Nietzsche's metaphor of the spider that spins its cobweb expresses his critique of the metaphysical use of language - but it also suggests that ‟we, spiders‟, are able to spin different, life-affirming, healthier, non-metaphysical cobwebs. This book is a collection of 12 essays that focus not only on Nietzsche's critique of the metaphysical assumptions of language, but also on his effort to use language in a different way, i.e., to create a ‟new language‟. It is from this viewpoint that the (...) book considers such themes as consciousness, the self, metaphor, instinct, affectivity, style, morality, truth, and knowledge. The authors invited to contribute to this volume are Nietzsche scholars who belong to some of the most important research centers of the European Nietzsche-Research: Centro Colli-Montinari (Italy), GIRN (Europhilosphie), SEDEN (Spain), Greifswald Research Group (Germany), NIL (Portugal). In 2011 João Constâncio and Maria João Mayer Branco edited Nietzsche on Instinct and Language, also published by Walter de Gruyter. The two books complement each other. (shrink)

The volume offers various considerations of Nietzsche s attempt to connect language to the instinctive activity of the human body. In focusing on how Nietzsche tries to dissolve the traditional opposition between instinct and language, as well as between instinct and consciousness and instinct and reason, the different papers address a great variety of topics, e.g. morality, value, the concept of philosophy, dogmatism, naturalization, metaphor, affectivity and emotion, health and sickness, tragedy, and laughter. Among the authors: Scarlett Marton, Werner Stegmaier, (...) Patrick Wotling, and many others.". (shrink)

This paper explores Kant’s ambivalent views on music. It aims to show, on the one hand, how these ambivalences are in line with the modern philosophical reflection on this art; on the other hand, to show their place within Kantian aesthetics, a place that justifies Kant’s hesitations as whether to classify music as beautiful or agreeable, art or mere enjoyment, free or dependent beauty, culture or nature.

O presente estudo propõe-se questionar a alegada musicofobia de Kant comparando-a com a bem conhecida musicofilia de Nietzsche. A partir da análise das considerações, à primeira vista tão díspares, de ambos os filósofos sobre a música, procurar-se-á mostrar que tal disparidade é apenas aparente, pois, quer para Kant, quer para Nietzsche, a experiência de ouvir música relaciona-se de modo profundo com a experiência de pensar. This paper aims to question Kant's alleged musicophobia by comparing it with Nietzsche's well-known musicophilia. By (...) analysing the considerations of both philosophers about music, it will try to show that their opposition is only apparent inasmuch as, both for Kant as well as for Nietzsche, the experience of listening to music has deep affinities with the experience of thinking. (shrink)

Resumo O texto explora as afinidades que podem ser encontradas entre o pensamento de Nietzsche e o de Rousseau a partir da análise do interesse de ambos pela música. Não escamoteando o que os separa, procura-se esclarecer as razões deste interesse e a sua relação quercom a preocupaçãoque partilham acerca da cultura ocidental moderna, quer com crise da subjectividade que essa cultura parece acarretar.The text aims at exploring the affinities that might be found between Nietzsche’s and Rousseau’s thought through an (...) analysis of their common interest in music. Without ignoring the discrepancies between both of them, it tries to enlighten the reasons behind this interest and their shared concern for modern western culture, as well as for the subjective crisis that this culture seems to cause. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Nietzsche-Studien Jahrgang: 45 Heft: 1 Seiten: 132-142.

This volume is the first to adress in a comprehensive way one of the main issues raised by Nietzsche's thought. The problem of subjectivity has become crucial in recent debates in Nietzschean scholarship and is key to understanding Nietzsche’s relation to modern philosophy, as well as his tremendous impact on philosophy from the time of his death until today. The collection assembles 25 essays by some of the finest Nietzsche scholars.

