Bentham and J. S. Mill can be regarded as utilitarian tax-reformers distinguished from political economists who were simply averse to taxation. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the difference between Bentham's and Mill's tax reform programmes. Bentham proposed the law of escheat and a tax on bankers' and stock dealers' profits, subject to the principle of least sacrifice of enjoyment. He also planned to correct the inequality of the land tax by extending it into a general income tax. (...) Mill proposed an income tax on the basis of the principle of equal sacrifice of enjoyment. He also proposed a progressive inheritance tax and a variable land tax, regarding unearned income as a fit subject for a special tax. Consequently, Mill used Bentham's ideas and tools to take a step towards a more egalitarian programme. (shrink)

The role of ethics in business -- Business in society : beyond the market and laws? -- Cultural diversity and international standards for business -- Ethics, at the core of the human action -- Individual responsibility and moral judgments in business -- Frequent ethical issues in business -- The purpose of the firm and mision-driven management -- Use and misuse of power -- Human virtues in leadership of organizations -- Ethics in organizational cultures and structures.

A significant voice in encouraging the theoretical development and practical implementation of humanistic management is Pope Benedict XVI. In his Encyclical Letter Caritas in Veritate, published in 2009, he proposed a new humanistic synthesis to realign the economy with its social purpose. The aim of this book is to interpret, comment, and develop aspects of this Encyclical Letter which are significant for economic and business activity and contribute to humanistic management. The authors, specialists in their different fields, provide an interdisciplinary (...) dialogue between their repsective areas and the Encyclical. The first, theoretical, part of the book focuses on the relationship between ethics and economics to advance toward a holistic view of business and managerial activity. The second part is oriented more toward the practical and managerial aspects, and discusses how the Encyclical can contribute to more humanistic ways of management. (shrink)

Human Foundations of Management explores the human foundation of management and economic activity in a way that is accessible to readers. The structure and contents of this book examines those aspects of the human being which are relevant to management and economic activities.

No hay nada más evocador que un cuerpo filmado: los rasgos y la piel, pero también los gestos y movimientos. Y es uno de los privilegios del cine poder llevar a cabo esa misión como ningún otro arte pudo hacerlo antes. Porque a través de las películas vemos la labor del tiempo, su transcurso, su implacable trabajo de demolición. El cine contemporáneo se nos aparece ahora como el laboratorio ideal para la investigación sobre el cuerpo, sobre los contactos que establece (...) con otros cuerpos, sobre sus enfrentamientos, sobre su soledad y su decadencia. Pero también sobre su situación en los nuevos paisajes postindustriales, sobre su relación con la tecnología, sobre las fusiones que se ve obligado a realizar para sobrevivir. No estamos hablando solamente, pues, de relaciones humanas, o de desplazamientos en el espacio, o de las distintas maneras de sonreír y de mover las manos. También hablamos de las nuevas carnes metálicas, de otros cuerpos que hasta ahora nos eran desconocidos, por distancia geográfica o limitaciones de la imaginación. (shrink)

Newton’s equations of motion tell us that a mass at rest at the apex of a dome with the shape specified here can spontaneously move. It has been suggested that this indeterminism should be discounted since it draws on an incomplete rendering of Newtonian physics, or it is “unphysical,” or it employs illicit idealizations. I analyze and reject each of these reasons. †To contact the author, please write to: Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, (...) PA 15260; e‐mail: [email protected]. (shrink)

This paper examines the theoretical and practical aspects of geodesic dome architecture in North America as part of an aesthetic of virtualization. Geodesic domes can be conceived of as virtual environments designed as alternatives to the contemporary world and its internal crises. They were originally a tool of the American counterculture of the 1960s to search for futuristic housing solutions which responded to ecological concerns. The contribution traces some of the most important phases of dome architecture, which crossed (...) paths with the emerging technoculture linked to the rise of virtual reality. Indeed, the idea of the dome as a means of imagining new virtual environments, as was the case of Biosphere 2, intersects with the career of VR pioneer Jaron Lanier. Today, virtual reality technologies have merged geodesic architecture with visualization devices, as happens in the case of “virtual domes”, offering a unique way to experience virtual reality and connect with others in a shared environment. (shrink)

The recent discovery of an indeterministic system in classical mechanics, the Norton dome, has shown that answering the question whether classical mechanics is deterministic can be a complicated matter. In this paper I show that indeterministic systems similar to the Norton dome were already known in the nineteenth century: I discuss four nineteenth century authors who wrote about such systems, namely Poisson, Duhamel, Boussinesq and Bertrand. However, I argue that their discussion of such systems was very different from (...) the contemporary discussion about the Norton dome, because physicists in the nineteenth century conceived of determinism in essentially different ways: whereas in the contemporary literature on determinism in classical physics, determinism is usually taken to be a property of the equations of physics, in the nineteenth century determinism was primarily taken to be a presupposition of theories in physics, and as such it was not necessarily affected by the possible existence of systems such as the Norton dome. (shrink)

John Norton has proposed a position of “material induction” that denies the existence of a universal inductive inference schema behind scientific reasoning. In this vein, Norton has recently presented a “dome scenario” based on Newtonian physics that, in his understanding, is at variance with Bayesianism. The present note points out that a closer analysis of the dome scenario reveals incompatibilities with material inductivism itself.

