Aonio Paleario destacó por la defensa de posiciones filóginas que procurarían desmitificar las estructuras del patriarcado. Basado en el examen filológico de _Dell’economia o vero del governo della casa_ (1555), este artículo pone de manifiesto cómo Paleario consideraba a las mujeres del todo idóneas para la administración de bienes y recursos. Para el autor, ser hombre no se asocia necesariamente con dar una imagen de pulcritud y profesionalidad en la gestión del patrimonio familiar. Por ello, promoviendo acciones específicas en favor (...) de las mujeres, Paleario se sirve de su pensamiento discursivo para demostrar cómo la participación del colectivo femenino en la economía doméstica resulta clave para el desarrollo de la familia. (shrink)

Se establece la problemática respecto a la autenticidad de la obra de Platón y se opta por el criterio de que la polémica carece de sentido, pues su interés reside en que ellos han sido conocidos a lo largo de la historia de la filosofía como tales y que, en todo caso, de no ser escritos por Platón lo fueron por sus discípulos, cuestión que es suficiente en una época en la que no existe tan claramente la idea de autoría. (...) Se hace un recorrido por los métodos utilizados para ordenar los diálogos y un repaso de las clasificaciones más importantes. Finalmente se propone un método en dos direcciones: una considerada más filológica, consistente en fijar las obras se conocieron en cada momento histórico y otra, más filosófica, es la de establecer un marco teórico que reorganice los diálogos suponiendo que debe existir una lógica interna entre unos diálogos y otros, lo que supone un test para la teoría interpretativa de Platón que se proponga. (shrink)

Se presenta un índice de los fragmentos atribuidos a Panecio y su correspondencia con los distintos editores: Fowler (1885), Straaten (1952), Alesse (1997) y Vimercati (2004).

Lucrecio plantea una concepción de la realidad diferente a Epicuro, sobre todo porque ejerce la separación entre dos niveles ontológicos: el de la ontología especial y el de la ontología general. Lejos de la interpretación de que Lucrecio desprecia el latín sostenemos que intencionadamente utiliza términos latinos y que no utiliza la palabra átomo, para poder distanciarse de los debates de los aristotélicos y de los propios epicúreos sobre el tema.

Los jefes más destacados del partido de Trasibulo olvidan pronto su promesa sancionada en la ley de Arquino de no tomar revancha por actos acaecidos durante la dictadura de los treinta tiranos. Platón se va a enfrentar de esta forma en la Apología a uno de los enigmas más importantes y poco atendidos teóricamente del ámbito de la comunicación: el rumor. La condena y ajusticiamiento de Sócrates descansa precisamente en un rumor extendido por Atenas. Debe establecer, por tanto, una estrategia (...) que le permita recuperar la memoria de Sócrates, pero no se puede limitar a reivindicar esa memoria, sino que debe atacar una imagen que a todas luces la propia condena a muerte vendría a confirmar. Al mismo tiempo busca instalar una nueva que rehabilite la figura de su maestro y la dote de inmortalidad. Así pues, debe destruir la figura de Sócrates como sofista y como inspirador de la dictadura algunos de cuyos líderes fueron discípulos suyos. Además de las suspicacias que levantaba la cercanía de Sócrates con esas clases pudientes, únicas con tiempo para debatir, y acérrimas enemigas de la democracia radical ateniense. El resultado de la operación platónica salta a la vista toda vez que cualquier intento de separar la figura de Sócrates del personaje Sócrates resulta una empresa baldía. (shrink)

Para el común de las personas el proceso del conocimiento abarca desde el momento que el recién nacido empieza a ver manchas de luz y color carentes de significado. En poco tiempo llega a entender lo inmediato, tal como ocurre con el resto de los animales. Luego, va adquiriendo los conceptos de pasado y futuro e incorpora el lenguaje. Para que las impresiones sensoriales, que transmiten mensajes de la realidad, adquieran significado, deben ser estructuradas por redes conceptuales, que son fundamentalmente (...) lingüísticas. De ahí la importancia de analizar significados, de no renunciar a la función argumentativa del lenguaje, de no quedarnos en el nivel puramente sensorial. (shrink)

Las cartas de Platón están realizadas siguiendo un método propio y son el testimonio más antiguo al que podemos referirnos para su biografía. Además, inauguran dicho método cuya estructura será copiada y utilizada hasta la actualidad. No es exagerado considerar que Platón pergeña la primera biografía de la historia cuya fórmula ha perdurado y que hemos descifrado en la carta VII.

