92 found
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  1.  70
    What Does Good Science-Based Advice to Politics Look Like?Martin Carrier - 2021 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 53 (1):5-21.
    I address options for providing scientific policy advice and explore the relation between scientific knowledge and political, economic and moral values. I argue that such nonepistemic values are essential for establishing the significance of questions and the relevance of evidence, while, on the other hand, such social choices are the prerogative of society. This tension can be resolved by recognizing social values and identifying them as separate premises or as commissions while withholding commitment to them, and by elaborating a plurality (...)
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  2.  87
    Values and Objectivity in Science: Value-Ladenness, Pluralism and the Epistemic Attitude.Martin Carrier - 2013 - Science & Education 22 (10):2547-2568.
    My intention is to cast light on the characteristics of epistemic or fundamental research (in contrast to application-oriented research). I contrast a Baconian notion of objectivity, expressing a correspondence of the views of scientists to the facts, with a pluralist notion, involving a critical debate between conflicting approaches. These conflicts include substantive hypotheses or theories but extend to values as well. I claim that a plurality of epistemic values serves to accomplish a non-Baconian form of objectivity that is apt to (...)
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  3.  99
    What is wrong with the miracle argument??☆.Martin Carrier - 1991 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 22 (1):23-36.
    One of the arguments advanced in favor of scientific realism is the 'miracle argument'. It says that for the anti-realist the predictive success of science appears as an utter miracle. This argument indeed has some prima facie plausibility, provided that it is sharpened by construing "predictive success" as prediction of previously unknown laws and the occurrence of a consilience of inductions. Still, the history of science teaches us that it is possible to arrive at predictive success in this sense by (...)
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  4.  55
    Facing the Credibility Crisis of Science: On the Ambivalent Role of Pluralism in Establishing Relevance and Reliability.Martin Carrier - 2017 - Perspectives on Science 25 (4):439-464.
    . Science at the interface with society is regarded with mistrust among parts of the public. Scientific judgments on matters of practical concern are not infrequently suspected of being incompetent and biased. I discuss two proposals for remedying this deficiency. The first aims at strengthening the independence of science and suggests increasing the distance to political and economic powers. The drawback is that this runs the risk of locking science in an academic ivory tower. The second proposal favors “counter-politicization” in (...)
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  5.  13
    The Completeness of Scientific Theories: On the Derivation of Empirical Indicators within a Theoretical Framework: The Case of Physical Geometry.Martin Carrier - 2012 - Springer.
    Earlier in this century, many philosophers of science (for example, Rudolf Carnap) drew a fairly sharp distinction between theory and observation, between theoretical terms like 'mass' and 'electron', and observation terms like 'measures three meters in length' and 'is _2° Celsius'. By simply looking at our instruments we can ascertain what numbers our measurements yield. Creatures like mass are different: we determine mass by calculation; we never directly observe a mass. Nor an electron: this term is introduced in order to (...)
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  6. The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice: Science and Values Revisited.Martin Carrier, Don Howard & Janet A. Kourany (eds.) - 2008 - University of Pittsburgh Press.
    ISBN-13: 978-0-8229-4317-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8229-4317-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Science — Philosophy. 2. Science — Social aspects. 3. Values. 4. Science and civilization. I. Carrier, Martin. II. Howard, Don, professor. III. Kourany ...
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  7.  49
    Identifying Agnotological Ploys: How to Stay Clear of Unjustified Dissent.Martin Carrier - 2018 - In Antonio Piccolomini D’Aragona, Martin Carrier, Roger Deulofeu, Axel Gelfert, Jens Harbecke, Paul Hoyningen-Huene, Lara Huber, Peter Hucklenbroich, Ludger Jansen, Elizaveta Kostrova, Keizo Matsubara, Anne Sophie Meincke, Andrea Reichenberger, Kian Salimkhani & Javier Suárez (eds.), Philosophy of Science: Between the Natural Sciences, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities. Cham: Springer Verlag. pp. 155-169.
    Agnotology concerns the creation and preservation of confusion and ignorance. Certain positions are advocated in science in order to promote sociopolitical interests with the result of launching mock controversies or epistemically unjustified dissent. I propose to identify agnotological ploys by the discrepancy between the conclusions suggested by the design of a study and the conclusions actually drawn or intimated. This mechanism of “false advertising” serves to implement agnotological endeavors and helps identify them without having to invoke the intentions of the (...)
