伊瑞葛來，在西蒙波娃之後，法國最具代表性的女性主義哲學家。 本書以性別差異為核心，完整呈現其思想菁華―― 平等，不是泯除差異，而是要尊重差異，包容異於己的他者。 伊瑞葛來是繼西蒙．德．波娃之後，法國最具代表性、原創性，以及「挑逗性」的女性主義哲學家，同時也是主導當今思潮的重要人物。雖然她之前被歸類為本質主義者，因而削減了其影響力，但隨著我們對她的思想有更全面的 認識，如今終於有了更公允的評價。 本書以性別差異為核心，討論伊瑞葛來由此主要議題衍生至不同文化面向──哲學論述、語言、神聖、面對他者──的相關看法。從《另一個女人的內視鏡》開始，伊瑞葛來便致力於暴露西方哲學傳統將女性化約為男性的鏡中倒 影，導致整個西方文化落入僵局的不當認知。為了喚起人們對性別差異的重視，她強調男與女是兩個不同主體，目前的首要之務，在於確立女性的主體性，進而發展、實踐承認性別差異的倫理，以使文化開展出更豐饒多元的新局 ，帶來「救贖」。 透過種種論述，伊瑞葛來為當今學術界樹立了面對「他者」的典範。當我們不再預設立場，願意對「他者」有更深入的認識時，將有助於消弭許多誤會，化解彼此之間的心結。.

In China, twenty years of reform, which started precisely with the repudiation of egalitarianism and the encouragement to "get rich first," has led to a serious interrogation of the ethics of wealth creation and accumulation. The issue of equity has become a subject of intense intellectual contestation in China, particularly in the recent debates between the liberals and the New Left.1 For a society with a time-honored tradition of putting emphasis on collective values, there is every reason for all parties (...) in the dispute to claim concern for equity and selfless motivation in probing the question of social justice, although they are deeply divided in their assessment of the extent of inequalities in China today, especially in comparison to the Mao era; in their opinions about the origin of the current inequalities; and in their attitudes toward and remedies for them. This paper is an attempt to explore the complexity of contention between the Left and the liberals, as well as the prospects for a third way for China. (shrink)

本书不仅从证据学意义上探讨了“视听资料的概念”、“视听资料的收集”、“视听资料的审查判断”、“视听资料的运用”等程序性内容,而且从实际性出行,对视听资料的几种主要表现形式,如录音资料、录像证据、计算机 证据、电子数据资料分别作了深入的论述。.

本书介绍了证据法学的基本知识、基本理论,并以科学性、准确性为原则来解决实务问题。.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Journal of the History of Ideas 63.1 (2002) 1-17 [Access article in PDF] What if the Father Commits a Crime? Rui Zhu Apparently, Socrates and Confucius respond similarly to the question if a son should turn in his father in the case of the father's misdemeanor. When Euthyphro, flaring his pride of his moral impartiality, tells Socrates that he is on his way to report his father because he (...) has thrown one of the household slaves into a ditch and left him bound there until he was dead, Socrates says, "Good Heaven! Certainly, Euthyphro, most men would not know how they could do this and be right. It is not the part of anyone to do this, but of one who is far advanced in wisdom." 1According to Socrates, only a man of high wisdom knows how to prosecute his father righteously, but Euthyphro does not appear to have this wisdom. When his interlocutor observes that an upright man in his state would bear witness against his father if he misappropriates a sheep, Confucius contradicts the interlocutor's understanding of uprightness by speaking in a matter-of-fact tone: "In my country the upright men are of quite another sort. A father will cover up for his son, and a son his father—which incidentally does involve a sort of up—rightness." 2Confucius stands on the same line with Socrates but seems the more radical of the two. Socrates does not directly refute Euthyphro and only suggests that he make sure he understands what he is doing before going any further. Socrates is not only typically Socratic—indirect and suggestive—but also sounds so reasonable that Euthyphro appears in contrast to be a reckless youth who harbors [End Page 1] only a faint understanding of morality. Confucius's response is more rigid, for he categorically dismisses an act of the Euthyphroian kind. He demands that father and son cover up for each other in the case of either one's guilt. Compared to Socrates, Confucius advocates the position that seems a little too strong and leaves no room for justice, while Socrates does not have that problem with justice. This is how we feel about Socrates and Confucius on our first impression. The prima facie observations that we make from the remarks of Socrates and Confucius seem both plain and unproblematic.By embedding these remarks into their respective social or philosophical cultures, this paper will show that our previous observations are not quite accurate. The apparent affinity of the Socratic and Confucian stances belies different underlying moral philosophies. We want to use their comments as bridges to explore the early Greek and Confucian ethics and show how different a picture we see after things are examined within their traditions.The issue of a possible father-son conflict may be treated as a case study of the early Greek (the Heroic era until the age of Socrates) and early Confucian (Confucius and Mencius) morals. There is a strong theme in the early Greek morals that allows, or sometimes demands, a son such as Euthyphro to prosecute his father for the sake of justice, because justice, instead of love (philein) or filial piety, is the governing principle in the early Greek ethics. Confucian ethics is founded on love (human-heartedness), which in turn is extended from the love between father and son. All moral principles including justice are derived from this extension of love. The mutual love of father and son then becomes the governing principle in the case of Confucianism. A Guilty Father: The Greek Motif The question, "What if the father commits a crime?" has a certain realistic aroma to a boy coming of age in the Hesiodic Greek world. That father has to be overcome by son before some relief from strife becomes possible is a familiar theme in Greek literature. In Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus (the sky) incurs hatred from all his newborn children since he hides them in their mother Gaia's womb and does not let them return to the light, for no reason... (shrink)

