Filosofía constitucional.--Filosofía penal.--El hombre y la historia y otros ensayos.

This paper analyzes two different proposals, one by Ellis and Brundrit, based on classical relativistic cosmology, the other by Garriga and Vilenkin, based on the DH interpretation of quantum mechanics, both concluding that, in an infinite universe, planets and beings must be repeated an infinite number of times. We point to possible shortcomings in these arguments. We conclude that the idea of an infinite repetition of histories in space cannot be considered strictly speaking a consequence of current physics and cosmology. (...) Such ideas should be seen rather as examples of «ironic science» in the terminology of John Horgan. (shrink)

A world without individual entities? An advice to not to extract immediate ontological consequences from quantum theory. Should we assume a world without individual entities? I pledge not to extract immediate ontological consequences from quantum theory. My intention is to focus on the complexity of ontological concepts commonly associated with quantum theory. Using as an example the compatibility of EPR correlations with the existence of individual entities, it is shown that an absolute rejection of an ontological category, based on some (...) aspects of the formalism of quantum theory, does not seem reasonable. A consequence of this argument is that the common sense view - the world is composed of individual entities-can be maintained, despite of the particularities of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

El patrimonio cultural ha adquirido un sentido cada vez más complejo, amplio y dinámico. De una parte, se ha trascendido el antiguo paradigma monumental; de otra, el patrimonio se ha extendido a innumerables ámbitos epistemológicos y prácticos que lo interpretan y aplican según sus intereses.Desde una perspectiva teórica, este trabajo pretende una aproximación conceptual al patrimonio cultural a través de algunas claves que deberían estar presentes en toda reflexión patrimonial. Esta investigación se extenderá también a la noción de Paisaje Urbano (...) Histórico y al ámbito de la arquitectura vernácula a fin de mostrar esa complejidad y su problemática real. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar los límites y exigencias de la mirada en la poética de Alberto Caeiro, heterónimo de Fernando Pessoa. Esta mirada, sostiene Gil, es singular, supone un proceso de crítica de la tradicional relación sujeto - objeto en el acto de conocer. Una especie de epojé en el sentido fenomenológico. No es una mirada empírica, no apela a los sentidos, es una mirada que tiene más bien el carácter de “una intuición intelectual de los sentidos”. (...) El propósito de fondo del artículo es mostrar cómo el paganismo preconizado por Caeiro apela a un “objetivismo absoluto” y reivindica como su invención más propia una armonización del acto de sentir con el de pensar. El ensayo de Gil desarrolla sus argumentos siguiendo minuciosamente algunos de los poemas del poeta caeiro así como algunas de las afirmaciones dedicadas a él por el propio Pessoa. (shrink)

El mito de Antígona, tal y como lo contó Sófocles en su tragedia homónima, es uno de los más conocidos, reproducidos y representados que nos ha legado la Antigüedad Clásica. Desde su recuperación en la Europa cristiana en el siglo XVI, el mito fue reinterpretado en clave cristiana por los paralelismos que artistas y filósofos de distintas épocas encontraban entre Cristo y Antígona. Para poner a prueba tal idea, es necesario primero un estudio de las fuentes antiguas que nos informe (...) de si esta mutación de valores tuvo precedentes en los primeros siglos del cristianismo. Pero yendo más allá, es necesario abordar las nociones mitológicas, filosóficas y culturales que se desprenden de ambas narrativas para deducir si esta identificación es un lazo entre tradiciones religiosas o un capricho literario. (shrink)

Paraconsistent Weak Kleene logic is the 3-valued logic with two designated values defined through the weak Kleene tables. This paper is a first attempt to investigate PWK within the perspective and methods of abstract algebraic logic. We give a Hilbert-style system for PWK and prove a normal form theorem. We examine some algebraic structures for PWK, called involutive bisemilattices, showing that they are distributive as bisemilattices and that they form a variety, \, generated by the 3-element algebra WK; we also (...) prove that every involutive bisemilattice is representable as the Płonka sum over a direct system of Boolean algebras. We then study PWK from the viewpoint of AAL. We show that \ is not the equivalent algebraic semantics of any algebraisable logic and that PWK is neither protoalgebraic nor selfextensional, not assertional, but it is truth-equational. We fully characterise the deductive filters of PWK on members of \ and the reduced matrix models of PWK. Finally, we investigate PWK with the methods of second-order AAL—we describe the class \ of PWK-algebras, algebra reducts of basic full generalised matrix models of PWK, showing that they coincide with the quasivariety generated by WK—which differs from \—and explicitly providing a quasiequational basis for it. (shrink)

