunto. Ela enfatiza, não tanto o conhecimento, mas o estado espiritual de felicidade ao qual a humanidade deve ascender antes do fim da vida na terra. Os modernos não aceitam a proposta teológica e têm por ambição descentralizar a história tradicionalmente ordenada por uma visão cristocêntrica do (...) mundo. O historiador, isentando-se da facção, assume o discurso racional sobre a trajetória dos humanos a partir de um novo núcleo referencial interpretativo, a saber, a ideia de humanidade. Voltaire apresenta-se como legítimo representante dessa perspectiva. A história sob o prisma voltairiano é colocada como problema e não como dogmática com características de uma aquisição definitiva. O problema histórico é o de compreender o mundo atual e a humanidade nele inserida. O objetivo, portanto, do trabalho foi apresentar a proposta teológica para a história e a crítica a ela desenvolvida por Voltaire, de forma a evidenciar a originalidade da abordagem moderna do fenômeno histórico. (shrink)

Martín de Azpilcueta and his fellow Spanish Scholastics writing and teaching at the University of Salamanca during Spain’s Golden Age are rightly pointed to by historians of economic thought as being major contributors toward, if not outright founders of modern economic theory. Among these is the theory of time-preference for which Azpilcueta has repeatedly been given the credit for discovering. However, this discovery is a curious one given how the same man, Azpilcueta, condemned usury in general during his whole life. (...) If Azpilcueta did in fact discover this theory and fully understand its implications, we would reasonably expect him to have questioned his support for the ban on charging an interest on a loan. This paper, therefore, challenges the claim that Azpilcueta understood and revived time-preference theory and shows how his understanding was much more nuanced, and, at times, inconsistent. (shrink)

In this paper I intend to argue that Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, one of the lead characters of the novel War and Peace, by Leo Tolstoy, can be taken as a Schopenhauerian hero.

Este artigo discute como os conceitos de mediação e representação se articulam na reflexão de Carl Schmitt em alguns de seus primeiros escritos e preparam o terreno para a formulação da ideia de representação política em um de seus trabalhos mais conhecidos: Teoria da Constituição. O procedimento mediante o qual se traduz uma realidade amorfa ou um coletivo em forma de representação política se atém à noção de presentificar algo ausente ou tornar visível algo invisível. Toda ideia entra no mundo (...) empírico como hóspede forasteiro e para ganhar existência ou visibilidade necessita de uma decisão soberana pela sua representação. A finalidade deste estudo é explicar o modo pelo qual ocorre este procedimento. (shrink)