O objetivo do artigo consiste em apresentar alguns fios da relação entre a noção de sensus communis, a história e a política em Kant, de modo que se estabeleçam as bases de uma análise da filosofia da história de Kant como o equibalente, para sua filosofia político-jurídica, do esquematismo dos conceitos puros.

O artigo procura argumentar contra a ideia de que a filosofia da história de Kant contaria com dois modelos de fundamentação: um modelo oficial, de natureza hipotético-teleológica, e outro hermenêutico-explicativo, que, porém, acabaria por implodir o sistema. Trata-se de mostrar que há um único modelo, de natureza hermenêutica-explicativa, que não obstante faz uso de princípios hipotético-teleológicos. Mais ainda, que tal modelo está presente ao longo de diversos momentos do sistema, como na Doutrina do Direito, ou na Religião nos limites da (...) simples razão. The article argues against the idea that Kant's philosophy of history would have included two types of foundation: an official model, hypothetical and teleological in nature, and other hermeneutic-explanatory, the last one that eventually would implode the system. The aim is to show that there is a single model, of hermeneutics-explanatory nature, which nevertheless makes use of hypothetical and teleological principles, and that such a model is present at various moments throughout the system, as in the Doctrine of Right, or in the Religion within the limits of pure reason. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende sintetizar las líneas maestras del Barroco como época histórica y filosófica. El objetivo es mostrar la importancia del Barroco como momento histórico genuinamente español, centrando la relevancia de autores como Suárez y, sobre todo, Gracián, quienes anticipan en cierto sentido alguna de las problemáticas filosóficas del siglo XX como son la posmodernidad, la crisis de valores o la ontología eventual (factual). Se trata, en último término, de reivindicar el pensamiento español y la lengua española como vehículos (...) genuinos para pensar la actualidad. (shrink)

The introduction of disruptive technologies in work environments is causing an unprecedented transformation of the forms of organization of productive activity and the associated models of social relations. The digitization of the economy, the provision of services via platforms, the automation of new job functions and the introduction of machine and deep learning software in the hiring, evaluation and management of employed work, establish new scenarios for ethical reflection- legal. In this sense, the present work offers elements of analysis to (...) adequately delimit the central issues that derive from this disruptive technological change, such as the substitution of human work for robotic work, the ethical-legal status of intelligent robots and their responsibility for damages, as well as the possible consideration of robots as workers within the company. (shrink)

Exploro en el presente ensayo las conexiones entre emoción y razón, partiendo de la hipótesis de acuerdo con la cual la división tradicional entre ambos espacios no se sostiene. A la luz de los más recientes avances en ciencia cognitiva, podemos afirmar que los procesos racionales y de toma de decisiones están imbuidos, en numerosas ocasiones, por factores emocionales, los cuales no obstaculizan sino que contribuyen a mejorar nuestra comprensión de lo real y de «los otros»; esto es, la inteligencia (...) humana, en muchas de sus facetas, se vería seriamente menoscabada si descartamos o anulamos el componente emocional. Si mi hipótesis es cierta, nos veríamos obligados a redefinir nuestra concepción de la mente y, por ende, del ser humano y su naturaleza. En efecto, un nuevo modelo acerca de las emociones transformaría nuestra concepción de la ética y la moral. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente artículo se anida en analizar el debate entre internismo y externismo mental desde las propuestas de la teoría de la mente extendida. Para ello, presentaré las líneas maestras de la propuesta de Clark y Chalmers, para contraponerla, enseguida, con las tesis del internismo y del externismo en sus múltiples variantes. Mi tesis es que la TME sigue siendo internista en la medida en que entiende que la individuación de los estados mentales, en función de su contenido, (...) sigue dependiendo de factores internos o mentales, a pesar de que la cognición se apoye en vehículos materiales extracraneales y del entorno. (shrink)