Microsystems are described as contexts formed by a subject, their roles, interactions, and a specific physical space and time, such as housing and the school environment. Although several studies suggest the importance of studying this type of environment and its repercussion on children's development, in a Latin American context few studies integrate the interaction of two primary settings in the development of executive functioning. The present study explores the effects of the quality of housing and school environments on the perception (...) of stress, decision making, and planning among children. A total of 114 children (43% girls and 57% boys, Mage = 10.57) from a primary school located in a community classified as poor participated in the study. It was measured: environmental quality of classrooms, housing, stress and executive functioning of children. The results reveal a model linking environmental quality levels in children's homes and schools and executive functioning. We also obtain a mediating role of stress between microsystems and performance, finding a deficit in executive performance when children experienced higher levels of stress as a result of poor environmental quality both in their homes and in their schools. (shrink)

The objective of this paper is analyzing to which extent the multiverse hypothesis provides a real explanation of the peculiarities of the laws and constants in our universe. First we argue in favor of the thesis that all multiverses except Tegmark’s “mathematical multiverse” are too small to explain the fine tuning, so that they merely shift the problem up one level. But the “mathematical multiverse" is surely too large. To prove this assessment, we have performed a number of experiments with (...) cellular automata of complex behavior, which can be considered as universes in the mathematical multiverse. The analogy between what happens in some automata (in particular Conway’s “Game of Life") and the real world is very strong. But if the results of our experiments can be extrapolated to our universe, we should expect to inhabit—in the context of the multiverse—a world in which at least some of the laws and constants of nature should show a certain time dependence. Actually, the probability of our existence in a world such as ours would be mathematically equal to zero. In consequence, the results presented in this paper can be considered as an inkling that the hypothesis of the multiverse, whatever its type, does not offer an adequate explanation for the peculiarities of the physical laws in our world. (shrink)

We continue the work of Blok and Jónsson by developing the theory of structural closure operators and introducing the notion of a representation between them. Similarities and equivalences of Blok-Jónsson turn out to be bijective representations and bijective structural representations, respectively. We obtain a characterization for representations induced by a transformer. In order to obtain a similar characterization for structural representations we introduce the notions of a graduation and a graded variable of an M-set. We show that several deductive systems, (...) Gentzen systems among them, are graded M-sets having graded variables, and describe the graded variables in each case. In the last section we show that, for a sentential logic, having an algebraic semantics is equivalent to being representable in an equational consequence. This motivates the extension of the notion of having an algebraic semantics for Gentzen systems, hypersequents systems, etc. We prove that if a closure operator is representable by a transformer, then every extension of it is also representable by the same transformer. As a consequence we obtain that if one of these systems has an algebraic semantics, then so does any of its extensions with the same defining equations. (shrink)

A major intervention that marks the first appearance of Gil's work in English, Metamorphoses of the Body gives us an entirely new way of looking at relationships between bodies, forces, politics, and people.

We present a systematic study of join-extensions and join-completions of partially ordered algebras, which naturally leads to a refined and simplified treatment of fundamental results and constructions in the theory of ordered structures ranging from properties of the Dedekind–MacNeille completion to the proof of the finite embeddability property for a number of varieties of lattice-ordered algebras.

We introduce a family of notions of interpolation for sentential logics. These concepts generalize the ones for substructural logics introduced in [5]. We show algebraic characterizations of these notions for the case of equivalential logics and study the relation between them and the usual concepts of Deductive, Robinson, and Maehara interpolation properties.

Based on the results obtained from primary education students—fifth and sixth graders—the aim of this work is to check the appropriate self-perceived behaviors during and at the end of the game. The study population was made up of 698 students from fifth and sixth grade in the Autonomous Region of Castilla–La Mancha (Spain). Data were collected through a questionnaire (scale) on the social skills of primary school students linked to the adequate skills when losing, the adequate skills when winning, and (...) the adequate skills during the game. Study results revealed that analyzed behaviors vary, depending on the moment of the game, being it more frequently during the development of the game than when losing or winning. (shrink)

