This brief overview argues that the evidence of the images themselves, as well as their contexts, suggests that some Franco‐Cantabrian Upper Paleolithic cave art was, at least in part, intimately associated with various shamanic practices. Universal features of altered states of consciousness and the deep caves combined to create notions of a subterranean spirit‐world that became, amongst other ritual areas, the location of vision quests.

Bathos - remarque -- Pt. 1. Le champ de bataille -- Pt. 2. Kant et ses juges -- Pt. 3. Traité de bathologie.

_Being and Nothingness_ is without doubt one of the most significant books of the twentieth century. The central work by one of the world's most influential thinkers, it altered the course of western philosophy. Its revolutionary approach challenged all previous assumptions about the individual's relationship with the world. Known as 'the Bible of existentialism', its impact on culture and literature was immediate and was felt worldwide, from the absurd drama of Samuel Beckett to the soul-searching cries of the Beat poets. (...) _Being and Nothingness_ is one of those rare books whose influence has affected the mind-set of subsequent generations. Sixty years after its first publication, its message remains as potent as ever - challenging the reader to confront the fundamental dilemmas of human freedom, responsibility and action. (shrink)

This major study of Hobbes' political philosophy draws on recent developments in game and decision theory to explore whether the thrust of the argument in Leviathan, that it is in the interests of the people to create a ruler with absolute power, can be shown to be cogent. Professor Hampton has written a book of vital importance to political philosophers, political and social scientists, and intellectual historians.

It was to correct common misconceptions about his thought that Jean-Paul Sartre, the most dominent European intellectual of the post-World War II decades, accepted an invitation to speak on October 29, 1945, at the Club Maintenant in Paris. The unstated objective of his lecture (“Existentialism Is a Humanism”) was to expound his philosophy as a form of “existentialism,” a term much bandied about at the time. Sartre asserted that existentialism was essentially a doctrine for philosophers, though, ironically, he was (...) about to make it accessible to a general audience. The published text of his lecture quickly became one of the bibles of existentialism and made Sartre an international celebrity. The idea of freedom occupies the center of Sartre’s doctrine. Man, born into an empty, godless universe, is nothing to begin with. He creates his essence—his self, his being—through the choices he freely makes (“existence precedes essence”). Were it not for the contingency of his death, he would never end. Choosing to be this or that is to affirm the value of what we choose. In choosing, therefore, we commit not only ourselves but all of mankind. This book presents a new English translation of Sartre’s 1945 lecture and his analysis of Camus’s _The Stranger_, along with a discussion of these works by acclaimed Sartre biographer Annie Cohen-Solal. This edition is a translation of the 1996 French edition, which includes Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre’s introduction and a Q&A with Sartre about his lecture. (shrink)

It was to correct common misconceptions about his thought that Jean-Paul Sartre, the most dominent European intellectual of the post-World War II decades, accepted an invitation to speak on October 29, 1945, at the Club Maintenant in Paris. The unstated objective of his lecture was to expound his philosophy as a form of “existentialism,” a term much bandied about at the time. Sartre asserted that existentialism was essentially a doctrine for philosophers, though, ironically, he was about to make it (...) accessible to a general audience. The published text of his lecture quickly became one of the bibles of existentialism and made Sartre an international celebrity. The idea of freedom occupies the center of Sartre’s doctrine. Man, born into an empty, godless universe, is nothing to begin with. He creates his essence—his self, his being—through the choices he freely makes. Were it not for the contingency of his death, he would never end. Choosing to be this or that is to affirm the value of what we choose. In choosing, therefore, we commit not only ourselves but all of mankind. This book presents a new English translation of Sartre’s 1945 lecture and his analysis of Camus’s _The Stranger_, along with a discussion of these works by acclaimed Sartre biographer Annie Cohen-Solal. This edition is a translation of the 1996 French edition, which includes Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre’s introduction and a Q&A with Sartre about his lecture. (shrink)