One of the constants in Noam Chomsky’s philosophical, linguistic and ethical positions is the existence of what he calls “human nature”. Following Marx, Darwin and last century’s revolutions in the social sciences, human nature has been one of the most contested conceptual holdovers from modern European philosophy. Chomsky’s discoveries and models on syntax and language make up one of the frameworks to most critically offset the traditional moral dimension of human nature. Contrary to most traditions prior to his work, language (...) can no longer be restricted to either mind, soul or spirit. Language, as Chomsky has continually upheld and sharply refined, is a physical and biological process. But how his notion of human nature derives from this process is complex, as he seems to disregard philosophy’s classic analytic delineation between the descriptive causal realm of human nature and the normative axiological extensions of the same concept. In this paper, we seek to examine the philosophical and ontological implications of Chomsky’s claim that human nature derives from the innate dimension of the language faculty. Not only does Chomsky maintain the category of human nature, he also indexes it to the question of freedom. We thereby argue for the coherence of his proposal and show how it operates to weld the perspective of a modal theory of biologically-rooted creativity to innate conditions specific to his theory of language generation. However, we question whether its restriction to humans alone is sustainable from a scientific perspective by putting forth the claim that Chomsky’s science is in fact a radical ontology of social subjectivation. (shrink)

A Língua Portuguesa surgiu na Península Ibérica e se espalhou pelo mundo por meio do processo de colonização. Após o contato entre o português e as línguas autóctones em Angola iniciou uma nova configuração linguística, com características peculiares ou próprias o que contribuiu para o surgimento da variedade angolana do português. O artigo 19º da Constituição da República de Angola (2010) estabelece a LP como a única língua oficial. A variedade angolana do português distanciou-se do Português Europeu ao longo do (...) tempo, daí que é de suma importância que haja debates que visem caracterizar e descrever esta nova realidade sociolinguística. Este ebook tem como objetivo atiçar debates sobre a variedade angolana do português buscando refletir as peculiaridades da variedade por forma a que se possa caminhar para a normalização e criação de dicionários e gramáticas que possam ser utilizadas no ensino de português em Angola. (shrink)

Résumé La lecture des quotidiens à La Réunion révèle la récurrence des crimes et délits sexuels intrafamiliaux, en particulier ceux commis par les pères et beaux-pères sur leurs filles et belles-filles mineures. Le passé colonial de l’île (esclavagisme, engagisme), les retards dans l’application de la départementalisation et la situation sociale difficile que connaît cette société créole ne peuvent seuls expliquer leur fréquence élevée. Analysant les 339 dossiers jugés aux assises sur la période 1980-2004, l’auteur montre qu’il est possible de discerner (...) trois modes de fonctionnement de l’agression sexuelle incestueuse impliquant le père ou le ti-père, la fille ou la belle-fille et la mère de ces dernières, et que, dans tous les cas, la mère apparaît comme l’un des personnages clés de ce drame familial. (shrink)

Résumé La lecture des quotidiens à La Réunion révèle la récurrence des crimes et délits sexuels intrafamiliaux, en particulier ceux commis par les pères et beaux-pères sur leurs filles et belles-filles mineures. Le passé colonial de l’île (esclavagisme, engagisme), les retards dans l’application de la départementalisation et la situation sociale difficile que connaît cette société créole ne peuvent seuls expliquer leur fréquence élevée. Analysant les 339 dossiers jugés aux assises sur la période 1980-2004, l’auteur montre qu’il est possible de discerner (...) trois modes de fonctionnement de l’agression sexuelle incestueuse impliquant le père ou le ti-père, la fille ou la belle-fille et la mère de ces dernières, et que, dans tous les cas, la mère apparaît comme l’un des personnages clés de ce drame familial. (shrink)

C'est l'été, tous les habitants de la ferme des Bertaux sont aux champs et l'officier de santé, Charles Bovary, veuf depuis peu, trouve seule dans la cuisine, Emma, la fille unique du père Rouault qu'il a déjà plusieurs fois rencontrée. Sans se l'être clairement avoué, il vient pour elle. Elle l'invite à boire un petit verre de curaçao, puis se rassoit, silencieuse, toute à son ouvrage. C'est elle qui prend l'initiative de la conversation : « Elle se plaignait d'éprouver, depuis (...) le com... (shrink)