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  8.  16
    Knowledge and the World: Challenges Beyond the Science Wars.Martin Carrier, Johannes Roggenhofer, Günter Küppers & Philippe Blanchard - 2011 - Springer.
    The fundamental question whether, or in which sense, science informs us about the real world has pervaded the history of thought since antiquity. Is what science tells us about the world determined unambiguously by facts or does the content of any scientific theory in some way depend on the human condition? "Sokal`s hoax" added a new dimension to this controversial debate, which very quickly came to been known as "Science Wars". "Knowledge and the World" examines and reviews the broad range (...)
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  9.  70
    Climate Models: How to Assess Their Reliability.Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard - 2019 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 32 (2):81-100.
    The paper discusses modelling uncertainties in climate models and how they can be addressed based on physical principles as well as based on how the models perform in light of empirical data. We ar...
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  10. Underdetermination as an epistemological test tube: expounding hidden values of the scientific community.Martin Carrier - 2011 - Synthese 180 (2):189 - 204.
    Duhem—Quine underdetermination plays a constructive role in epistemology by pinpointing the impact of non-empirical virtues or cognitive values on theory choice. Underdetermination thus contributes to illuminating the nature of scientific rationality. Scientists prefer and accept one account among empirical equivalent alternatives. The non-empirical virtues operating in science are laid open in such theory choice decisions. The latter act as an epistemological test tube in making explicit commitments to how scientific knowledge should be like.
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  11. Evolutionary change and lawlikeness : Beatty on biological generalizations.Martin Carrier - unknown
  12.  85
    Scientific Expertise: Epistemic and Social Standards—The Example of the German Radiation Protection Commission.Martin Carrier & Wolfgang Krohn - 2018 - Topoi 37 (1):55-66.
    In their self-understanding, expert committees solely draw on scientific knowledge to provide policy advice. However, we try to show, first, on the basis of material related to the German Radiation Protection Commission that much of their work consists in active model building. Second, expert advice is judged by criteria that diverge from standards used for judging epistemic research. In particular, the commitment to generality or universality is replaced by the criterion of specificity, and the value of precision gives way to (...)
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  13.  38
    Fake Research: How Can We Recognise it and Respond to it?Martin Carrier - 2023 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 36 (3):247-264.
    Fake research produces results that are invalid from the start. I take such research to be characterised by three jointly sufficient features. It is severely methodologically defective, and the relevant defects support certain nonepistemic (social, political, economic) interests and objectives, while the relevant objectives typically concern the interference with attempts at political regulation. I deal with two kinds of claimed fake research. One is agnotological ploys in which scientific dissent is created by interested parties from industry or politics in order (...)
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  14.  35
    How to conceive of science for the benefit of society: prospects of responsible research and innovation.Martin Carrier - 2019 - Synthese 198 (Suppl 19):4749-4768.
    Responsible research and innovation features the dialog of science “with society,” and research performed “for society,” i.e., for the benefit of the people. I focus on this latter, outcome-oriented notion of RRI and discuss two kinds of problems. The first one concerns options to anticipate the future course of science and technology. Such foresight knowledge seems necessary for subjecting research to demands of social and moral responsibility. However, predicting science and technology is widely considered impossible. The second problem concerns moral (...)
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  15.  51
    Science in the context of application: methodological change, conceptual transformation, cultural reorientation.Martin Carrier & Alfred Nordmann - 2011 - In M. Carrier & A. Nordmann (eds.), Science in the Context of Application. Springer. pp. 1--7.
  16.  75
    Changing laws and shifting concepts.Martin Carrier - 2001 - In Paul Hoyningen-Huene & Howard Sankey (eds.), Incommensurability and Related Matters. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 65--90.
  17.  35
    Mathematics as a Tool: Tracing New Roles of Mathematics in the Sciences.Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard (eds.) - 2017 - Springer Verlag.
    This book puts forward a new role for mathematics in the natural sciences. In the traditional understanding, a strong viewpoint is advocated, on the one hand, according to which mathematics is used for truthfully expressing laws of nature and thus for rendering the rational structure of the world. In a weaker understanding, many deny that these fundamental laws are of an essentially mathematical character, and suggest that mathematics is merely a convenient tool for systematizing observational knowledge. The position developed in (...)
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  18.  22
    Knowledge and Control.Martin Carrier - 2004 - In Peter K. Machamer & Gereon Wolters (eds.), Science, Values, and Objectivity. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 275.
  19.  22
    Raum-Zeit.Martin Carrier - 2009 - Walter de Gruyter.