Se realiza una valoración crítica de la aportación de Joan Poinsot, más conocido como Juan de Santo Tomas (1589-1655), raíz de la publicación de La naturaleza y las causas a cargo del destacado académico Juan Cruz Cruz. A pesar de que se trata de la edición de una pequeña parte de la Philosophia Naturalis, más conocida como Cursus Philosophicus, de Juan de Santo Tomás, concretamente de las “cuestiones” IX a XIII. Se establece un semblante de Juan de Santo Tomas y (...) de su obra, tratando de centrar el personaje en el contexto de su época y las posiciones que mantenía y denunciando las interpretaciones interesadas que pretenden hacer pasar por moderno un pensamiento que antepone lo religioso a la razón, en la vieja estrategia eclesiástica de hacer pasar por filosofía a la teología y viceversa. (shrink)

Se analiza el feminismo como una nueva concepción de la idea de hombre. El feminismo se presenta como un movimiento alternativo que pretende superar el sesgo antropocéntrico de la filosofía y la cultura Occidental. Para comprobar esta posición de partida, se analizada el feminismo desde dos variables, la idea de sujeto y las ideas de hombre de Max Scheler. Desde la primera perspectiva se aplica una matriz fenoménico-materialista para clasificar los distintos feminismos y analizar en qué casos podría construir un (...) sujeto universal. Desde la segunda se analiza y clasifica el feminismo como un proyecto posthumanista o transhumanista, incluido en la idea pesimista de hombre. (shrink)

Se realiza un análisis de la Historia presentando un enfoque materialista y fenomenológico. Se exponen algunas características epistemológicas y el planteamiento de que la Historia consiste no una visión sobre el pasado como una reconstrucción a partir de relatos y reliquias, formándose la verdad o los hechos a partir de las identidades sintéticas.

Se pretende definir el ámbito de una disciplina que, contra lo que pueda parecer, no se funda hasta el siglo XIX. Para llevar a cabo la tarea se hace necesario aclarar qué se entiende por filosofía (¿hablamos de filosofía mundana o académica?; ¿la filosofía es de tradición occidental o podemos hablar también de tradiciones orientales?; ¿en qué medida?; ¿cuáles son sus métodos?) pero también por historia (res gestae o historiam rerum gestarum). Lo cual influirá asimismo en las alternativas posibles sobre (...) la concepción de historia de la filosofía. Aquí se defenderá como filosófica esta misma —no reductible a perspectivas sociológicas, biográfico-psicológicas, etc.— y constructivista como posición superadora de una historia de los filósofos frente a una historia de los sistemas. (shrink)

Trabajar con la figura de Sócrates plantea una doble paradoja: por una parte, como ha sido señalado por Antonio Tovar, se puede pretender construir la biografía y a la vez la historia de un personaje que vive en una época en la que estos dos géneros no existen; por otra, si nos atenemos a la opinión más extendida, la propia filosofía se encuentra sólo en embrión y es imposible, por tanto, intentar recogerla realizando una historia de la filosofía.

Does home-based family involvement influence academic performance? To answer this question, a case study research was carried out with 96 children from all six levels of primary education at a public school, and their families. Data regarding home-based family involvement were collected using a questionnaire. Academic achievement was measured from school marks. The results reveal that, apart from two of the factors considered, home–family involvement as a whole is not significantly related to academic achievement. These two factors are access to (...) informal education resources and parents’ employment. Family involvement related to the access of children to informal education resources is significantly related to a better academic achievement. Those students with both parents working perform best, and those with none working, worst. Although gender does not appear to significantly influence academic achievement and family involvement, the results show that girls attain better school performance and re... (shrink)

Es necesario enfocar escépticamente las pocas referencias a Pitágoras y los pitagóricos contenidas en los diálogos de Platón, pues resulta difícil tomar la medida efectiva de una influencia pitagórica sobre el ateniense. De hecho, las únicas referencias explícitas a Pitágoras (Rep. X 600a-b) y a los pitagóricos (Rep. VII 530c-531a) no nos dicen mucho y, respecto a los personajes tradicionalmente considerados pitagóricos, nuestra información es poco fiable, incierta y a veces contradictoria. Tal prudencia es particularmente útil en el caso de (...) Timeo y del personaje homónimo de este diálogo, cuyo pitagorismo, aunque ampliamente aceptado por los comentaristas, parece muy discutible. Así sólo la aplicación de un método histórico prudente y lúcido puede evitar esta deriva que identifica como pitagórico toda referencia a la transmigración del alma y las matemáticas en sentido amplio. (shrink)