According to John D. Norton's Material Theory of Induction, all inductive inferences are justified by local facts, rather than their formal features or some grand principles of nature's uniformity. Recently, Richard Dawid (Found Phys 45(9):1101–1109, 2015) has offered a challenge to this theory: in an adaptation of Norton's own celebrated "Dome" thought experiment, it seems that there are certain inductions that are intuitively reasonable, but which do not have any local facts that could serve to justify them in accordance (...) with Norton's requirements. Dawid's suggestion is that “raw induction” might have a limited but important role for such inferences. I argue that the Material Theory can accommodate such inductions, because there are local facts concerning the combinatoric features of the induction’s target populations that can licence the inferences in an analogous way to existing examples of material induction. Since my arguments are largely independent of the details of the Dome, Norton's theory emerges as surprisingly robust against criticisms of excessive narrowness. (shrink)

Norton’s very simple case of indeterminism in classical mechanics has given rise to a literature critical of his result. I am interested here in posing a new objection different from the ones made to date. The first section of the paper expounds the essence of Norton’s model and my criticism of it. I then propose a specific modification in the absence of gravitational interaction. The final section takes into consideration a surprising consequence for classical mechanics from the new model introduced (...) here. (shrink)

This essay examines a special program developed by the international Canadian mining firm, Placer Dome, to help recently laid-off workers find remunerative work in southern Africa. Shortly after it bought a 50% interest in the Deep South gold mine in South Africa, the mine laid off nearly 2600 workers. The firm gave redundant miners token serverance pay and offered them opportunity to participate in training and counseling services at the mine site. Overwhelmingly, the miners came from homes all over (...) southern Africa at great distance from the mine to which homes they chose to return. In addition, many had become ill from the HIV virus. Placer Dome soon realized that something more was required, given the very high rates of unemployment in the region. After securing grants from USAID and CIDA, and working with NGOs representing both the unions and mining companies in South Africa, the firm developed Project CARE. The project contacted workers where they lived and offered them or another proxy member of their households a variety of training, coaching, and consultative services. Within 2 years 65% of those contacted had either found new employment or started their own business. The project helped those households with HIV-affected ex-miners care for their affected family members. While describing the case, the essay raises more general ethical questions about the responsibilities of mining firms in particular for their redundant workers. (shrink)

The 360° medium, an immersive dome-based video projection environment (immersive dome environment (IDE)) also called ‘fulldome’, is often seen as an old concept of a traditional planetarium setting. This article invites the reader to look at it as a unique, hybrid media format, which opens new ways of perception.

This essay examines a special program developed by the international Canadian mining firm, Placer Dome, to help recently laid-off workers find remunerative work in southern Africa. Shortly after it bought a 50% interest in the Deep South gold mine in South Africa, the mine laid off nearly 2600 workers. The firm gave redundant miners token serverance pay and offered them opportunity to participate in training and counseling services at the mine site. Overwhelmingly, the miners came from homes all over (...) southern Africa at great distance from the mine to which homes they chose to return. In addition, many had become ill from the HIV virus. Placer Dome soon realized that something more was required, given the very high rates of unemployment in the region. After securing grants from USAID and CIDA, and working with NGOs representing both the unions and mining companies in South Africa, the firm developed Project CARE. The project contacted workers where they lived and offered them or another proxy member of their households a variety of training, coaching, and consultative services. Within 2 years 65% of those contacted had either found new employment or started their own business. The project helped those households with HIV-affected ex-miners care for their affected family members. While describing the case, the essay raises more general ethical questions about the responsibilities of mining firms in particular for their redundant workers. (shrink)

If the force on a particle fails to satisfy a Lipschitz condition at a point, it relaxes one of the conditions necessary for a locally unique solution to the particle’s equation of motion. I examine the most discussed example of this failure of determinism in classical mechanics—that of Norton’s dome—and the range of current objections against it. Finding there are many different conceptions of classical mechanics appropriate and useful for different purposes, I argue that no single conception is preferred. (...) Instead of arguing for or against determinism, I stress the wide variety of pragmatic considerations that, in a specific context, may lead one usefully and legitimately to adopt one conception over another in which determinism may or may not hold. (shrink)

_Lux: A Decade of Artists' Film and Video_ Edited by Steve Reinke and Tom Taylor Toronto: YYZ Books, 2000 ISBN 0-920397-26-3 373 pp.