À la fin du XVIe siècle, Christine de Pizan apparaît comme la première « intellectuelle » du monde occidental. Écrivaine consciente des bienfaits de l’éducation que lui a donnée son père, elle refuse de s’enfermer dans sa chambre de travail et s’engage dans un espace public jusqu’alors réservé aux hommes. À la jonction du Privé et du Public,elle prend le risque d’une longue marche vers un monde meilleur : le champ du savoir à ses yeux doit être mis au service (...) d’une parole efficace pour la cité des hommes. (shrink)

La vie d’Antoine-Jean Solier, protestant rouergat établi à Marseille comme négociant à la fin du xviiie siècle, a été scandée par l’écriture. Au fil de ses textes autobiographiques se révèle le for privé d’un homme pourtant peu enclin aux confidences. Le fils, le frère, le mari et le père s’expriment sous sa plume au gré des circonstances, esquissant le portrait complexe d’un être à la charnière de deux époques et de deux sensibilités. Porteur d’une tradition familiale construite sur de fortes (...) solidarités, tant professionnelles que confessionnelles, Antoine-Jean appartient aussi à cette génération des Lumières ouverte sur l’individu, dont la relation au divin se détend au profit d’une sensibilité plus humaniste. Ses écrits témoignent ainsi de toute l’ambiguïté de la relation à l’autre, selon le statut, le genre ou la place de chacun au sein de sa famille. (shrink)

La quête de repères identificatoires est probablement l'une des plus vieilles entreprises que l'humanité s'est donnée pour asseoir son histoire et construire sa mémoire. Toutes les sociétés, toutes les civilisations, fussent les pires totalitarismes, ont besoin d'une genèse héroïque — et donc exemplaire — pour fonder leurs origines. Une geste destinée à justifier leur présent ; un point de départ qui fixe un "avant" et un "après" et qui fait qu'à partir d'un événement créateur, selon la formule maintes fois annoncée, (...) toujours contredite : "rien ne sera plus jamais comme avant". On a tous besoin d'un père, tous besoin d'un géniteur, individuel ou collectif. Cette qualité peut naturellement se décliner sous différentes formes : le "père fondateur" est, selon les cas, un homme, une femme, un événement, un discours, un livre... Cet ouvrage se propose donc d'explorer ce concept, en croisant différentes approches : la linguistique, l'histoire, la philosophie, la littérature et le droit. (shrink)

René Descartes (1596-1650)?: un classique de la philosophie, père du rationalisme, disciple du dualisme platonicien et inventeur du cogito. 0Il existe pourtant un autre Descartes, méconnu?: l’observateur de ce qui, en l’homme, se situe à la limite du rationnel et de l’irrationnel. Bref, en cette partie qu’est, aux confins de l’âme et du corps, le non-rationnel?: la sensibilité ou, mieux, l’affectivité. D’où le sens du titre de ce livre?: le clair-obscur de la conscience, réunissant les idées claires et distinctes de (...) l’âme et les idées obscures et confuses du corps. 0C’est donc, chronologiquement, le troisième et dernier Descartes, le moins étudié mais le plus authentique, que l’on analysera ici?: après le savant du Discours de la Méthode, puis le métaphysicien des Méditations, le psychologue des Passions de l’âme. Ainsi est-ce un Descartes original et inédit, réévalué et actualisé à la lumière de la philosophie contemporaine, que le lecteur découvrira en ces pages. (shrink)

