La idea de «naturaleza humana» que Ortega y Gasset defiende es tan novedosa como opuesta a lo que habitualmente se entiende. Estamos en un error si el punto de partida es concebir al hombre como un ser vivo entre otros. Ni la ciencia ni la filosofía, mientras se mantenga en la tradición eleática, pueden dar una explicación clara. La ciencia, porque si contemplamos al hombre, tal y como se nos presenta, es imposible distinguir en él lo material de lo espiritual, (...) su cuerpo y su psique. La filosofía, porque el concepto de «naturaleza humana» es una invención de nuestra razón, una fantasía. No existe tal naturaleza porque el ser del hombre es de tal modo extraño y diferente al resto de seres que su «consistencia» está precisamente en ir siendo lo que nunca acaba de ser. Por tanto, es un acontecer, un camino, una historia que se va ejecutando en una circunstancia. Esto es, mi vida, la de cada cual. (shrink)

This paper recovers and pays homage to the arguments in support of the equality of the sexes developed by the Seventeenth Century Cartesian philosopher François Poullain de la Barre (1647-1723).

En una primera parte presentamos una lectura de la Ilustración guiada por el interés de identificar, entre las distintas concepciones de la razón que se despliegan en ella, la que presenta mayores virtualidades emancipatorias para el feminismo. El punto de partida es un análisis del planteamiento de Hume de la identidad personal que pone en evidencia sus sesgos patriarcales. Se contrapone la noción humeana de una razón inerte con la deriva que, a partir del cartesianismo, lleva a Poullain de la (...) Barre a concebir la razón como un trabajo o un esfuerzo permanentes. Se relaciona la aportación de este filósofo feminista epígono del cartesianismo con el «conatus» spinoziano para enlazar, por último, con la idea de Mary Wollstonecraft de la razón como «razón meritoria»: carece de privilegios adscriptivos en la retícula de fuerzas en las que opera junto con las pasiones a la vez que se inviste con un valor emergente crítico del Ancien Régime. En la segunda parte, se defiende que los procesos crítico-reflexivos que ponen en cuestión la legitimidad de las instituciones vigentes en una cultura no son monopolio de Occidente. En este sentido, la Ilustración no es su patrimonio exclusivo en la medida en que podemos encontrar en otras culturas «vetas de Ilustración». A título de aval de esta hipótesis se reconstruye la obra del filósofo magrebí Al-Yabri, autor de la Crítica de la Razón árabe como paradigmática de lo que puede ser una apropiación selectiva del propio pasado en función de «las interpelaciones interculturales» del presente. A la luz de la misma, se recupera a Averroes como un clásico de una «modernidad planetaria» que apuesta por el laicismo y de la que se desprenden implicaciones para el feminismo. (shrink)

This paper explores the filmic trajectories experienced by the protagonists in two case studies: Lightning Over Water by Nicholas Ray and Wim Wenders, and Sick, The Life and Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist by Kirby Dick. In both films, the limitexperience, caused by a disease, becomes an active device, one that produces knowledge for the protagonists. In this radical experience, what is revealed is the link between selfrepresentation and a will to self-destruction, and the normative margins of rationality are questioned. (...) Based on the studies of Jean-Luc Nancy, Jean Baudrillard and Clément Rosset, this essay examines an approach to terminal illness and self-representation both in the context of pain and the voyeuristic process of death as a spectacle. (shrink)

The reading of the Enlightenment we present here seeks to identify, among the different conceptualisations of reason displayed by enlightened thinking, the one offering the greatest emancipatory virtualities for feminism. The starting point is an analysis of Hume’s concept of personal identity that exposes its patriarchal bias. Against Hume’s notion of an inert reason we set the train of thought that led Poullain de la Barre to conceive reason as permanent work, or effort. The contribution of this feminist philosopher, an (...) epigone of cartesianism, is liked to the spinozian “conatus” by a line that takes us all the way to Mary Wollstonecraft’s idea of reason as “meriting reason”: a reason that is free of adscriptive privileges in the network of forces in which it operates together with passions, a reason that is endowed with emerging critical value towards the Ancien Régime. (shrink)

Actas del curso del Instituto de Investigaciones Feministas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid centrado en el análisis de las fuentes ideológicas del pensmaiento feminista. Considera también el marco social y económico en el cual se desarrollan dichas ideas. Se centra en los siglos XIX y XX en Europa y Estados Unidos, con algunas referencias a los países del tercer mundo.