Nietzsche’s critique of the will to truth, and, more specifically, the metaphysical tradition, is inextricable from both his philosophy of language and his turn to physiology. Though the way in which Nietzsche conceived of the intertwinement of language, reason, and the body developed through the course of his philosophical maturation, it is nonetheless a recurrent motif spanning the breadth of his oeuvre. As the editors state in their introduction to Nietzsche on Instinct and Language (NIL), the volume aims at being (...) a “fresh look” at Nietzsche’s repeated attempts to bridge these domains (xv). Beyond this singular and broad explicit aim, however, the volume intimates a number of other more specific aspirations. .. (shrink)

The books I review are a series of three volumes of the same project, Nietzsche’s Engagements with Kant and the Kantian Legacy, edited in 2017 by Marco Brusotti, Herman Siemens, João Constâncio, Tom Bailey, Maria João Mayer Branco and Katia Hay who seek to situate Nietzsche’s work in relation to Kant and Kantianism and to interpret it from this perspective. This review consists of two parts: the first part reviews and discusses each of the works focusing on a (...) selection of prominent chapters; the second part extends their intuitions. (shrink)

Next SectionWhilst there has been considerable debate about the fit between moral theory and moral reasoning in everyday life, the way in which moral problems are defined has rarely been questioned. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with 15 general practitioners (GPs) in South Australia to argue that the way in which the bioethics literature defines an ethical dilemma captures only some of the range of lay views about the nature of ethical problems. The bioethics literature has (...) defined ethical dilemmas in terms of conflict and choice between values, beliefs and options for action. While some of the views of some of the GPs in this study about the nature of their ethical dilemmas certainly accorded with this definition, other explanations of the ethical nature of their problems revolved around the publicity associated with the issues they were discussing, concern about their relationships with patients, and anxiety about threats to their integrity and reputation. The variety of views about what makes a problem a moral problem indicates that the moral domain is perhaps wider and richer than mainstream bioethics would generally allow. (shrink)

Este artigo articula a figura do contador de estórias e o conceito de verdade factual para refletir sobre elementos da filosofia de Hannah Arendt importantes também à compreensão da nossa situação política. Nele, o pensamento de Arendt é visto como tributário da história e disposto a um modelo alternativo de pensar: o pensamento narracional. Duas ideias que giram em torno da figura do contador de estórias e do conceito de verdade factual. O objetivo desta pesquisa é, então, retomar a reflexão (...) arendtiana sobre a verdade factual a fim de compreendermos nosso próprio contexto, marcado por negacionismo e mesmo por ideias como a de “pós-verdade”. A escolha da autora não é fortuita, mas se justifica pela abordagem na qual a verdade não é tomada como questão epistemológica, neutra. Para tanto, dividimos nosso texto em quatro partes. Na primeira, retomamos aspectos essenciais na relação entre o pensamento arendtiano e a história. Na segunda, a mesma questão é vista a partir da interrogação acerca do modo adequado de responder ao “imperativo do testemunho” sobre a experiência concentracionária. Na terceira, voltamo-nos à figura do contador de estórias e do “pensamento narracional” como alternativa ao ponto de vista arquimediano. Por fim, encontramos a noção de verdade factual que, na verdade, sustenta todos momentos anteriores. (shrink)

L’avenir de la philosophie é a conferência proferida por Eric Weil à Association régionale des professeurs de philosophie, da cidade de Nice, em 1974. Nela, ficam destacadas alguns temas fundamentais com os quais o autor se preocupou a partir da publicação da sua Logique de la philosophie, em 1950. A tradução do texto vem aqui precedida por uma apresentação que visa a, justamente, sublinhar elementos essenciais à compreensão da obra weiliana, e presentes na conferência, tais como o caráter capital do (...) problema da violência para a filosofia, a importância da escolha pela razoabilidade e, por fim, a filosofia compreendida na passagem da certeza à discussão. (shrink)