" L'allure du temps a tout à fait changé, disait déjà Michelet en 1872. Il a doublé le pas d'une manière étrange. Dans une simple vie d'homme, j'ai vu deux grandes révolutions, qui autrefois auraient peut-être mis entre elles deux mille ans d'intervalle. " Daniel Halévy, historien, philosophe, biographe, avait vu beaucoup plus de choses encore, et plus extraordinaires, et en beaucoup moins de temps, quand il écrivit ce livre au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L'Histoire va-t-elle plus (...) vite? Etudiant le rythme des grands courants qui ont animé les empires et les peuples, l'auteur croit discerner dans son déroulement une allure constamment plus rapide. Cette thèse, qui soulève bien des interrogations et des objections, eut à l'époque un grand retentissement. Elle n'a rien perdu de son actualité. Le progrès technique en est-il la cause? Fait-il courir à l'humanité autant de dangers qu'il lui apporte de satisfactions? Ce court essai, un des plus denses et des plus riches qui aient été écrits sur la question, contient aussi un panorama fulgurant et passionné de l'Histoire universelle. On pourra lire à la suite quelques-uns des commentaires et des débats auxquels il a donné lieu, notamment une discussion avec Albert Bayet, le père Daniélou, et Raymond Aron, ainsi qu'une réflexion de Daniel Halévy sur Leibniz, le philosophe auquel il a consacré le plus d'attention. (shrink)

La vie d’Antoine-Jean Solier, protestant rouergat établi à Marseille comme négociant à la fin du xviiie siècle, a été scandée par l’écriture. Au fil de ses textes autobiographiques se révèle le for privé d’un homme pourtant peu enclin aux confidences. Le fils, le frère, le mari et le père s’expriment sous sa plume au gré des circonstances, esquissant le portrait complexe d’un être à la charnière de deux époques et de deux sensibilités. Porteur d’une tradition familiale construite sur de fortes (...) solidarités, tant professionnelles que confessionnelles, Antoine-Jean appartient aussi à cette génération des Lumières ouverte sur l’individu, dont la relation au divin se détend au profit d’une sensibilité plus humaniste. Ses écrits témoignent ainsi de toute l’ambiguïté de la relation à l’autre, selon le statut, le genre ou la place de chacun au sein de sa famille. (shrink)

Danièle-Djamila Minne-Amrane, née à Neuilly-sur-Seine le 13 août 1939, est décédée à Alger le 11 février dernier. Son père, Pierre Minne, professeur de philosophie, ancien résistant puis militant anticolonial au Sénégal, en est expulsé en 1947. Il s’installe alors en Algérie, dans la campagne de Tlemcen où sa femme, Jacqueline Netter, allait devenir institutrice. Après son divorce, cette dernière se remarie avec Abdelkader Guerroudj et tous deux militent au PCA (parti communiste algérien). Da...

There has recently been a focus on the question of statue removalism. This concerns what to do with public history statues that honour or otherwise celebrate ethically bad historical figures. The specific wrongs of these statues have been understood in terms of derogatory speech, inapt honours, or supporting bad ideologies. In this paper I understand these bad public history statues as history, and identify a distinctive class of public history-specific wrongs. Specifically, public history plays an important identity-shaping role, and bad (...) public history can commit specifically ontic injustice. Understanding bad public history in terms of ontic injustice helps understand not just to address bad public history statues, but also understand the value of public history more broadly. (shrink)

Journal of Applied Philosophy, EarlyView.

In this article, I argue that that the primary goal of statues honouring public figures is to create and shape a collective identity. The way that these statues further the goal of identity is not by holding up the subjects of the statues as admirable but rather by asserting that the subjects were in some way objectively important and central to some group surrounding the statue. I will look at the defences for keeping statues of and awards named after John (...) A. Macdonald and show that the primary concern is not with defending the character of Macdonald but rather that removing him is ‘erasing history’. These defences are not about defending Macdonald as a person but rather defending a conception of the Canadian identity that requires Macdonald play a central role. Against these defences of Macdonald, I show that the ‘objective history’ case for him and other such similar figures fails. In the particular case of Macdonald, it fails because he was actually not that important for Canadian history. In the general case of negative public figures, I provide a short defence of how group identities are not static and not unchangeably rooted in a single historically based articulation. (shrink)