本书精选发生在部队的100个真实事例,对每个事例作了精当的评析,分析了事例本身的前因后果,揭示了事例蕴含的理论原理,提示了在部队实践中解决此类问题的思路和方法。.

本书内容包括中国传统伦理思想的诞生、春秋战国时期的伦理思想、两汉时期的伦理思想、魏晋时期的伦理思想、南北朝隋唐时期的伦理思想、宋至明中叶时期的伦理思想、明末清初的伦理思想、中国传统伦理思想的近代变革等 八章。.

As one of the three systems of China's traditional culture, Daoism has an important place in the history of Chinese philosophy. Based on the ideas of inaction performing all, the Way modeling spontaneity, and the dialectic of you [having, being] and wu [lacking, nonbeing], this article is a systematic exploration of Laozi's philosophy of denial, spontaneity, and atheism, as well as of the deep and lasting influence of his metaphysical principles on all schools of traditional Chinese philosophy.

本书作者通过“意思表示解释理论”的研究,试图表达于前人开辟的精神科学路径中寻找私法自治的哲学基础,以及构建融贯自治理念的私法理论的学术旨趣。.

It has been contended that ostracism is prevalent in the workplace, and there has been increasing research interest in its potential effects. This paper extends the theoretical framework of workplace ostracism by linking it with affective commitment and intention to leave from the perspective of job embeddedness. Using time-lagged data from China, we apply job embeddedness theory to confirm that workplace ostracism decreases the cultivation of job embeddedness, which in turn undermines affective commitment and induces intention to leave. We also (...) find that intrinsic work motivation strengthens the detrimental effects of workplace ostracism on job embeddedness such that the negative relationship is stronger when intrinsic motivation is high rather than low. We further discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings and offer future research directions. (shrink)

In nontheistic moral traditions, there is a typical ethical conundrum concerning the relation between cosmic order and human agency. Within those traditions, it is generally recognized that the universe has its own order and history that are independent of human will. A moral discourse has to find space to accommodate human agency in the midst of the iron grid of cosmic law. Both Confucius and Aurelius use the concept of timeliness (kairos) to resolve the difficult issue. But their philosophies take (...) on divergent paths. By studying their resolutions of the issue, we will be able to appreciate the distinctive nature of their nontheistic moral narratives. (shrink)

本书是用马克思列宁主义观点研究日本哲学的典范。内容包括:日本朱子学之传播;日本朱子学派之哲学两部分。.

本书包括四篇内容:第一篇总论;第二篇北宋的理学;第三篇南宋、元代的理学;第四篇明代的理学。.

When participants observed a rubber hand being touched, their sense of touch was activated . While this illusion might be caused by multi-modal integration, it may also be related to empathic function, which enables us to simulate the observed information. We examined individual differences in the RHI, including empathic and schizotypal personality traits, as previous research had suggested that schizophrenic patients would be more subject to the RHI. The results indicated that people who experience a stronger RHI might have stronger (...) empathic and schizotypal personalites simultaneously. We discussed these relationships in terms of self-other representations. (shrink)

Engineering programs in the United States have been experimenting with diverse pedagogical approaches to educate future professional engineers. However, a crucial dimension of ethics education that focuses on the values, personal commitments, and meaning of engineers has been missing in many of these pedagogical approaches. We argue that a value-based approach to professional ethics education is critically needed in engineering education, because such an approach is indispensable for cultivating self-reflective and socially engaged engineers. This paper starts by briefly comparing two (...) prevalent approaches to ethics education in science and engineering: professional and philosophical. While we acknowledge that both approaches help meet certain ethics education objectives, we also argue that neither of these is sufficient to personally engage students in authentic moral learning. We make the case that it is important to connect ethics education to the heart, which is extensively driven by values, and present a value-based approach to professional ethics education. We provide some classroom practices that cultivate a safe, diverse, and engaging learning environment. Finally, we discuss the implications of a value-based approach to professional ethics education for curriculum design and pedagogical practice, including opportunities and challenges for engineering faculty eager to incorporate value-based inquiry into their classrooms. (shrink)