    The philosophical treatment of space and time has had a long history. This continuing interest stems not least from the fact that space and time form the basis of movement. Space-time philosophy encompasses a wide range of subjects, many of which, on first inspection, do not seem to have anything to do with space and time. Space-time philosophy is a matter of causality and probability, the Big Bang and Heat Death. It is a matter of the origins of each term (...)
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  20.  63
    How to Serve the Customer and Still Be Truthful: Methodological Characteristics of Applied Research.Matthias Adam, Martin Carrier & Torsten Wilholt - 2006 - Science and Public Policy 33 (6):435-444.
    Transdisciplinarity includes the assumption that within new institutional settings, scientific research becomes more closely responsive to practical problems and user needs and is therefore often subject to considerable application pressure. This raises the question whether transdisciplinarity affects the epistemic standards and the fruitfulness of research. Case studies show how user-orientation and epistemic innovativeness can be combined. While the modeling involved in all cases under consideration was local and focused primarily on features of immediate practical relevance, it was informed by theoretical (...)
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  21.  61
    Historical Epistemology: On the Diversity and Change of Epistemic Values in Science.Martin Carrier - 2012 - Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 35 (3):239-251.
    Historical Epistemology: On the Diversity and Change of Epistemic Values in Science. Historical epistemology involves the claim that the system of scientific knowledge is not determined by the observations but is also subject to epistemic requirements that may change in the historical process of doing research. As a result, the system of knowledge is path‐dependent in that its shape is contingent on epistemic choices made at certain historical points. I attempt to elaborate this approach by drawing attention to the double (...)
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  22.  44
    Prediction in context: On the comparative epistemic merit of predictive success.Martin Carrier - 2014 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 45:97-102.
    The considerations set out in the paper are intended to suggest that in practical contexts predictive power does not play the outstanding roles sometimes accredited to it in an epistemic framework. Rather, predictive power is part of a network of other merits and achievements. Predictive power needs to be judged differently according to the specific conditions that apply. First, predictions need to be part of an explanatory framework if they are supposed to guide actions reliably. Second, in scientific expertise, the (...)
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  23.  11
    Kant's Theory of Matter and His Views on Chemistry.Martin Carrier - 2001 - In Eric Watkins (ed.), Kant and the Sciences. New York, US: Oxford University Press.
    This paper analyzes Kant’s notorious claim that psychology cannot become a science “properly so-called”. Contrary to widespread opinion, he does not hold any of the following three implausible views: psychological phenomena cannot be mathematized, they cannot be explained in by reference to mathematical causal laws, and they cannot be dealt with in causal terms at all. Instead of claiming something about psychological phenomena, Kant argues against a specific conception of psychology: the then popular introspective psychologies. Only this reading explains why (...)
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  24.  63
    Scientific Knowledge and Scientific Expertise: Epistemic and Social Conditions of Their Trustworthiness.Martin Carrier - 2010 - Analyse & Kritik 32 (2):195-212.
    The article explores epistemic and social conditions of the trustworthiness of scientific expertise. I claim that there are three kinds of conditions for the trustworthiness of scientific expertise. The first condition is epistemic and means that scientific knowledge enjoys high credibility. The second condition concerns the significance of scientific knowledge. It means that scientific generalizations are relevant for elucidating the particular cases that constitute the challenges for expert judgment. The third condition concerns the social processes involved in producing science-based recommendations. (...)
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  25. In defense of psychological laws.Martin Carrier - 1998 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 12 (3):217-232.
    It is argued that psychological explanations involve psychological generalizations that exhibit the same features as laws of physics. On the basis of the “systematic theory of lawhood”, characteristic features of laws of nature are elaborated. Investigating some examples of explanations taken from cognitive psychology shows that these features can also be identified in psychological generalizations. Particular attention is devoted to the notion of “ccteris‐paribus laws”. It is argued that laws of psychology are indeed ceteris‐paribus laws. However, this feature does not (...)
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  26. Kant’s Relational Theory of Absolute Space.Martin Carrier - 1992 - Kant Studien 83 (4):399-416.
  27.  48
    What is right with the miracle argument: Establishing a taxonomy of natural kinds.Martin Carrier - 1993 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 24 (3):391-409.
  28.  51
    Geometric Facts and Geometric Theory: Helmholtz and 20th-century Philosophy of Physical Geometry1.Martin Carrier - 1994 - In Lorenz Krüger (ed.), Universalgenie Helmholtz. Rückblick nach 100 Jahren. Akademie Verlag. pp. 276-292.