Conviene subrayar en la época de la ciencia, cuando las prácticas más aberrantes y las especulaciones más desaforadas compiten por arrogarse el título de ciencias, que la filosofía no es una ciencia, ni necesita serlo para ejercer sus funciones críticas. No obstante, mantiene una relación íntima y constante con las ciencias desde sus orígenes hasta nuestros días (relación histórica), utiliza el mismo instrumento metodológico, la razón crítica (relación metódica) y recorre el mismo ámbito de la experiencia cognoscitiva humana (relación sistemática). (...) En ese sentido, la filosofía no se arredra ante el discurso postmoderno de la deslegitimación —Lyotard, Baudrillard, Vattimo, etc.—. Aunque las soluciones filosóficas son legitimadoras, no se reducen a mera ideología, ni tecnocrática ni progresista. (shrink)

En nuestra época asistimos a una auténtica proliferación de derechos. No hay conflicto ni problema humano que no desemboque en un debate acerca de los derechos que tenemos y cuya protección exigimos. Un panorama así estructurado da lugar a la irrupción de múltiples desafíos para una teoría de los derechoshumanos. Estos pueden ser tanto teóricos como prácticos. En este trabajo se señala un reto teórico peculiar: el de la necesidad de clarificar y determinar muy bien el alcance de cualquier ideología (...) política que contenga una teoría de los derechos humanos. Se ha elegido, en la actualidad, la teoría de lo Común con el fin de compararla con las consecuencias políticas de dos teorías que, de alguna manera, la han precedido históricamente: la voluntad general de J. J. Rousseauy la propuesta de un ser genérico elaborada por C. Marx. (shrink)

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the presence and current situation of the game of skittles throughout the northern route of the Camino de Santiago. Thus, we considered its current practice, modalities, where it is played, and its different manifestations as an informal and formal game, comparing it with other traditional games on this pilgrimage route. To do this, a mixed qualitative-quantitative study was designed with 89 participants, constituting an informant for each municipality through which the Northern (...) Way passes. An ad hoc questionnaire was used for the data collection, which was processed through content analysis by expert judges and by using the IBM-SPSS statistical package. The results of the study show notable skittles activity on the Northern Camino, reflected in the number of skittles alleys, the number of clubs, associations, and peñas participating in federated leagues, and the wide range of varieties of skittles currently active on the Camino. The relationship between skittles and local culture, both symbols of identity in these northern Spanish regions, made it possible to preserve the traditional heritage in these places, keeping it alive today, despite the push toward new and more attractive leisure and sport trends. (shrink)

Although entrepreneurial intention has been widely studied using cognitive models, we still lack entrepreneurial vocation and, therefore, lack disruptive innovations. Entrepreneurship scholars have some understanding of the reasons underlying this weakness, although there is much room for improvement in our learning concerning how to promote entrepreneurship among university students, especially in the transformed context of digital technologies. This paper focuses on the early stages of start-up, and in particular seeks to evaluate what role social and psychological factors play in the (...) development of entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on network theory, we consider the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we analyze the influence of two types of social networks: face-to-face and online social networks, with the latter proving especially important in digital transformations. In addition, based on affective congruency theory, we relate affect with entrepreneurial intention. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of positive and negative dispositional affectivity on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, since affect and emotions can also be related with social relationships, we analyze whether dispositional affectivities influence entrepreneurial intention through the mediation effect of social networks. Using structural equation modeling, we confirm the impact of both online and face-to-face social networks, as well as positive dispositional affectivity on entrepreneurial intention for 589 higher education students in Spain. However, negative dispositional affectivity is not seen to influence entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, both face-to-face and online social networks are influenced by positive dispositional affectivity. Moreover, these two types of networks can even partially mediate the relationship between positive dispositional affectivity and entrepreneurial intention. Positive dispositional affectivity can thus influence entrepreneurial intention in two different ways: directly and indirectly through both face-to-face and online social networks. This study provides further insights and adds to the literature on affect, social networks, and entrepreneurial intention. From a broader perspective, we also contribute to the literature on disruptive innovations by explaining how the development of entrepreneurial intentions would have positive consequences for university students vis-à-vis achieving these disruptive innovations. (shrink)

The main objective of this work is to examine the prevalence of psychopathy in the general adult population from the main currently existing theoretical perspectives of psychopathy, using for this purpose the five-factor or Big Five model as a common language that allows the comparison and integration of the personality traits considered as defining psychopathy by these different perspectives. The NEO Personality Inventory-Revised was applied to a sample of 682 adults of the general Spanish population. The prevalence of clinical and (...) subclinical psychopathy was calculated according to six different definitions of these two constructs based on Hare’s, Lilienfeld’s, triarchic, and DSM-5-hybrid models, and the simultaneous presence of a minimum number of personality traits that differed from the sample mean by one standard deviation. Prevalence rates for the different definitions were consistently low, indicating that the prevalence of clinical psychopathy in the general Spanish population is around 0.55%, and that of subclinical psychopathy is around 1.65%. There were no significant sex differences in the prevalence of psychopathy. These results question the alarmist claims that warn about the existence in society of a very high number of people with psychopathy who can cause many social, economic, physical, and psychological damage to others. (shrink)