Se presenta la filosofía, de acuerdo con Michele le Docuff, como “poner el mundo como la tesis del otro”, como un habitarlo para la polémica y para la crítica. Poner así el mundo sería la condición para elaborar una “ontología del presente” en sentido foucaultiano, pero trascendiéndola en un sentido más acorde con el imaginario de la globalización. Para ello recurrimos a la “antropología cyborg” de Donna Haraway, desde donde podemos determinar “los parámetros de una nueva conciencia de la especie”. (...) Y aquí se pone de manifiesto que las prácticas tanáticas de los humanos determinan puntos ciegos para el proyecto de un conocimiento situado de nuestra especie. Hay que revisar así, más allá de Kant, la relación entre la ética y la epistemología. (shrink)

Perfectionism is a multidimensional construct with both positive and negative aspects. Recently, the concept of appearance-oriented perfectionism has been introduced, which is associated with body image dissatisfaction and weight and shape control behaviors. The Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale is a 12-item two-factor instrument developed to assess this new dimension of perfectionism. The aim of the study is to validate the Spanish version of PAPS among a representative sample of 850 male university students in Spain. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial structure, internal (...) consistency, convergent and concurrent validity, and associated predictor variables analyses have been carried out. Results showed that the Spanish version of the PAPS maintains the original factor structure with all items and proves to be a reliable instrument. Physical appearance-oriented perfectionism is associated with general perfectionism, higher body dissatisfaction, Eating Disorders and Muscle Dysmorphia symptomatology, and compulsive exercise, particularly in the Worry about Imperfection subscale. These variables also act as predictors of physical appearance perfectionism. The use of the PAPS-S and the analysis of its subscales is recommended in the context of body image-related pathologies such as Eating Disorders and Muscle Dysmorphia. (shrink)

Coastal wetlands are among the most productive and valuable ecosystems worldwide, although one of the main factors affecting their survival is the coexistence between agriculture and conservation. This paper analyses the complex balance between agriculture and conservation coexistence in El Hondo Natural Park coastal wetland by examining stakeholders’ narratives, perceptions, and interactions. The aim is to highlight the concurrence between socio-economic progress and socio-environmental justice perspectives by identifying those driving factors motivating stakeholders’ conflicts while expanding stakeholders’ behaviour and interaction when (...) discussing the current and future management of this socio-ecological system. Data were collected between April and June 2019 from semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to river basin authorities, regional governments, municipalities, irrigation communities, union farms, regional and local ecologist groups, and social movements; and scrutinized through qualitative data analysis and descriptive statistics. Stakeholders discussed the main driving factors identified through the local newspapers to motivating current conflicts and confronting perspectives in El Hondo Natural Park: the origin and evolution of the coastal wetland, the provision and value of ecosystem services, the management of water scarcity and water quality standards, the guarantee and management of public and private investment, and consequences of a natural park declaration. Likewise, the triple-loop analysis of stakeholders’ representativeness, relevance and collaboration highlighted examples of stakeholders’ underrepresentation and power imbalance, a negative assessment of the stakeholders’ actions, and how agreements are based on both stakeholders’ predisposition to collaborate and affinity. (shrink)

Based on the conditions of Kantian Theory of Knowledge, this paper investigates the proper place of freedom, considered from the practical point of view in which maxims try to achieve happiness. In the same way, reason recognize the necessary respect for the moral law. Where must freedom be placed? In the elections in the world of sense or in the submit to that law? Assumption of the second propos- al implies to set up the origin of morality in the reason (...) that recognize itself subordinate to moral legislation and it that way becomes an active role in the establishment of morality. (shrink)

A dominant cultural narrative within Costa Rica describes Costa Ricans not only as different from their Central American neighbours, but it also exalts them as better: specifically, as more white, peaceful, egalitarian and democratic. This notion of Costa Rican exceptionalism played a key role in the creation of their health care system, which is based on the four core principles of equity, universality, solidarity and obligation. While the political justification and design of the current health care system does, in (...) part, realize this ideal, we argue that the narrative of Costa Rican exceptionalism prevents the full actualization of these principles by marginalizing and excluding disadvantaged groups, especially indigenous and black citizens and the substantial Nicaraguan minority. We offer three suggestions to mitigate the self-undermining effects of the dominant national narrative: 1) encouragement and development of counternarratives; 2) support of an emerging field of Costa Rican bioethics; and 3) decoupling health and national successes. (shrink)