Atocha Aliseda’s Abductive Reasoning (2006) gives a structural characterization of the “forward” explana-tory reasoning from a theory to observational data. This paper asks whether there are any interesting structural rules for the “backward” abductive reasoning from observations to explanatory theories. Ignoring statistical cases, a partial explication of abduction is converse deductive explanation: h is abducible from e iff h deductively explains e. This relation of abducibility trivially satisfies Converse Entailment (if h entails e, then h is abducible from e ), (...) but it does not generally satisfy Converse Consequence (if h is abducible from e and g entails h, then g is abducible from e ), since deductive explanation is not always transitive. (shrink)

In der Psychoanalyse unterliege die Sicht auf weibliche ­Sexualität, so die Autorin, immer noch Relikten einer »phallischen Logik«, die ihr ein binäres und defizitäres Muster von Kastration und Mangel aufzwinge. Dies zeige sich u. a. darin, dass die Vagina als Pendant zum Penis gilt. Anatomisch ist dies allerdings nicht korrekt, denn die Klitoris bildet das zentrale weibliche Sexualorgan. Von hier aus lasse sich eine eigenständige, unabhängige weibliche Sexualität jenseits von Heteronormativität und Reproduktion konzipieren. Nachdem der von Freud behauptete Objektwechsel in (...) der sexuellen Entwicklung des Mädchens zu Recht kritisiert wurde, stehe damit auch der Wechsel der sexuellen Leitzone in Frage. Dieser Perspektivenwechsel wirft neues Licht auf die genitale Sexualität und die Triebtheorie. Die Autorin schlägt den Begriff der »Zirklusion« als Triebmodalität vor, der die phalluszentrierte Penetration ergänzt. (shrink)

This article explores melodrama's capacity to evoke strong emotional responses with a focus on the ending of King Vidor's Stella Dallas. It suggests a consideration of the phenomenological concept of instrument-mediation as coined by Vivian Sobchack as a filmic structure that fosters melodrama's emotional appeal and the spectator's engagement with it. It suggests a self-reflexive element in highly emotional film scenes that inscribes the spectator's subject position into the film, thus enabling the film to impact the spectator's body. This reflection (...) of a spectator's perspective enables and fosters the communication of emotionality. Consequently, instrument-mediation describes one function and strategy of the melodramatic mode. (shrink)

Editorial - Religião, Arte e Patrimônio Cultural Dossiê: Religião, Arte e Patrimônio Cultural (Religion, Art and Cultural Heritage).

Zur Bestimmung des kontroversen Raumes in öffentlichen Bildungsarrangements schlägt Johannes Drerup in Auseinandersetzung mit einem verhaltensbezogenen, politischen und epistemischen Kriterium eine Kombination aus einem politischen und einem wissenschaftsbezogenen Kriterium vor. Kontrovers und im Ausgang offen sollen nur solche Kontroversen unterrichtet werden, in denen sich die widerstreitenden Positionen sowohl an den konstitutiven politischen Grundwerten und Demokratieprinzipien liberaler Demokratien als auch am Maßstab wissenschaftlicher Begründbarkeit ausrichten. An diesen Vorschlag werden zwei Anfragen gestellt. Die erste Anfrage richtet sich auf die Theoriearchitektur und problematisiert (...) die maßgeblich aus einer (deliberativen) demokratietheoretischen Position erfolgende Ableitung von Kriterien für ein pädagogisches Handlungsfeld. Pädagogische Kriterien wie Lernen, Aneignung, Bildung scheinen kaum eine Rolle zu spielen. Es geht hier zunächst um die Frage, welche Relationierungen von demokratietheoretischen Überlegungen einerseits und pädagogischen Bezügen andererseits die Handlungsvorschläge zur Behandlung von Kontroversen in Schule und Unterricht strukturieren können. Die zweite Anfrage betont die Unsicherheit der Wirkungsannahmen. Wenn nicht klar ist, ob eine relativ offene Gestaltung der Kontroverse oder eine relativ rigide Grenzziehung Wirkung in Richtung der Entwicklung einer demokratischen Argumentation wahrscheinlicher werden lässt oder wenn diese Wirkung stark vom jeweiligen Kontext abhängt, scheint eine grundsätzliche Präferenz für das politische und wissenschaftsbezogene Kriterium fragwürdig zu werden. (shrink)

This article aims to read feminist new materialisms (Barad), together with ‘postulated’ linguistic or cultural primacy of Queer Theory (Butler), to show how both are engaged in similar critical-ethical endeavours. The central argument is that the criticism of Barad and new materialisms misses Butler’s materialistic insights due to a narrow interpretation of Butler's alleged social-constructivist position. There is, therefore, a specific focus on where they both make similar ethical appeals. Moreover, the article relies on Adorno's negative dialectic to highlight an (...) interpretation of Barad and Butler as being part of the same dialectical movement, in which materialism and idealism fluctuate in their mutual criticisms, thus continuing the procession towards 'new knowledge' and emancipation, or freedom, through their motions back and forth. (shrink)