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  29.  44
    (1 other version)Kants Theorie der Materie und ihre Wirkung auf die zeitgenössische Chemie.Martin Carrier - 1990 - Kant Studien 81 (2):170-210.
    Kant's theory of matter is reconstructed and his views about and impact on chemistry are studied. His early "monadological" conception is analyzed and compared to other dynamical approaches of the period. His later attempt to regard matter as a continuum and to derive some of its properties from the interaction of forces is reconstructed. His conception of chemistry is examined and compared to the notion of some chemists who were inspired by Kant's work.
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  30.  44
    Responsible research and innovation: coming to grips with an ambitious concept.Martin Carrier & Gürol Irzik - 2019 - Synthese 198 (Suppl 19):4627-4633.
    This Introduction to the Special Issue on “Responsible Research and Innovation” outlines features of the philosophical debate about the concepts involved and summarizes the papers assembled in this issue. The topic of RRI is widely discussed in science studies and has made its way into science policy. This SI is intended to make the contributions of philosophers of science more visible. The philosophically relevant parts of the field concern, among others, the processes of public participation in science and their impact (...)
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  31.  97
    Theories for use: On the bearing of basic science on practical problems.Martin Carrier - 2010 - In M. Dorato M. Suàrez (ed.), Epsa Epistemology and Methodology of Science. Springer. pp. 23--33.
    Funding policies for science are usually directed at supporting technological innovations. The im-pact and success of such policies depend crucially on how science and technology are connected to each other. I propose an “interactive view” of the relationship between basic science and technol-ogy development which comprises the following four claims: First, technological change derives from science but only in part. The local models used in accounting for technologically relevant phenomena contain theoretical and non-theoretical elements alike. Second, existing technologies and rules (...)
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  32.  20
    Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie.Gottfried Gabriel, Martin Carrier & Jürgen Mittelstrass (eds.) - 2005 - Metzler.
    Bd. 1. A-B -- Bd. 2. C-F -- Bd. 3. G-Inn -- Bd. 4. Ins-Loc.
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  33.  93
    Constructing or completing physical geometry? On the relation between theory and evidence in accounts of space-time structure.Martin Carrier - 1990 - Philosophy of Science 57 (3):369-394.
    The aim of this paper is to discuss the relation between the observation basis and the theoretical principles of General Relativity. More specifically, this relation is analyzed with respect to constructive axiomatizations of the observation basis of space-time theories, on the one hand, and in attempts to complete them, on the other. The two approaches exclude one another so that a choice between them is necessary. I argue that the completeness approach is preferable for methodological reasons.
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  34.  17
    Science and the production of ignorance: when the quest for knowledge is thwarted.Janet Kourany & Martin Carrier (eds.) - 2020 - Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
    An introduction to the new area of ignorance studies that examines how science produces ignorance—both actively and passively, intentionally and unintentionally. We may think of science as our foremost producer of knowledge, but for the past decade, science has also been studied as an important source of ignorance. The historian of science Robert Proctor has coined the term agnotology to refer to the study of ignorance, and much of the ignorance studied in this new area is produced by science. Whether (...)
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  35.  40
    Knowledge, politics, and commerce: Science under the pressure of practice.Martin Carrier - 2011 - In M. Carrier & A. Nordmann (eds.), Science in the Context of Application. Springer. pp. 11--30.
  36.  48
    Circles without circularity : testing theories by theory-laden observations.Martin Carrier - unknown
  37.  24
    Multiplicity and heterogeneity: On the relations between functions and their realizations.Martin Carrier - 2000 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 31 (1):179-192.
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  38.  41
    (1 other version)On novel facts.Martin Carrier - 1988 - Zeitschrift Für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 19 (2):205-231.
    Das Problem, unter welchen Bedingungen eine Hypothese oder Theorienmodifikation als methodologisch akzeptabel gilt, wird in der wissenschaftstheoretischen Tradition als die Frage des Ad-Hoc-Charakters von Hypothesen diskutiert. Das gleichartige Problem tritt aber auch in Lakatos' Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme auf, welche von methodologisch zulässigen Theorienänderungen die Vorhersage 'neuer Tatsachen' verlangt. Über diesen Begriff der neuen Tatsache und damit der Adäquatheitsbedingungen für wissenschaftliche Erklärungen hat sich eine weitgefächerte Debatte entsponnen. In diesem Papier wird der Versuch unternommen, die Forderung der unabhängigen Testbarkeit einer Hypothese, (...)