The fault prediction and abductive fault diagnosis of three-phase induction motors are of great importance for improving their working safety, reliability, and economy; however, it is difficult to succeed in solving these issues. This paper proposes a fault analysis method of motors based on modified fuzzy reasoning spiking neural P systems with real numbers for fault prediction and abductive fault diagnosis. To achieve this goal, fault fuzzy production rules of three-phase induction motors are first proposed. Then, the rMFRSNPS is presented (...) to model the rules, which provides an intuitive way for modelling the motors. Moreover, to realize the parallel data computing and information reasoning in the fault prediction and diagnosis process, three reasoning algorithms for the rMFRSNPS are proposed: the pulse value reasoning algorithm, the forward fault prediction reasoning algorithm, and the backward abductive fault diagnosis reasoning algorithm. Finally, some case studies are given, in order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. (shrink)

Human aesthetic practices show a sensitivity to the ways that the appearance of an artefact manifests skills and other qualities of the maker. We investigate a possible origin for this kind of sensibility, locating it in the need for co-ordination of skill-transmission in the Acheulean stone tool culture. We argue that our narrative supports the idea that Acheulian agents were aesthetic agents. In line with this we offer what may seem an absurd comparison: between the Acheulian and the Quattrocento. In (...) making it we display some hidden richness in what counts as an aesthetic response to an artefact. We conclude with a brief review of rival explanations—biological and/or cultural—of how this skills-based sensibility became a regular feature of human aesthetic practices. (shrink)

The ultimate aim of artistic exploration is to explore the claim that objects are different from experience and beauty is just a by-product of the exploration. In other words, the truth in the eyes of each person may quite literarly not be the same. A typical example is that some art archaeologists attribute the artistic achievements of Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cezanne to their eye diseases.1 Saying this, however, is somewhat unreliable—just like we could not arbitrarily say that the (...) world in the eyes of animals, who have a completely different physciological and optic nerve structure, is quite diferent from that of humans. This indicates that differences in the visual apparatus influence the viewing body’s .. (shrink)

Previous studies have explored children’s intergroup resource allocation in the context of preexisting intergroup resource inequality. However, resource inequality between social groups often originates from different factors. This study explored the role of the origins of resource inequality on children’s intergroup resource allocations. In experiment 1, when there was no explicit origin of the intergroup inequality, children of different ages mainly allocated resources in an equal way and 5- to 6-year-olds showed ingroup bias. In experiment 2, we examined the influence (...) of different origins of intergroup inequality and found that 5- to 6-year-olds perpetuated intergroup inequality when resource inequality was based on either a structural or an internal factor. However, 10- to 11-year-olds rectified inequality or allocated equally when intergroup inequality was based on regional disparity and perpetuated resource inequality when intergroup inequality was based on performance difference. The origins of inequality appear to play an important role in children’s intergroup resource allocations, and older children can distinguish different origins of intergroup inequality in resource allocation. (shrink)

This paper presents the thesis that Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Daoism have shared basic unity concerning the following three themes: the inner logic of the life world, spiritual world and personality ideal; the intrinsic logic of the learning of body and mind; and the inner logic of textual interpretation methods. This is a deepening process from historical phenomena to philosophy and to the interpretation of classics.

本书包括:古希腊;古罗马;中世纪;文艺复兴;古典主义;启蒙运动;德国古典时期;浪漫主义等内容。.

本书是我国一部重要的思想资料选辑著作。本书分门别类为道体、为学、致知、存养、家道、克治、治体、政事、教学等十四卷。.

Ben shu jie shao le gong zi zhen, wei yuan, yan fu, kang you wei, tan si tong, liang qi chao, chen tian hua, zhang bing lin deng wan qing si xiang jia de zhe xue si xiang.

本书共分15章,内容包括:神话传说及佛教化时代;封建统治时期的朱子学;儒学的分化;封建制解体过程中新世界观的萌芽;日本型资产阶级哲学等。.

本书除分别讨论了实践性与思辨性的关系问题,阶级性与科学性的关系问题,理论思维的原创性和断承性的关系问题三个问题以外,又单独讨论了辩证法问题。.