José Luis Moreno argumenta contra lo que considera una variedad de formas de fetichismo político. Lo que tienen en común es depositar una confianza excesiva o monolítica en algún mecanismo democrático en particular. Compartimos su motivación y en esta nota crítica intentamos llevar sus argumentos más lejos preguntándonos si diferentes tipos de conocimiento políticamente relevante pueden distinguirse, si en algunos contextos es necesario dejar las decisiones en manos de expertos y si la propuesta de Moreno cae en un nuevo tipo (...) de fetichismo con respecto al sorteo como mecanismo capaz de eliminar injusticias sociales profundas. (shrink)

Although subsistence hunting is cross-culturally an activity led and practiced mostly by men, a rich body of literature shows that in many small-scale societies women also engage in hunting in varied and often inconspicuous ways. Using data collected among two contemporary forager-horticulturalist societies facing rapid change, we compare the technological and social characteristics of hunting trips led by women and men and analyze the specific socioeconomic characteristics that facilitate or constrain women’s engagement in hunting. Results from interviews on daily activities (...) with 121 Tsimane’ and 159 Baka show that Tsimane’ and Baka women participate in subsistence hunting, albeit using different techniques and in different social contexts than men. We also found differences in the individual and household socioeconomic profiles of Tsimane’ and Baka women who hunt and those who do not hunt. Moreover, the characteristics that differentiate hunter and non-hunter women vary from one society to the other, suggesting that gender roles in relation to hunting are fluid and likely to change, not only across societies, but also as societies change. (shrink)

La obtención de alimentos sanos y seguros requiere de técnicas de conservación inocuas para el consumidor y para el me­dio ambiente, entre las que se destaca la bioconservación. A su ca­tálogo de compuestos naturales o microorganismos, utilizados de forma habitual, la bioconservación ha incorporado recientemente los bacteriófagos y las proteínas fágicas con actividad lítica. La utilización de fagos y endolisinas en el biocontrol ofrece importantes ventajas frente a otros sistemas de conserva­ción tradicionales. Entre dichas ventajas destacan su inocuidad, especificidad y (...) versatilidad. Por otra parte, la acuciante necesidad de reducir el uso de antibióticos en la cadena alimentaria ha impul­sado la investigación basada en estos antimicrobianos con el fin de aplicarlos en producción primaria. Sin embargo, y a pesar de la gran eficacia ya demostrada en múltiples sectores, la falta de legislación de la Unión Europea sobre el uso de bacteriófa­gos junto con la necesidad de ser aceptados por los consumidores, son factores que están afectando negativamente a su implantación como bioconservantes. En este contexto, este artículo recoge los últimos resultados relacionados con este tipo de antimicrobianos en la industria agro-alimentaria, y resume los puntos clave para entender las posibilidades reales de su aplicación ante los nuevos requisitos asociados con una producción sostenible tanto desde una perspectiva económica como ambiental. (shrink)

ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the influence and measurement of the relationship and interaction between the elderly lifestyles after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and the factors analyzed comprised life satisfaction levels, social relationships, and daily-life activities.MethodsThe study population was ≥ 65 in Castile-La Mancha. The research design was quantitative and arose from primary data collected via an ad hoc survey carried out through the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system by randomly stratified sampling. The sample size was made up (...) of 1,065 cases, and the participants were selected through a random sampling stratified by gender quotas, age, province, and habitat size.ResultsThe results obtained revealed two main lifestyles, from which a notable behavioral change in personal relationships led to infer toward alternative lifestyles.ConclusionNotwithstanding the variation in lifestyles of the elderly after the pandemic, certain relationships remained unaltered. Thus, from the analyzed variables, relatives and friends relationships were scarcely influenced by the supervened incident. (shrink)

This article analyzes the construction of female subjectivity in the specific context of audiovisual cyberspaces in Spain dedicated to the struggle against violence against women. Looking at the YouTube channels of two virtual feminist communities that deal with violence against women, the authors analyze how the victim-subject is configured in terms of agency and activism. The authors adopt a multimodal model of studying the sign complexes of the videos as semiotic artifacts that produce meaning. Sign complexes are always engaged because (...) representation is never neutral because what is represented in sign is meant to realize the values and positions of those who make the sign. In this article, the authors understand feminist activism in the fight against violence targeting women as constructing in its discourse not only the activist process, but also the subject of this activism: the victim-subject of gender-based violence. The analysis engages in the discussion about the various ways in which this subject is interpellated by the audiovisual texts in terms of agency. As a result, this study proposes the necessity to devise new ways of articulating this subject as a political and agential one. (shrink)

