In dieser Monographie wird, beginnend mit einem biographischen und zeitgeschichtlichen Grundriss, zum ersten Mal das umfangreiche strafrechtliche, rechtsphilosophische und philosophische Gesamtwerk Arthur Baumgartens dargestellt. Baumgarten war im Jahr seiner bei Franz v. Liszt verteidigten Dissertation nach Genf berufen worden und lehrte in Köln, Basel, Frankfurt/M. und Berlin. Von der dreiteiligen "Wissenschaft vom Recht" urteilte Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy im "Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts", hier sei die Jurisprudenz auf Philosophie gegründet, und die Lehre Baumgartens werde neben Stammler und Nelson die stärkste Wirkung (...) aufs Rechtsdenken gewinnen. Mit seinen philosophischen Schriften wurde Baumgarten, beeinflusst von James und Dewey, in den zwanziger und dreißiger Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts ein Vordenker des sozialliberalen Pragmatismus in der deutschen Philosophie und nahm deren Hinwendung zur angloamerikanischen philosophischen Tradition um Jahrzehnte vorweg. 1933 erklärte er, unterm NS-Regime nicht Rechtwissenschaft lehren zu können, und ging von Frankfurt in die Schweizer Emigration. Die Erfahrung von Faschismus und Krieg führte ihn in der Mitte der vierziger Jahre zu sozialistischen Überzeugungen und Erwartungen und zur Marxschen sozialwissenschaftlichen Methode, so dass er, nach Frankfurt nicht zurückberufen, gleich anderen antifaschistischen Intellektuellen in die Ostzone und spätere DDR zog. Gerd Irrlitz behandelt die Hauptwerke und die marxistisch orientierten Texte Baumgartens – wie überhaupt die sozialliberale und die späte sozialistische Periode – nicht als Gegensätze, sondern als aufeinander bezogene und einander bedingende Konzepte, überzeugt, dass das Werk des Rechtsphilosophen unterm Erfordernis der Erneuerung des sozialen Liberalismus in der hochindustriellen Zivilisation neue Aktualität gewinnen kann. (shrink)

At the time of the crisis culminating in the First World War, Bloch, a long time opponent of the authoritarian German state, was taking liberal, pacifist and finally even socialist positions. This criticism was also directed at German scholarly philosophy. In order to elaborate the fundamental idea of his theory – a metaphysics of inwardness – without being affected by current trends, Bloch refers back to the classical antique and neoplatonic gnostic metaphysics as well as to Manichaeism. These elements, which (...) constitute the very basis of his idea of the anticipating consciousness, are then related to a central problem facing the 19th century: the fate of subjectivity in the context of capitalist reification. In essayistic style Bloch develops and exemplifies classical themes using references to contemporary culture in all its complexity. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie Jahrgang: 64 Heft: 6 Seiten: 1040-1046.

The essay examines some core ideas in P. Sloterdijk′s more recent publications. Two issues are of concern here. Drawing on a Heideggerian terminology and position on the problem, Sloterdijk presents some critical descriptions of the expansive character of capitalist civilisation. But he doesn′t seem to acknowledge the real internal essence of modern society. Instead of this he presents a simplified anthropological interpretation of its social and cultural character. It is not, as he sees it, social structures nor moral or religious (...) values which produce the character of our modern times, but rather a duality of beastly impulses, which on the one hand are prevented or tamed whilst on the other being allowed free reign of expression. In this context the author aligns himself with the increasingly obsolete tradition of disdain for the masses. (shrink)

The article looks at Marxist theory under two separate aspects: the socialist perspective of teleological determination of actions and causal determination over the long duration of historical periods. The first aspect is historically very changeable; Marx was thinking within the conditions of 19th century. As for the second aspect, his assessment of economic development trends was generally accurate. However, nowadays new societal aspects also need to be taken into account and their potential to contribute to the free development of society (...) evaluated – albeit without one able to build on the traditional working class. (shrink)

Der Aufsatz stellt Leben und Werk des bedeutenden deutschen Rechtswissenschaftlers und Philosophen Arthur Baumgarten dar, der neben Gustav Radbruch einer der führenden sozialliberalen Juristen und Philosophen in der Weimarer Republik war und gegen die nationale Isolierung der deutschen Philosophie seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg früh die angloamerikanische Philosophie aufgenommen hatte. So zeichnete er intellektualistische und utilitaristische Theorielinien vor, die in der deutschen Philosophie erst seit den sechziger Jahren Einfluss gewannen. In engem kollegialem Kontakt war Baumgarten mit Hans Driesch und Helmuth Plessner (...) verbunden.Seine Philosophie verband Baumgarten gemäß empiristischer Tradition vor allem mit der Psychologie. Daraus ergab sich auf der Grundlage einer sich auf Schopenhauer beziehenden Antinomik die Konzentration der Philosophie in einer sensualistischen Moralphilosophie, deren empiristische Partikularität Baumgarten in einer erfahrungsgeleiteten Metaphysik zusammenfasste. In seiner Rechtsphilosophie bietet die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses von Geltung der Positivität des Rechts gegenüber der Geltung moralischer Normen besonderes Interesse. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Internationales Jahrbuch für philosophische Anthropologie Jahrgang: 5 Heft: 1 Seiten: 251-266.