In this note, I apply Norton’s (Philos Sci 79(2):207–232, 2012) distinction between idealizations and approximations to argue that the epistemic and inferential advantages often taken to accrue to minimal models (Batterman in Br J Philos Sci 53:21–38, 2002) could apply equally to approximations, including “infinite” ones for which there is no consistent model. This shows that the strategy of capturing essential features through minimality extends beyond models, even though the techniques for justifying this extended strategy remain similar. As an application (...) I consider the justification and advantages of the approximation of a inertial reference frame in Norton’s dome scenario (Philos Sci 75(5):786–798, 2008), thereby answering a question raised by Laraudogoitia (Synthese 190(14):2925–2941, 2013). (shrink)

Heinrich Heine had not only many places of residence during his years in Germany, but he also made numerous journeys throughout Europe. Thus, during his time in France, he got to know the country substantially better and furthermore he would have liked to undertake a detour to Spain. Since his student days, Spain was for him as a German Jew the epitome of a Jewish- Christian-Islamic symbiosis despite many differences and difficulties. He slipped into the role of the Moors to (...) express his own outsider role within the German Christian majority society. Heine admired the great Jewish achievements and remained critical of Christian claims, although he had become a Protestant after being baptized at the end of his law studies. His tragedy Almansor, poems from the Buch der Lieder, texts in prose and epic poems from the Parisian years as well as in his literary bequest and above all the last collection of poems called Romanzero with their moving “Spanish” texts, namely the stories about Jews, Christians and Muslims, are the most important poetic evidences of religious coexistence and its problems. (shrink)

The purpose of the study is to reveal the influence of articles about the spontaneous renewal of icons and church domes on the formation of the concept of a miracle among the population of Ukraine on the basis of publications in the Ukrainian press of the early 20s of the XX century. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a layer of poorly accessible newspaper publications was analyzed, on the basis of which (...) it was established what information background was formed around rumors about miracles that occurred in 1920-1925, and how it could influence the emergence of the corresponding narratives. As a result, it was revealed that stories about miracles in Ukraine during this period were characteristic of both rural and urban environments, and affected almost all layers of society, including the emergence of a stratum of the population that ironically laughed at miracles. It is shown that miracles very quickly entered into everyday reality, and they ceased to see supernatural features. Concrete examples demonstrate that miracles in this period increasingly began to be left to the mercy of science and technology. (shrink)

In 1962, Donald Caspar and Aaron Klug published their classic theory of virus structure. They developed their theory with an explicit analogy between spherical viruses and Buckminster Fuller's geodesic domes. In this paper, I use the spherical virus-geodesic dome case to develop an account of analogy and deductive analogical inference based on the notion of an isomorphism. I also consider under what conditions there is a good reason to claim an experimentally untested analogy is plausible.

: The article investigates the earliest appearance of a group of words which are identified in the literature as the shahāda but are rarely defined on the assumption that everyone knows what the shahāda is. The basic argument is that there was more than one version of the shahāda circulating in the Islamic world at the beginning of the eighth decade A.H./690s C.E. and that scholars need to define which version they mean when using the term “shahāda” for this early (...) period. Evidence for the argument includes data from stelae from Aswan to the Fatimid era, the Dome of the Rock and early Muslim coinage. (shrink)

Cultures from around the world have long turned to the dome of the heavens to better understand the cosmos. This perceived curvature has manifested architecturally throughout the world, and domes have been used to enclose the most sacred environments of many cultures. In the 20th century, it became possible for the first time to radially extend mental images onto the dome screen using projections of light. The ability to completely immerse the visual field of audiences in a mediated (...) environment, made possible by advancements in engineering, mechanics, and electronics, was seized upon by numerous pioneers across a wide range of contexts. Like their historic predecessors, these modern multi-sensory sanctuaries continued to reflect the cosmologies and motivations of their creators, subtly affecting the evolutionary trajectory of the cultures from which they emerged. This paper is an attempt to shed light on the largely forgotten history, context, and motivations behind these early dome theaters. (shrink)

The One remains, the many change and pass;Heaven's light forever shines, Earth's shadows fly;Life, like a dome of many-coloured glass,Stains the white radiance of Eternity,Until Death tramples it to fragments.At its widest, ‘pluralism’ signifies simply the variety of life, the teeming multitude of forms and entities, the many different properties that living beings manifest. Life is not everywhere the same but impressively differentiated, and without it eternity would be all of a piece, uniform. That is enough for life to (...) stain the white radiance of eternity. But within the multiplicity of specifically human life there are not merely differences. There are tensions, oppositions, conflicts. In contemporary philosophical debate ‘pluralism’ then comes to signify one problematic aspect of this. Groups of people have perhaps always subscribed to very different values, and in consequence favoured very different forms of behaviour from one another, at least on a global scale. But the groups are no longer geographically separated: we live in distinct but overlapping cultures, and get in one another's way to a far greater extent than previously. Shelley's ordered image of the dome may then seem inappropriate, and it may seem unnecessary for death to trample it to fragments. Life is already fragmented, and the practical problem facing us as living creatures is to go beyond the fragments, to achieve at least a modus vivendi in the light of all our differences and incompatibilities even if not the orderliness and cohesion of a dome. Somehow, we have to live together. That is a practical problem which confronts us at every level, as members of families, neighbourhoods, departments, countries and increasingly simply as members of a world-wide human race. (shrink)