To investigate the effects of two different modes of physical activity on body composition, physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk, and psychological responses in female adolescents participating in a multi-disciplinary program. The 12-week randomized intervention included 25-adolescents with overweight divided into two groups: sports practice-SPG and functional training-FTG. The SPG intervention was divided into three sports: basketball, handball, and futsal. SPG participants performed one sport 3-times/week, over the course of 1 month. The FTG performed concurrent exercises 3-times/week. This study was registered in (...) Clinical Trials Registry Platform under number: RBR-45ywtg and registered in Local Ethics Committee number: 2,505.200/2018. The intensity of physical exercises-PE was matched between groups by the rating of perceived exertion. The primary outcome was body composition, and secondary outcomes were physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk, and psychological responses. There was a significant time-effect for body mass, body mass index, and low-density lipoprotein, all being reduced. There were increases over time for musculoskeletal mass, aerobic fitness, and high-density lipoprotein. There was a group time interaction with body fat percentage being lower post-intervention in the SPG. No significant differences were observed for the other variables. Both physical activity models were effective in improving a subset of obesity-related health parameters. The findings should be extended by further investigation using more sophisticated measures of energy expenditure.Clinical Trial Registration:https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/, identifier: RBR-45ywtg. (shrink)

This book proposes a bold idea. Living beings are distinguishing distinctions. Single cells and multicellular organisms maintain themselves distinct by drawing distinctions. This is what organisms are and what they do. From this starting point, key issues examined range across ontology, epistemology, phenomenology, logic, and ethics. Topics discussed include the origin of life, the nature and purpose of biology, the relation between life and logic, the nature and limits of formal logic, the nature of subjects, the subject-object relation, subject-subject relationships (...) and the deep roots of ethics. The book provides a radical new foundation to think about philosophy and biology and appeals to researchers and students in these fields. It powerfully debunks mechanical thinking about living beings and shows the vast reservoir of insights into aliveness available in the arts and humanities. (shrink)

O intuito deste texto é fazer uma abordagem fenomenológica a respeito da terceira juntura das Contribuições à filosofia. Buscamos discutir de que modo o salto é uma forma de passagem do primeiro princípio do pensamento ao outro princípio do pensamento em seu profundo velamento). O salto é irrepresentável, não é passível de ser modulado por nenhum cálculo ou representação do ente, uma vez que saltar, segundo as meditações de Heidegger, indica lançar-se em uma via totalmente outra do percurso ôntico seguido (...) pela metafísica em toda a história ocidental. O salto é o deslocamento do ser-aí da zona da entidade rumo ao acolhimento da recusa do ser. Nesse sentido, o ser-aí recepciona o fundamento na sua mais singela e profunda vigência, isto é, como o Nada do ente e como fosso abissal. (shrink)

CANHADA, Júlio. O discurso e a história. A filosofia no Brasil no século XIX. São Paulo: Loyola, 2020. 270 p.

Este artigo aborda a democracia a partir das contribuições teóricas de Eric Weil, especialmente em seus escritos “Limites da democracia” e “A democracia em um mundo de tensões”. Weil critica definições do termo e busca estabelecer as condições gerais para um sistema político verdadeiramente democrático. O artigo está estruturado em três partes. Primeiramente, discute o panorama atual das percepções das crises democráticas. Em seguida, trata das condições para a participação nos processos democráticos, adotando a concepção weiliana da democracia como um (...) “sistema de livre discussão em evolução”. Por fim, o texto se volta às inconsistências dos discursos que, dentro de um contexto democrático, defendem um Estado autoritário. Esse problema será analisado à luz do “paradoxo da tolerância” de Karl Popper, e com o apoio dos argumentos de Robert Dahl. (shrink)

The German filmmaker Werner Herzog controversially associates “truth” and “reality” in film with Kant’s notion of the sublime by explicitly treating the sublime as a key element in developing his notion of ecstatic truth. I critically examine Herzog’s interpretation of Kant’s sublime and the relations he establishes between the sublime and his own key aesthetic notion of ecstatic truth. I examine how the sublime in Herzog’s films arises from encounters with the overwhelming force and power of nature experienced by his (...) characters in the feature films and participants in the documentaries. I question whether Kant’s conception of the sublime is the one that best aligns with Herzog’s aesthetic aims and I contrast Kant’s transcendental sublime with what I describe as the physiological sublime of Edmund Burke. I draw some conclusions about the moral dimension of the sublime in the context of the relationship between humans and nature within the frame of contemporary ecological concerns. (shrink)