Two experiments investigated subliminal semantic and form priming in a word-completion task. Visual gap-words with a dominant and a subordinate solution were preceded by form-related or by semantically related words, which were briefly presented and sandwich-masked. Priming of the subordinate solution was assessed in Experiment 1, relative to a neutral condition. Both solutions were primed in Experiment 2. In the absence of conscious prime recognition, both semantic and form primes reliably increased the probability with which the primed solution was given. (...) With our variant of fragment-completion, response priming can be ruled out as explanation. Moreover, effects were already present at first presentation, excluding an interpretation in terms of partial awareness due to massive repetition. The data demonstrate automatic activation at both form and semantic levels in the absence of conscious awareness. (shrink)

The development of transplantation technology increasingly places before society a multitude of diverse, complex ethical and legal problems. The subject is the more complex because of the various divergent interests involved. There are the interests of the donor of organs, who has a right to protection of his legal position, and those of the patient in need of an often lifesaving organ. There are also the interests of the donor’s relatives, after his death, and those of the transplantation surgeons. The (...) international dimension of transplantation technology makes the picture even more complicated. Though this article is devoted to the European situation, the problems are similar all over the world. (shrink)

The development of transplantation technology increasingly places before society a multitude of diverse, complex ethical and legal problems. The subject is the more complex because of the various divergent interests involved. There are the interests of the donor of organs, who has a right to protection of his legal position, and those of the patient in need of an often lifesaving organ. There are also the interests of the donor’s relatives, after his death, and those of the transplantation surgeons. The (...) international dimension of transplantation technology makes the picture even more complicated. Though this article is devoted to the European situation, the problems are similar all over the world. (shrink)

Catastrophic risk raises questions that are not only of practical importance, but also of great philosophical interest, such as how to define catastrophe and what distinguishes catastrophic outcomes from non-catastrophic ones. Catastrophic risk also raises questions about how to rationally respond to such risks. How to rationally respond arguably partly depends on the severity of the uncertainty, for instance, whether quantitative probabilistic information is available, or whether only comparative likelihood information is available, or neither type of information. Finally, catastrophic risk (...) raises important ethical questions about what to do when catastrophe avoidance conflicts with equity promotion. (shrink)

This study described the relationships between academic class and student moral sensitivity and reasoning and between curriculum design components for ethics education and student moral sensitivity and reasoning. The data were collected from freshman (n = 506) and senior students (n = 440) in eight baccalaureate nursing programs in South Korea by survey; the survey consisted of the Korean Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Korean Defining Issues Test. The results showed that moral sensitivity scores in patient-oriented care and conflict were (...) higher in senior students than in freshman students. Furthermore, more hours of ethics content were associated with higher principled thinking scores of senior students. Nursing education in South Korea may have an impact on developing student moral sensitivity. Planned ethics content in nursing curricula is necessary to improve moral sensitivity and moral reasoning of students. (shrink)

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Suppose that a decision-maker's aim, under certainty, is to maximise some continuous value, such as lifetime income or continuous social welfare. Can such a decision-maker rationally satisfy what has been called "continuity for easy cases" while at the same time satisfying what seems to be a widespread intuition against the full-blown continuity axiom of expected utility theory? In this note I argue that the answer is "no": given transitivity and a weak trade-off principle, continuity for easy cases violates the anti-continuity (...) intuition. I end the note by exploring an even weaker continuity condition that is consistent with the aforementioned intuition. (shrink)

Many philosophers think that we should use a lottery to decide who gets a good to which two persons have an equal claim but which only one person can get. Some philosophers think that we should save identified persons from harm even at the expense of saving a somewhat greater number of statistical persons from the same harm. I defend a principled way of justifying both judgements, namely, by appealing to the decreasing marginal moral value of survival chances. I identify (...) four desiderata that, I contend, any such justification should satisfy, and explain how my account meets these desiderata, unlike some previous accounts. (shrink)

In this paper we briefly examine and evaluate Quine’s physicalism. On the supposition, in accordance with Quine’s views, that there can be no change of any sort without a physical change, we argue that this point leaves plenty of room to understand and accept a limited autonomy of the special sciences and of other domains of disciplinary and common-sense inquiry and discourse. The argument depends on distinguishing specific, detailed programs of reduction from the general Quinean strategy of reduction by explication. (...) We argue that the details of the relations of particular sciences, disciplines and domains of discourse depend on empirical evidence and empirical-theoretical developments and that the generalized approach of reduction by explication is also subject to related empirical-theoretical constraints. So understood, physicalism lacks much of the controversial force and many of the implications sometimes associated with it. (shrink)

Is the procreation asymmetry intuitively supported? According to a recent article in this journal, an experimental study suggests the opposite. Dean Spears (2020) claims that nearly three-quarters of participants report that there is a reason to create a person just because that person’s life would be happy. In reply, I argue that various confounding factors render the study internally invalid. More generally, I show how one might come to adopt the procreation asymmetry for the wrong reasons by misinterpreting one’s intuitions.