Friedrich Nietzsche has emerged as one of the most important and influential modern philosophers. For several decades, the book series Monographien und Texte zur Nietzsche-Forschung (MTNF) has set the agenda in a rapidly growing and changing field of Nietzsche scholarship. The scope of the series is interdisciplinary and international in orientation reflects the entire spectrum of research on Nietzsche, from philosophy to literary studies and political theory. The series publishes monographs and edited volumes that undergo a strict peer-review process. The (...) book series is led by an international team of editors, whose work represents the full range of current Nietzsche scholarship. (shrink)

This commentary argues that, in discussing the racial and cultural identities of cinematic representations of humanoid AI robots, nuances and differentiations are beneficial. It suggests that the essay on which the present text comments does not sufficiently acknowledge the range of identities found in AI films, in particular in Alex Garland's Ex Machina.

A response to Lindsay Craig's essay, The So-Called Extended Synthesis and Population Genetics.

The contrast between the two approaches alluded to in the title has gained a certain prominence in our own day. With the knowledge of hindsight it will be of interest therefore to study its incidence in an earlier period, in the writings of Whewell and Mill, Which may thus yield added significance for a later generation. Right at the start there is a difficulty. Not all inductivists agree on their principles, or their interpretation of the logic of scientific reasoning, and (...) the same is true of deductivism, and the differences can therefore be discussed only in connection with individual writers. When this is done, we do find moreover some considerable variations in the treatment of their respective doctrines by the members of each of our two schools. To define these differences, we need a finer structure of elements of classification, indicative of criteria for the acceptance of scientific hypotheses. (shrink)

A demarcation between kant's general metaphysics (transcendental principles) and his special metaphysics is attempted, through a discussion of kant's three accounts of lawlikeness, 'transcendental', 'empirical' and 'metaphysical'. the distinctions are defended via a number of 'indicators' in kant's writings, and the 'looseness of fit' between the different types of lawlikeness is discussed.

Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart invites readers to embark on a new journey into a land of rationality that differs from the familiar territory of cognitive science and economics. Traditional views of rationality tend to see decision makers as possessing superhuman powers of reason, limitless knowledge, and all of eternity in which to ponder choices. To understand decisions in the real world, we need a different, more psychologically plausible notion of rationality, and this book provides it. It is about (...) fast and frugal heuristics--simple rules for making decisions when time is pressing and deep thought an unaffordable luxury. These heuristics can enable both living organisms and artificial systems to make smart choices, classifications, and predictions by employing bounded rationality. But when and how can such fast and frugal heuristics work? Can judgments based simply on one good reason be as accurate as those based on many reasons? Could less knowledge even lead to systematically better predictions than more knowledge? Simple Heuristics explores these questions, developing computational models of heuristics and testing them through experiments and analyses. It shows how fast and frugal heuristics can produce adaptive decisions in situations as varied as choosing a mate, dividing resources among offspring, predicting high school drop out rates, and playing the stock market. As an interdisciplinary work that is both useful and engaging, this book will appeal to a wide audience. It is ideal for researchers in cognitive psychology, evolutionary psychology, and cognitive science, as well as in economics and artificial intelligence. It will also inspire anyone interested in simply making good decisions. (shrink)

Gerd Buchdahl; XIV—The Relation Between ‘Understanding’ and ‘Reason’ in the Architectonic of Kant's Philosophy1, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume.

In this volume the author tackles this problem in a rigorous analysis which begins with the general dynamics of living systems and leads the reader step-by-step ...

This is Michael Picard's translation of Gerd Achenbach’s _Philosophische Praxis_ Beset by life-problems you can neither get rid of nor solve? Stuck? Over- or under-burdened by reality? Not living up to your potential? Philosophical Praxis is the alternative to psychotherapy for people not satisfied to muddle through life or merely exist. Not a method or a teaching, not diagnosis, treatment, or therapy, not a ready-made rule of life for you to conform to. It is no preformed application, but the (...) use of philosophy to aid the individual, organization and society to come to self-understanding, so that people may thrive and live up to being themselves. Philosophical Praxis is not the prepossession of any trained philosopher, but a specialization in the practice of philosophy aimed to liberate guests (not ‘clients’) through sympathetic co-thinking toward their own fresh appraisals of their life and its circumstances. This book is the chief statement of German philosopher, Gerd Achenbach, founder of Philosophical Praxis, who in pioneering this revival of philosophy for life spawned a global movement. (shrink)