This paper takes a virtuist approach to medical ethics to explore, from an empirical angle, ideas about settled ways of living a good life. Qualitative research methods were used to analyse the ways in which a group of 15 general practitioners articulated notions of good doctoring and the virtues in their work. I argue that the GPs, whose talk is analysed here, defined good general practice in terms of the ideals of accessibility, comprehensiveness, and continuity. They regarded these ideals significant (...) both for the way they dealt with morally problematic situations and for how they conducted their professional lives more generally. In addition, I argue that the GPs who articulated these ideals most clearly were able to, in part, because they shared the experience of working in rural areas. This experience helped them to develop an understanding of the nature of general practice that their urban colleagues were less able to draw on. In that sense, the structural and organisational framework of general practice in rural areas provided the context for their understanding of ideals in general practice. (shrink)

This article deals with physico-mathematical approaches to anatomy in post-Harveyan physiology. But rather than looking at questions of iatromechanics and animal locomotion, which often attracted this approach, I look at the problem of how blood returned to the heart – a part of the circulation today known as venous return but poorly researched in the early modern period. I follow the venous return mechanisms proposed by lesser-known authors in the mechanization of anatomy, such as Jean Pecquet (1622–1674) and Nicolaus Steno (...) (1638–1686), alongside the more famous Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679). Their mechanisms differed only in small details. Yet, these minor differences highlight significant aspects of the mechanization of the life sciences in the seventeenth century. First, they relied more on observations than hitherto acknowledged, even if only indirectly. Second, their mechanisms drew more from the physico-mathematical disciplines than from the trending corpuscularian philosophies of their time. Finally, these mechanisms led to a more accurate understanding of the circulation that remains valid today, thus revealing their cognitive benefits. In short, through the single problem of how blood returned to the heart, this article portrays the increasing complexity of anatomy in the early modern period. (shrink)

Nicolaus Steno (1638–1686) claimed that the Earth has a history that can be known by analyzing mountain strata with rules today known as Steno’s Principles of Stratigraphy. This essay argues that Steno’s research on the Earth was intrinsically related to his studies of the body. Most accounts associate Steno’s research on fossils with his dissection of a shark in the fall of 1666 in Medici Florence. Instead, the author suggests that Steno turned to the Earth after reading a manuscript about (...) fossils that contradicted his research methods. The essay shows how, exactly, Steno shifted his research and writing methods from anatomy to geology. In short, by reading Steno’s geology in light of his anatomical work, the essay presents anatomy as an influential discipline that contributed to other areas of knowledge and helped to spread the idea of laws of nature. It also problematizes the categories of seventeenth-century polymathy. (shrink)

The significance of the complicated numbering of the propositions in the Tractatus has occasioned much speculation. Wittgenstein's own explanation has, following Stenius, been generally regarded as misleading. But an examination of the Prototractatus reveals that the numbering system was for Wittgenstein principally an aid in the composition of his work. It allowed him to mark out certain propositions which required further work or supplementation, without disturbing the basic structure of the treatise. But the reworking of the Prototractatus to form the (...) Tractatus considerably changed the original order in which the ideas were connected, and thus made it more difficult to understand the Tractatus. Several specific examples make it clear that it is essential to look back at the context of the Prototractatus in order to achieve a correct interpretation of many of the propositions in the Tractatus. (shrink)