Does trust play a significant role in the appreciation of art? If so, how does it operate? We argue that it does, and that the mechanics of trust operate both at a general and a particular level. After outlining the general notion of ‘art-trust’—the notion sketched is consistent with most notions of trust on the market—and considering certain objections to the model proposed, we consider specific examples to show in some detail that the experience of works of art, and the (...) attribution of art-relevant properties or characterisations to works of art, very often involves the notion of trust; in such cases—perhaps most or even, implicitly, all—the question ‘Do I trust the artist (or art-maker)?’, is inescapable. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article advances a novel way of understanding humor and stand-up comedy. I propose that the relationship between the comedian and her audience is understood by way of trust, where the comedian requires the trust of her audience for her humor to succeed. The comedian may hold the trust of the audience in two domains. She may be trusted as to the form of the humor, such as whether she is joking. She may also be trusted as to the (...) content of the joke. This approach has two distinct virtues. The first is that it makes sense of partial successes. These are cases where the humor neither completely succeeds nor fails because the audience does not fully trust the comedian. The second is that it explains intuitions about ethically dubious humor and why certain classes of humor, especially those dealing in racialized and gendered identities, are more readily accepted from humorists of those identities. (shrink)

Since their publication, the Muhammad cartoons featured in Jyllands Posten and Charlie Hebdo have become a symbol of free speech and Western values. These cartoons used provocation as a tool to discuss the limits of free speech and the scope of social self-censorship. In a just society, should the possibility of laughter be distributed equally? Should cartoonists and editors only publish jokes that are universally laughable? What is the proper reaction to these kinds of provocative jokes once the possibility of (...) censorship is ruled out in a liberal context? Is counterspeech or even cancellation a legitimate response? (shrink)

We point out some concepts that appear rather frequently in physics discussions, which, despite a seemingly innocent initial appearance, turn out to have important implicit implications that put into question the very assumption of their meaningfulness. The message of this essay is that, in order to avoid the ensuing confusions, their usage should be accompanied with clarifications that make them meaningful, and then to confront the often uncomfortable underlying assumptions required to do so. In particular, we will visit the notions (...) of novel physics occurring at a certain energy scale, or at certain distance from a black hole’s event horizon, and the various meanings of the word “fluctuations”. (shrink)

Příspěvek si klade dvojí cíl. V prvé řadě je jeho záměrem vyzdvihnout přínos monografie O revoluci pro celek myšlení Hannah Arendtové. Především pak nabízí interpretaci klíčového oddílu knihy, v němž spočívá vlastní jádro arendtovského návrhu „nové politické vědy“. Ústředním pro politický řád se ukazuje být rozdíl mezi pramenem moci a pramenem autority, která politickému řádu propůjčuje stabilitu. Příspěvek dokládá, že Arendtová v zakladatelském aktu politického společenství spatřuje dva „bludné kruhy“ – bludný kruh legitimity moci a bludný kruh legitimity zákonů. Zatímco (...) s prvním bludným kruhem si zdařilá americká revoluce věděla rady, druhý bludný kruh, který odkazuje k potřebě autority sankcionující pozitivní zákonodárství, ji uvedl do teoretických obtíží. Stať ukazuje, že Arendtová sama důsledně trvá na možnosti nalézt pramen autority výhradně v prostoru politického jednání. (shrink)

Kunst schaffen -- Kunst rahmen -- Birgit Spalts reflektierende Urteilskraft -- Kunst einordnen -- Kunst: immanent.