Espero defender la tesis de que la lingüística contemporánea se ha ido consolidando como una ciencia estable. Para ello analizaré, en los conocidos términos de Hempel, casos concretos de explicaciones nomológico-deductivas y probabilístico-inductivas brindadas por la teo-ría generativa y por la teoría sistémico-funcional. Estas explicaciones so-bre hechos del lenguaje son muy superiores a las “no-científicas” : Se sostienen en leyes universales y probabilísticas, cumplen con los requi-sitos de contrastabilidad y pertinencia explicativa y, fundamentalmente, sirven para establecer o comprender las predicciones. (...) Finalmente, el problema de la incompatibilidad manifiesta entre los supuestos de una teoría “biologista” y los de una teoría “sociológica” , puede interpretarse en función de la vieja idea de que en la ciencia no hay experimentos cruciales.In this paper I shall argue that contemporary linguistics has developed as a stable science. I will use Hempel’s well known concep-tual apparatus in my analysis, and apply it to concrete examples of no-mologic-deductive and probabilistic-inductive explanations provided both by the generative and the systemic-functional theory. The expla-nations of concrete linguistic facts yielded by these theories are much better than “non-scientific” explanations : they are based on universal and probabilistic laws, they satisfy the requirements of contrastability and explicative relevance and, more importantly, they are useful in es-tablishing or understanding predictions. Finally, the manifest incom-patibility between the assumptions of a “biologist” theory and those of a “sociologic” theory can be analyzed in terms of the old idea that there are no crucial experiments in science. (shrink)

Tomando como guía la definición de lo trágico propuesta por Hölderlin, el ensayista portugués José Gil se propone mostrar en este artículo cómo el pensamiento poético de Fernando Pessoa se deslinda de una concepción trágica de la existencia, entendida ésta como escisión, conflicto insoluble, abismalidad de lo que no tiene fondo. Reivindica por el contrario un materialismo inmanente en Pessoa que tendría como condición la producción incesante de sensaciones, la invención de formas de existencia por la vía de la expresión (...) escrita, el poeta entendido como un viajero por las sensaciones, un inventor de líneas de fuga, un experimentador de realidades. (shrink)

We generalise the Blok–Jónsson account of structural consequence relations, later developed by Galatos, Tsinakis and other authors, in such a way as to naturally accommodate multiset consequence. While Blok and Jónsson admit, in place of sheer formulas, a wider range of syntactic units to be manipulated in deductions (including sequents or equations), these objects are invariablyaggregatedvia set-theoretical union. Our approach is more general in that nonidempotent forms of premiss and conclusion aggregation, including multiset sum and fuzzy set union, are considered. (...) In their abstract form, thus,deductive relationsare defined as additional compatible preorderings over certain partially ordered monoids. We investigate these relations using categorical methods and provide analogues of the main results obtained in the general theory of consequence relations. Then we focus on the driving example of multiset deductive relations, providing variations of the methods of matrix semantics and Hilbert systems in Abstract Algebraic Logic. (shrink)

Quizá uno de los problemas más importantes y complejos del siglo XXI, después del muy urgente problema de evitar una guerra atómica, es la tarea de encontrar los caminos para organizar una sociedad que concilie la libertad cultural e individual con el desarrollo de una organización eficiente del estado y la economía. Por medio de un currículum común, la educación puede empezar a ayudarnos a resolver este problema urgente. El desarrollo curricular se erige sobre relaciones tensas, por ejemplo la tensión (...) entre la lengua estándar y las variedades regionales o sociales, o la tensión entre las demandas laborales y la vocación. Sin embargo, esas relaciones tensas no son inconciliables. Por el contrario, involucran una tensión virtuosa entre igualdad y libertad, los dos grandes valores que deben preservarse y fortalecerse para alcanzar la felicidad. (shrink)

A world without individual entities? An advice to not to extract immediate ontological consequences from quantum theory. Should we assume a world without individual entities? I pledge not to extract immediate ontological consequences from quantum theory. My intention is to focus on the complexity of ontological concepts commonly associated with quantum theory. Using as an example the compatibility of EPR correlations with the existence of individual entities, it is shown that an absolute rejection of an ontological category, based on some (...) aspects of the formalism of quantum theory, does not seem reasonable. A consequence of this argument is that the common sense view – the world is composed of individual entities – can be maintained, despite of the particularities of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

La teoría generativa y la teoría sistémico-funcional pueden concebirse como teorías científicas: Han confirmado hipótesis, proveen explicaciones y, a partir de estas últimas, efectúan predicciones. Sin embargo, ambas teorías manejan supuestos incompatibles sobre el mismo objeto: el lenguaje. Después de analizar el problema de las confirmaciones y las explicaciones en lingüística, se intentará demostrar que esa incompatibilidad puede resolverse mediante un “principio de complementariedad”: El lenguaje es, al mismo tiempo, una “facultad de la mente” y un “producto de la cultura”, (...) aunque los dos aspectos no puedan captarse en el ámbito de una sola teoría.Palabras llave: Lingüística; incompatibilidad; mente; cultura; complementariedad.Generative and systemic-functional theories may be conceived as scientific theories: they have confirmed hypotheses, they provide explanations, and based on these explanations, they make predictions. Nevertheless, both theories use incompatible assumptions about the same object: language. After analyzing the problem of confirmations and explanations in linguistics, this incompatibility will be treated in terms of “a principle of complementarity”: Language is, simultaneously, a “faculty of the mind” and a “product of culture,” but both aspects cannot be captured by any single theory.Palabras llave: Linguistics; incompatibility; mind; culture; complementarity. (shrink)