Ainda pouco estudada, a última fase do pensamento de Michel Foucault traz contribuições inegáveis ao debate ético e político de nossa época, sobretudo por enfatizar o papel do indivíduo e das coletividades nas lutas de transformação das estruturas de poder ora vigentes. Os modos de ser das lutas de resistência, sua importância no quadro referencial do último Foucault, revelam uma dimensão política antes insuspeitada em sua obra. Essa dimensão, para além da analítica do poder, concede aos pequenos e múltiplos movimentos (...) de contestação papel importante e decisivo para o futuro da vida sociopolítica, fora do quadro programático dos partidos políticos estabelecidos e das formas de ação instituídas. O que nos leva a retomar, a partir de novos referenciais teóricos, a discussão sobre o potencial revolucionário ainda possível da atualidade. (shrink)

The Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model of visual hallucinations is as limited in generality as other models. It does, however, raise an interesting hypothesis on the role of attentional biases among proto-objects. The prediction that neither impaired attention nor impaired sensory activation alone will produce hallucinations should be addressed in future studies by analysing partial correlations between putative causes and hallucinatory effects.

The concept of noncombatant immunity prohibits the intentional targeting of noncombatants. The availability of nonlethal weapons (NLW) may weaken this prohibition, especially since using NLWs against noncombatants may, in some cases, actually save the noncombatants' lives. Given the advancement of NLWs, I argue that their probable appearance on the battlefield demands close scrutiny due to the moral problems associated with their use. In this paper, I examine four distinct cases and determine whether the use of NLWs is morally permissible. While (...) it seems that the reduced harm caused by NLWs makes their use more acceptable, adhering to noncombatant immunity requires more than not killing noncombatants. It also requires that military forces treat noncombatants a certain way. In the cases I present, to use NLWs against noncombatants treats them as combatants and coerces them to do something against their will. While a consequentialist foundation for noncombatant immunity may permit this action, a rights-based concept of noncombatant immunity does not. I contend that only a rights-based concept of noncombatant immunity is viable, and that the availability of NLWs should not significantly alter the prohibitions prescribed by noncombatant immunity. (shrink)

Identificando que o discurso é um atributo essencialmente humano, fundamental para a convivência dos indivíduos e para a constituição de um espaço no qual falamos e somos ouvidos, Hannah Arendt assinalou a importância da palavra para a edificação do mundo, enquanto construção plural. Diante disso, o presente artigo pretende investigar a dimensão política da linguagem na perspectiva arendtiana. Considerando que esta temática nos fornece uma chave de leitura abrangente pela teoria política da autora, assinalaremos a intrínseca relação entre ação e (...) discurso, em referência à pluralidade ontológica que compõe a coexistência dos homens, bem como ao nexo essencial entre o logos e o pensamento. Além disso, guiados pela hipótese de que a palavra funda a esfera pública, arrazoaremos sobre o uso antipolítico da linguagem, destacando a ideologia e a mentira na política. Nesse mesmo fio condutor, por fim, dissertaremos acerca da relevância da língua materna para o compartilhar-o-mundo, corroborando com a perspectiva da autora que este espaço plural somente é possível quando possa ser tomado como objeto de discurso. (shrink)

O artigo compreende a relação entre filosofia e democracia no pensamento político de Eric Weil. O tema se torna particularmente relevante no atual contexto de crises de regimes democráticos ocidentais, e a sua principal contribuição é distinguir a leitura propriamente filosófica desse quadro. Para tanto, o texto se divide em duas partes, na primeira, mostra que filosofia e democracia compartilham os mesmo pressupostos, isto é, a razoabilidade do homem; na segunda analisa o diálogo como fundamental registro político da linguagem, aquele, (...) único capaz de sustentar efetivamente o discurso e a discussão numa democracia. Por fim, a obra de Weil apresenta, mantendo-se sempre na perspectiva do filósofo, uma interpretação consistente da democracia a partir do reconhecimento dos seus limites e das pressões às quais ela pode estar exposta, confrontando suas definições formais às nossas experiências históricas e apontando a superação dos ditos limites no esforço contínuo da educação do homem para a formação do povo. (shrink)