The topic of my dissertation is satire. This seems to excite many people, and over the past four years I have heard many variations of a similar refrain: “Oh, wow. You’re studying satire? That’s very topical. You must have a lot of material to work with.” There is a way in which this is true, though I suspect in a way that diverges from the way that most of my interlocutors believed. I suspect that the material they imagined me to (...) be working with was the output of Donald Trump, first a candidate for and now holder of the office of President of the United States. That is not the material I find interesting. More interesting to me is their statement. It evinces a number of beliefs that I find interesting, chief among them that Trump makes the current period particularly apt for satire, as if a doddery and incompetent ruling class is somehow a recent phenomenon. And I suspect that underneath this belief in the aptness of satire is a belief in the power of satire. Satire is somehow how people are going to strike back at the vice-governed fools who rule us. Those beliefs are the material I want to work with. This is my interest in satire, then: not so much what it is about satire that makes it powerful, but what is it about satire that makes people think it is powerful? And what is it about satire that makes people think it is powerful when there is pretty powerful evidence that it is not? Unfortunately, here is where I run into the problem that in a very important way I do not have a lot of material to work with. There is not an awful lot on satire within the analytic tradition: outside of a few references to satire, analytic discussions of satire are limited to two short articles. Accordingly, I have taken the task of my dissertation to be to create an account of satire that helps to bring forward why satire is a thing that people can imagine to be powerful, that they can imagine to be politically effective. My dissertation will effectively have two halves, one where I build my account and one where I begin to apply it. The purpose of applying my account, which will comprise the final two chapters, will not be to show its implications so much as how it can be used. My goal will not so much be to give definitive answers about the nature of satire, but rather to give a demonstration of how my account facilitates engaging questions about the role of satire in social and political context. (shrink)

Philosophical accounts of humour standardly account for humour in terms of what happens within a person. On these internalist accounts, humour is to be understood in terms of cognition, perception, and sensation. These accounts, while valuable, are poorly-situated to engage the social functions of humour. They have difficulty engaging why we value humour, why we use it define ourselves and our friendships, and why it may be essential to our self-esteem. In opposition to these internal accounts, I offer a social (...) account of humour. This account approaches humour as a social practice. It foregrounds laughter and participation, and thereby gives an account of humour that helps to understand why we value humour, why we use it as we do, and why we use it to define our relationship to the world. (shrink)

In naturalistic settings, great apes exhibit impressive social intelligence. Despite this, experimental findings are equivocal about the extent to which they are aware of other minds. At the high level, there is only negative evidence that chimpanzees and orangutans understand the concept of belief, even when simplified non-verbal versions of the ‘location change’ false belief test are used (Call & Tomasello, 1999). More remarkably, even the evidence that they are aware of simpler mental states – such as seeing – is (...) equivocal and ‘decidedly mixed’ (Call & Tomasello 2005, p. 61). At best, there appear to be signature limits to simian capacities in this regard. In addition, there exists a range of proposals about what lies behind their particular form of social intelligence. Within the cognitivist camp, these range from positing a Naïve, Weak, or Minimal Theory of Mind (Bogdan 2009, Tomasello, Call and Hare 2003, Apperly and Butterfill 2009); Perceptual Mindreading (Bermúdez 2009); an Early Mindreading System (Nichols and Stich 2003); or a Theory of Behaviour (Povinelli and Vonk 2004). -/- In line with this experimental evidence, this contribution motivates a different explanatory possibility. It defends the view that the basic ways that apes and humans (both children and adults) engage with other minds is emotionally charged, enactive and non-representational. If true, this would be important for thinking about the moral status of animals capable of such mind minding. This is not only because it would identify an important cross species commonality, but also especially because it would promote the importance of non-cognitive aspects of such engagements. For example, it is at odds with the idea that having a ‘theory of mind’ is required for being phenomenally conscious (Carruthers 2000, 2005). (shrink)

An expanded version of the theory of traditional referentiality suggests that the ambiguous glowing eyes of Iliad 1.200 are Achilles', not Athena's. The image "glowing eyes" bifurcates into two syntactic groups, a verb group and an adjective group, with different connotations. The verb group is associated with enraged mortals; the adjective group, vision and the divine. This division suggests that the verbally glowing eyes in Iliad 1.200 belong to Achilles and express his fury. Yet, colored by the adjective group, they (...) also imply Achilles' tragedy by indexing his vision, semi-divinity, and vitality at the moment when he seals his doom. (shrink)