Background:The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shortage of qualified nurses in Spain. As a result, the government authorized the hiring of senior students.Objectives:To explore the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts experienced by final-year nursing students who worked during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.Research design:A qualitative exploratory study was conducted using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried out using a question guide. Interviews took place via a private video chat room platform. A thematic, inductive (...) analysis was performed of the information gathered.Participants and research context:Eighteen nursing students were recruited from two universities of Madrid, aged between 18 and 65 years old, enrolled in the fourth year of nursing studies and who were hired under a relief contract for health professionals during the pandemic.Ethical considerations:The present study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos.Results:Three specific themes emerged: (a) coping with patient triage, (b) difficulties in providing end-of-life care, and (c) coping with patient death. Nursing students participated in the process of patient selection for resource allocation and ICU bed occupancy. They were shown how to care for patients who were not admitted to the ICU, in their last moments and were faced with the difficulties of applying end-of-life care. Finally, the nursing students were confronted with the death of their patients, in overwhelming numbers and under adverse conditions.Conclusions:These findings can help shed light on the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts faced by novice nursing students, incorporated into the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it was described that students may normalize the death due to the exhaustion and overwhelmed routine. (shrink)

The disease brought about by the SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 coronavirus has had an unprecedented global impact. Confinement to control the outbreak may have mental health consequences for the most vulnerable in the population, including adolescents. This study aims to describe and analyze the relationships between the stress variables, Emotional Intelligence and the intention to use cannabis in healthy adolescents, before and after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic containment stage. A comparative correlational study was carried out with validated self-completed questionnaires through (...) an online platform. The sample is made up of adolescents aged 13–17 from two different schools in Ponferrada. The analysis of correlation and differences between the groups indicate that confinement has had effects on the mental health of the adolescents, specifically on the emotional manifestations of stress. Furthermore, significant gender differences were found for stress values and Emotional Intelligence. However, no differences have been found for cannabis use intention. (shrink)

The island of Ibiza is a western Mediterranean destination known internationally for its nightlife. The aim of this paper is to make a proposal to classify the different types of premises in the Ibiza nightlife offer. This involves making a first definition that allows to delimit which businesses are parts of the sector. The methodology used is based on the case study and specifically, on the review of the promotional actions and activities carried out, completed with the visit to the (...) premises. The classification has been made based on the offer marketed and not only on the legal forms used, as innovation goes ahead of the existing legal classifications. Although it is a particular application, due to the international importance of Ibiza, it is a good starting point to classify the nightlife offer of many other tourist destinations. The resulting typology divides the sector into two large groups: nightclubs and other premises. While nightclubs have musical parties as their main activity declared, the other premises have accommodation or catering as their main activity, with music being an element of differentiation. Nightclubs are divided into several subgroups, depending on their size and relevance. The other premises are subdivided into Beach Clubs, Hotel Clubs, Party Boats, Lounge Clubs, Disco Pubs, among others. (shrink)

On 20 December 1973, an attack by ETA put an end to the lives of Franco's head of government, his chauffeur and his bodyguard. This had important consequences for both the dictatorship and the terrorist group. Based on the existing sources, historians have developed a fairly credible account of the events. Nevertheless, the fact that ETA had managed to assassinate such a prominent politician, combined with some loose ends in the police investigation and the absence of a sentence gave rise (...) to all kinds of speculation. Furthermore, the case of Carrero Blanco has inspired narratives of uneven quality. In this paper we examine the interrelationship between history, conspiracy theories and fiction surrounding the attack. (shrink)

The possibility of the knowledge of God is a significant question in the philosophy of Nicolás of Cusa. This leads to a particular natural theology with its corresponding method of knowledge, in which the intellectual desire is a constituent element which is knowledge in itself.The desire is the natural way to tend towards the Absolute. Desiring means somehow knowing; above all, it means knowing what it is not known and for that same reason something which cannot stop being desired. Besides, (...) the desire is possible because God is present in some way in the mind, which is what prompts the mind to desire. The desire is infinite because it cannot cease and because its object is also infinite.God appears in our cognitive activity more as an archetypal presence than as an external object of knowledge. This presence is the cause of the intellectual activity and the condition of the possibility of the knowledge of the external objects. (shrink)