This book engages with what are widely recognized as the two core dimensions of emotion. When we are afraid, glad or disappointed, we feel a certain way; moreover, our emotion is intentional or directed at something: we are afraid of something, glad or disappointed about something. Connecting with a vital strand of recent philosophical thinking, I conceive of these two aspects of emotion as unified. Examining different possible ways of developing the view that the feeling dimension of emotion is itself (...) intentional, I argue against the currently popular view that it is a form of perception-like receptivity to value. I instead propose that emotional feeling is a specific type of response to value, an affective ‘position-taking’. This alternative conceives of emotional feeling as intimately related to our cares and concerns. While situating itself within the analytic-philosophical debate on emotion, the discussion crucially draws on ideas from the early phenomenological tradition in an attempt to think past the theoretical strictures of many contemporary approaches to this subject. The result is a new view of emotional feeling as a thoroughly personal form of engagement with value. (shrink)

_The VaKE Handbook: Theory and Practice of Values and Knowledge Education_ presents a theoretical model and many examples in various fields of education and training for the realization of the principle "Values without knowledge are blind, while knowledge without values is irresponsible".

A cornerstone of Sartre’s philosophy, _The Imaginary_ was first published in 1940. Sartre had become acquainted with the philosophy of Edmund Husserl in Berlin and was fascinated by his idea of the 'intentionality of consciousness' as a key to the puzzle of existence. Against this background, _The Imaginary_ crystallized Sartre's worldview and artistic vision. The book is an extended examination of the concepts of nothingness and freedom, both of which are derived from the ability of consciousness to imagine objects both (...) as they are and as they are not – ideas that would drive Sartre's existentialism and entire theory of human freedom. (shrink)

In Darwinism's Struggle for Survival Jean Gayon offers a philosophical interpretation of the history of theoretical Darwinism. He begins by examining the different forms taken by the hypothesis of natural selection in the nineteenth century and the major difficulties which it encountered, particularly with regard to its compatibility with the theory of heredity. He then shows how these difficulties were overcome during the seventy years which followed the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species, and he concludes by analysing the (...) major features of the genetic theory of natural selection, as it developed from 1920 to 1960. This rich and wide-ranging study will appeal to philosophers and historians of science and to evolutionary biologists. (shrink)

A cornerstone of Sartre’s philosophy, _The Imaginary_ was first published in 1940. Sartre had become acquainted with the philosophy of Edmund Husserl in Berlin and was fascinated by his idea of the 'intentionality of consciousness' as a key to the puzzle of existence. Against this background, _The Imaginary_ crystallized Sartre's worldview and artistic vision. The book is an extended examination of the concepts of nothingness and freedom, both of which are derived from the ability of consciousness to imagine objects both (...) as they are and as they are not – ideas that would drive Sartre's existentialism and entire theory of human freedom. (shrink)

L’anthropologie ne cesse aujourd’hui de déconstruire les processus d’essentialisation de divers groupes sociaux dans une visée critique et politique. À la suite du tournant ontologique, certains travaux entendent désormais dépasser, dans une visée inclusive, les distinctions d’essences et les typologies d’espèces pour décrire le continuum des agency entre des existants que la modernité aurait séparés. Mais ces approches d’inspiration animiste, et que je nomme la nouvelle métaphysique en anthropologie, n’exploitent qu’une modalité possible de la relation homme-animal. À l’aune de certaines (...) pratiques Mursi, une population agro-pastorale du sud-ouest éthiopien, je présente donc une autre modalité de la relation homme-animal, agençant de manière originale les espèces humaines et bovines : bien que partageant une essence commune, il n’y a pas d’extension anthropomorphe de la subjectivité, et les bovins ne sont pas des sujets équivalents en morale ou en droit. (shrink)

Préface à l’édition des notes préparatoires de Michel Henry pour son dernier ouvrage Paroles du Christ.