A residuated lattice is said to be integrally closed if it satisfies the quasiequations \ and \, or equivalently, the equations \ and \. Every integral, cancellative, or divisible residuated lattice is integrally closed, and, conversely, every bounded integrally closed residuated lattice is integral. It is proved that the mapping \\backslash {\mathrm {e}}\) on any integrally closed residuated lattice is a homomorphism onto a lattice-ordered group. A Glivenko-style property is then established for varieties of integrally closed residuated lattices with respect (...) to varieties of lattice-ordered groups, showing in particular that integrally closed residuated lattices form the largest variety of residuated lattices admitting this property with respect to lattice-ordered groups. The Glivenko property is used to obtain a sequent calculus admitting cut-elimination for the variety of integrally closed residuated lattices and to establish the decidability, indeed PSPACE-completenes, of its equational theory. Finally, these results are related to previous work on BCI-algebras, semi-integral residuated pomonoids, and Casari’s comparative logic. (shrink)

En este artículo se tratará de justificar por qué la obra de Borges tiene un profundo valor filosófico. Para defender esta tesis se desarrollarán cuatro argumentos íntimamente conectados entre sí. En el primer inciso se ejemplificará cómo un poema y un cuento pueden interpretarse como textos argumentativos que despliegan tesis metafísicas y gnoseológicas. Luego, a partir de un contra-ejemplo de la cultura del fútbol, se tratará de mostrar que los enunciados de Borges se caracterizan por su “densidad conceptual”. En el (...) tercer inciso se recurre a la lingüística relacional (y en menor medida a la lingüística de corpus) para explicar cómo funciona una característica saliente del estilo de Borges: el adjetivo descolocado. Este análisis de base lingüística da pie a que también se explique con mayor hondura y precisión de qué se trata la densidad conceptual presentada en el apartado anterior. A continuación, en el cuarto apartado, se muestra cómo dos relatos policiales funcionan en un nivel que trasciende la complejidad narrativa, uno como una tesis cosmológica y el otro como una tesis política. Por último, se presentan conclusiones sobre los límites elusivos o difusos de la literatura y la filosofía. (shrink)

En la primera parte de este trabajo se busca explicar por qué tanto la figura personal de Jorge Luis Borges como su propia obra han generado alguna clase de recelo o “miedo”. Las prevenciones de orden político hacia su persona, por un lado, y las complejas relaciones entre la dificultad y disfrute que surgen en el tratamiento sus textos, por el otro, son dos dimensiones interconectadas que participan en la configuración de una representación cultural sobre Borges en su propio país, (...) Argentina. Como un método para vencer “el miedo a Borges”, en la segunda parte se muestra cómo muy diversas y heterogéneas producciones de la cultura popular pueden llegar a ser vías de acceso para empezar a tratar temas de su obra. En la tercera parte, que es el núcleo de este trabajo, se presenta el desarrollo una investigación que recurrió a un capítulo de la serie de dibujos animados “Los Simpson” como vía de acceso a un texto de Borges. Los resultados ofrecen evidencia empírica a favor de las dos hipótesis evaluadas. En primer lugar, una tarea preparatoria con una producción de la cultura popular parece favorecer la comprensión global. En segundo lugar, la lectura en voz alta y comentada parece favorecer no sólo la comprensión en general sino también el disfrute de los textos. (shrink)

Los juegos de palabras no buscados, los actos fallidos, los erroresconceptuales, evocan significados que son independientes de la intención del hablante. Pero las teorías filosóficas y lingüísticas dedicadasal estudio de la comunicación y los procesos cognitivos se dedican exclusiva ofundamentalmente al significado intencional. Espero mostrar aquí que la “falacia intencional” de Wimsatt y Beardsley , que establecía que la intención delautor no determina la interpretación, es una buena base para empezar a sugerir que los significados no intencionales también son importantes (...) en la interpretación de toda clase de enunciados. La teoría de redes relacionales es un enfoque neurocognitivo del lenguaje que puede tratar los significados no intencionales de un modo comparable al sugerido por autores representativos del New Criticism, sin descuidar por ello la importancia del significado intencional. (shrink)

Se hace una reseña del libro de Iván Almeida: La ilustre incertidumbre. Ensayos sobre Borges y la filosofía. Pittsburgh: Centro Borges-Universidad de Pittsburgh, 341 páginas.