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  39.  34
    Systematizität: Eine systematische Charakterisierung der Wissenschaft? Kommentar zu Paul Hoyningen-Huenes Systematicity.Martin Carrier - 2015 - Zeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 69 (2):230-234.
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  40. Explaining scientific progress: Lakatos' methodological account of Kuhnian patterns of theory change.Martin Carrier - 2002 - In G. Kampis, L: Kvasz & M. Stöltzner (eds.), Appraising Lakatos: Mathematics, Methodology and the Man. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 53--72.
  41.  28
    How to tell causes from effects: Kant’s causal theory of time and modern approaches.Martin Carrier - 2003 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 34 (1):59-71.
    I attempt a reconstruction of Kant’s version of the causal theory of time that makes it appear coherent. Two problems are at issue. The first concerns Kant’s reference to reciprocal causal influence for characterizing simultaneity. This approach is criticized by pointing out that Kant’s procedure involves simultaneous counterdirected processes—which seems to run into circularity. The problem can be defused by drawing on instantaneous processes such as the propagation of gravitation in Newtonian mechanics. Another charge of circularity against Kant’s causal theory (...)
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  42. Some aspects of Hélène Metzger's philosophy of science.Martin Carrier - 1988 - Corpus: Revue de philosophie 8:135-150.
     
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  43.  21
    Geist, Gehirn, Verhalten: Das Leib-Seele-Problem Und Die Philosophie der Psychologie.Martin Carrier & Jürgen Mittelstraß - 1989 - New York: De Gruyter.
    Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Geist, Gehirn, Verhalten" verfügbar.
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  44.  80
    Explanatory loops and the limits of genetic reductionism.Martin Carrier & Patrick Finzer - 2006 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 20 (3):267 – 283.
    We reconstruct genetic determinism as a reductionist thesis to the effect that the molecular properties of cells can be accounted for to a great extent by their genetic outfit. The non-reductionist arguments offered at this molecular level often use the relationship between structure and function as their point of departure. By contrast, we develop a non-reductionist argument that is confined to the structural characteristics of biomolecules; no appeal to functions is made. We raise two kinds of objections against the reducibility (...)
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  45.  9
    Kant's Mechanical Determination of Matter in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science.Martin Carrier - 2001 - In Eric Watkins (ed.), Kant and the Sciences. New York, US: Oxford University Press.
    This paper deals with the interpretation of the Mechanics chapter of Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. It is aimed at clarifying the procedure Kant invokes for the transcendental determination of the quantity of matter in mechanical respect. Kant’s intention is to ground mass measurement on the moving force that matter possesses by virtue of its motion, and that moving bodies display by setting other bodies in motion. An important issue in this context concerns the role of gravitation as compared (...)
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  46.  41
    Wissenschaftsgeschichte, rationale rekonstruktion und die begründung Von methodologien.Martin Carrier - 1986 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 17 (2):201-228.
    The paper exposes the principal procedures of assessing methodological theories. The first one is based on a consensus about the aims of science, the second uses epistemological criteria, and the third checks the adequacy of methodological requirements against the history of science. This third procedure is singled out for a more detailed treatment. It is argued that rational reconstruction constitutes a separate level of historiography and concerns historical explanation. The subject of a rational reconstruction is the methodological explanation of all (...)
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  47. (1 other version)Introduction: Mathematics as a Tool.Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard - 2017 - In Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard (eds.), Mathematics as a Tool: Tracing New Roles of Mathematics in the Sciences. Springer Verlag.
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  48.  21
    Fake Research and Harmful Findings: Introduction to the Special Issue.Martin Carrier - 2023 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 36 (3):167-171.
    The traditional mutual support of scientific progress and social advancement has given way to public reservation. Research is no longer considered worthwhile in general. Parts of the public have come to fear both scientific error and scientific success. This raises the question of how to deal with findings that could have a detrimental impact on society. In a different vein, fake research poses a serious challenge to science in that it could undermine the credibility of scientific accounts. Fake research actively (...)
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  49.  14
    Chemie und Geisteswissenschaften: Versuch einer Annäherung.Martin Carrier, Jürgen Mittelstrass & G. Stock - 1992 - De Gruyter Akademie Forschung.
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  50. Mind, Brain, Behavior: The Mind-Body Problem and the Philosophy of Psychology.Martin Carrier & Jürgen Mittelstrass - 1991 - De Gruyter.
    Translation of: Geist, Gehirn, Verhalten.
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