La maturation temporelle se poursuit jusqu'au moment où l'esprit se dégage du corps vivant et du corps social, double matière à travers laquelle il a pris conscience de soi dans le cosmos. Alors, il laisse pour ainsi dire procéder hors de lui le corps vivant et le personnage, ces deux enveloppes sur lesquelles il avait pu marquer son caractère, mais qu'il n'était pas : c'est ce que nous nommons la mort. Ce passage à quelque autre mode d'existence, qui n'est pas (...) concevable pour nous, doit correspondre dans la conscience à un sentiment de présence absolue à soi-même. Lorsque dans le même moment l'être biologique et l'être social échappent à la personne spirituelle, celle-ci s'éternise. A l'inverse de ce qui se passait dans la contamination, le courant d'éternité qui était impuissant dans la vie temporelle doit absorber la succession. Enfin, la dissociation s'opère. C'est alors que le temps disparaît ou plutôt qu'il s'accomplit. (shrink)

Cet article, introductif à la publication de textes inédits de Michel Henry sur l’expérience d’autrui, souhaite présenter le « modèle » d’intersubjectivité proposé par ce dernier. L’objectif est d’en indiquer les grandes lignes, non seulement pour montrer que la philosophie henryenne du christianisme répond à certaines difficultés encore prégnantes dans ses écrits de jeunesse, mais aussi et surtout pour souligner combien, à cinquante années de distance, elle résonne avec eux, tant dans la manière dont s’y trouvait posé le problème d’autrui (...) que dans les solutions qui y étaient déjà préesquissées. Aussi leur publication permet-elle d’attester au moins une chose : la continuité, la profonde unité de l’œuvre de Michel Henry. (shrink)

Cet article introduit les notes préparatoires inédites de Michel Henry consacrées au phénomène érotique. Ces notes sont essentiellement relatives à la préparation des ouvrages « Philosophie et phénoménologie du corps » et « L’essence de la manifestation », mais également et plus tardivement de son livre « Incarnation ». Maine de Biran est au cœur de ce projet, mais Michel Henry lit et commente également ses contemporains, dont Sartre qui est sans doute celui qui reçoit le plus d’attention de sa (...) part. (shrink)

présentation de notes inédites de Michel Henry, préparatoires à son ouvrage « Incarnation ».

Cet article, introductif à la publication des notes préparatoires de Michel Henry sur la subjectivité utilisées pour son ouvrage L’essence de la manifestation, tente d’en dégager le sens et les enjeux, non seulement pour une lecture du texte publié dont elles constituent en quelque sorte la « matière première », mais aussi pour une compréhension de l’œuvre elle-même.

Paroles du Christ constitue le testament philosophique de Michel Henry. Non seulement parce qu’il s’agit de son dernier livre, mais aussi parce que quelque chose de nouveau et d’ancien affleure, comme une nouvelle perspective sur ce qu’il n’aura cessé d’appeler « la vie ». Après l’exploration systématique de la « vérité du christianisme » dans son opposition à la « vérité du monde », puis de la chair et de l’incarnation dans leur hétérogénéité à l’égard de l’objectivité du corps mondain, (...) Henry aurait ultimement tenté de rejouer la « duplicité de l’apparaître » du point de vue du langage, dans la distinction clairement assumée de la parole de la vie et de la parole du monde. Or il n’en est rien : non seulement parce que cette duplicité du langage traverse tous les textes consacrés par Henry au christianisme et n’a rien d’une problématique « régionale », mais aussi parce que, loin d’en être le point d’arrivée, il constitue sans doute son véritable point de départ. (shrink)

C’est sans doute en estimant que « l’histoire de l’existence du Christ a un sens phénoménologique fondamental » que Michel Henry cautionne son projet de travail sur le christianisme. Cette dimension de son œuvre constitue sans doute une crux interpretandi pour les spécialistes et l’on sait combien elle peut les gêner. De fait, les interrogations sont nombreuses : quand Henry parle du christianisme, est-il resté phénoménologue, s’agit-il même tout simplement encore d’une philosophie et, corollairement, est-il justifiable au gré des œuvres (...) de la Raison de penser de la sorte les rapports historiques complexes entre ce que nous disons être le philosophique et le théologique? Ce sont ces questions qu’il faut au moins poser sereinement dans le cadre de ce travail d’édition des notes préparatoires que nous proposons ici et où il est évident que s’y cherche un support de réflexion sur cet « autre » du langage dont Henry cherche ultimement à comprendre la provenance. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:BOOK REVIEWS 349 Pagan Virtue: An Essay in Ethics. By JOHN CASEY. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. Pp. ix + 226. By this philosophical study of the four cardinal virtues, John Casey joins the ever.expanding ranks of those moral theorists who have con· trihuted to the contemporary theory of the virtues. But Casey's hook is set apart from the others both by the exceptionally high quality of his analysis and (...) even more by his thesis that traditional thinking on the virtues is in tension, at least, with fundamental Christian assumptions about the nature of the moral life. For both these reasons, his hook deserves serious attention, especially by those scholars who argue for a special congruity between virtue theory and Christian ethics. Although the title might suggest otherwise, this hook is not primarily a historical study. Rather, Casey uses the traditional schema of the four cardinal virtues (courage, temperance, practical wisdom or prudence, and justice) as the basis for philosophical analysis, which is intended as "a modest rediscovery and (hence) criticism of a tradition which we inherit" (p. viii). Along the way, he draws on a diverse selection of writers, among whom Aquinas as well as Aristotle are prominent. His thesis is that the tradition of the virtues is "worldly," that is, in significant tension with our dominant Christian and Kantian assumptions about morality, in two ways: "[the virtues] include an element of self-regard, and... they rely upon material conditions for their fulfillment" (p. viii). And yet the tradition of the virtues is not simply at odds with our received assumptions about morality. As Casey argues in his brilliant first chapter, "Persons," the Kantian commitment to respect for persons implies that the adventitious qualities that distinguish individuals are far more significant morally than Kant could allow. In the first place, the human qualities that do in fact command our respect include such capacities as intelligence, wit, and even strength. While we may want to distinguish in theory between respect for these sorts of qualities and a purely moral respect for a good will, Casey argues that this sort of distinction is artificial and untrue to our actual judgments. Hence, he concludes, " If there is no adamantine distinction between what characterizes someone purely as a person, and all other advantages and attractive qualities a human being may have, then the way is clearly open for a 'worldly' scheme of values" (p. 9). Secondly, he argues that respect for persons necessarily presupposes some capacities for empathy and emotional response that on Kant's theory must he wholly irrelevant to the moral life (pp. 9-28). Correlatively, he claims that the individual's sense of oneself and 350 BOOK REVIEWS others is mediated through an awareness of one's body and its relation to others' bodies in a way that a Kantian theory cannot readily allow: "We can, then, move naturally from the idea of persons as self-conscious, rational beings, to them as beings with certain emotions and attitudes, and with a certain apprehension of themselves and others mediated through their sense of their own and others' bodies " {p. 43). Finally, he argues that these interlocking human qualities and capacities necessarily entail not only a willingness to acknowledge the claims of others but also a readiness to make certain claims upon others, to set a value on oneself, that is at least in tension with the Christian ideal of self-abnegation (pp. 44-50). I have dwelt at some length on the first chapter of Casey's book because it sets out the main lines of analysis for the subsequent chapters. In the course of developing his main thesis, he offers a number of fascinating analyses of particular questions, including a defense of the unity of the virtues (pp. 67-78), a discussion of the ways in which a virtue can he a bodily quality (pp. 105-113), and an argument that practical wisdom, and therefore moral goodness, may depend in part on the possession of a more than average level of intelligence (pp. 144147 ). At times, the very richness of his analyses can make it difficult to perceive the threads of a coherent argument. But he consistently returns to his... (shrink)