The word myth is commonly thought to mean a fictional story, but few know that Plato was the first to use the term muthos in that sense. He also used muthos to describe the practice of making and telling stories, the oral transmission of all that a community keeps in its collective memory. In the first part of Plato the Myth Maker , Luc Brisson reconstructs Plato's multifaceted description of muthos in light of the latter's Atlantis story. The second part (...) of the book contrasts this sense of myth with another form of speech that Plato believed was far superior: the logos of philosophy. Gerard Naddaf's substantial introduction shows the originality and importance both of Brisson's method and of Plato's analysis and places it in the context of contemporary debates over the origin and evolution of the oral tradition. "[Brisson] contrasts muthos with the logos found at the heart of the philosophical reading. [He] does an excellent job of analyzing Plato's use of the two speech forms, and the translator's introduction does considerable service in setting the tone."-- Library Journal. (shrink)

These are inventions of the human mind. The scientific knowledge of the universe is entirely composed in a series of axioms and rules of inference underlying a formalized system.

Les études ici réunies rendent compte de ce que furent le contexte historique et littéraire de la rédaction des dialogues platoniciens, puis de la manière dont leur auteur a choisi de confronter sa philosophie à la mythologie, afin de mener une enquête sur le monde, l’âme et la cité. Ces lectures veulent prendre ainsi la mesure de ce qui nous éloigne aujourd’hui de Platon, mais suggérer encore qu’une histoire de la philosophie qui cherche à s’affranchir de l’anachronisme trace un chemin (...) vers la philosophie. (shrink)

This study explains how the myths of Greece and Rome were transmitted from antiquity to the Renaissance. Luc Brisson argues that philosophy was ironically responsible for saving myth from historical annihilation. Although philosophy was initially critical of myth because it could not be declared true or false and because it was inferior to argumentation, mythology was progressively reincorporated into philosophy through allegorical exegesis. Brisson shows to what degree allegory was employed among philosophers and how it enabled myth to take on (...) a number of different interpretive systems throughout the centuries: moral, physical, psychological, political, and even metaphysical. How Philosophers Saved Myths also describes how, during the first years of the modern era, allegory followed a more religious path, which was to assume a larger role in Neoplatonism. Ultimately, Brisson explains how this embrace of myth was carried forward by Byzantine thinkers and artists throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance after the triumph of Chistianity, Brisson argues, myths no longer had to agree with just history and philosophy but the dogmas of the Church as well. (shrink)

“Teleology,” a word invented in 1728 by Christian Wolff, has become a magic formula among those who are interested in Plato, Aristotle, and even the Stoics. Among our contemporaries, “teleology” in fact enables modern physical theories based on mechanical necessity to be opposed to ancient explanations that try to master chance by means of a good and benevolent intellect. The question in this paper will be to determine whether this explanation, which refers above all to Aristotle’s doctrine of causes and (...) more precisely to the final cause, can be found in Plato’s Timaeus. (shrink)

L'article s'attaque aux racines mêmes du « mystère platonicien » en partant du constat de son caractère proprement « inexplicable »: qu'un auteur, dont on possède l'ensemble de l'œuvre écrite autorise des lectures, non seulement diverses, ce qui est légitime, mais également contradictoires, n'a aucun sens. L'article indique brièvement les éléments qui expliquent cette situation paradoxale et met en valeur les contributions de l'École de Tübingen (Krämer, Gaiser), qui insistent sur les « auto-témoignages » de Platon et sur la tradition (...) indirecte en vue d'une compréhension tout à fait nouvelle de Platon. L'auteur tente ensuite de dissiper quelques-unes des équivoques les plus graves qui grèvent le débat qu'elles ont suscité. L'article expose les analyses de Reale, qui éclairent d'un jour nouveau la valeur paradigmatique de cette nouvelle position, et l'apport de Szlezák, qui produit l'analyse des techniques d'écriture employées par Platon. Les commentaires de Movia et de Migliori prouvent finalement la puissance herméneutique du « nouveau paradigme » et apportent une série d'approfondissements explicatifs, surtout au sujet de la dialectique. The article tackles the roots of the « Plato mystery », beginning with its « inexplicable » existence. It is a nonsensical that an author, whose written corpus we possess, is not only open to different valid interpretations, but even to contradictory ones. After pointing out the elements behind this paradoxical situation, the contributions of the Tübingen school (Krämer, Gaiser) that enhance Plato's own testimony and the indirect tradition in respect of a renewed Platonic comprehension, are underlined. The author then attempts to eliminate some of the major misunderstandings which blocked the previous debate. The article exposes Reale's analysis, who clarifies the paradigmatic value of the new proposal, and the Szlezák's contribution, who threats the analysis of the writing techniques of Plato. Finally Movia's and Migliori's commentaries verify the hermeneutical capabilities of the « new paradigma » and bring a set of thorough examination of the dialectic mainly. (shrink)

How was the Neoplatonic School of Athens able to maintain itself for more than a century at Athens, in a hostile environment, while being the target of the opposition of the Christians who were not only in the majority, but also held political power? These are the questions this text seeks to answer. Although it does not promise any earth-shaking discovery, it will try to sketch a clear and precise portrait of the Neoplatonic School of Athens on the family, political (...) and economic level. (shrink)

The universe is the result of a production that pertains not to craft, but to nature. This production does not involve either reasoning or concepts, but is the result of a power that acts on matter like an imprint. The Intellect transmits the intelligible forms it harbors, to the hypostasis Soul, where they become rational formulas. The hypostasis Soul then transmits these rational formulas to the world soul, which produces animate and inanimate beings, as if it had been ordered to (...) do so. Yet since it is the lower part of the soul of the world that is responsible for these productions, its action, which depends on reasons that do not hold the first rank and are drawn from itself, manifests inferior quality, which explains imperfection and the presence of evil in the sensible universe, despite its government by Providence. (shrink)

Neste artigo, tenciono mostrar que é impossível concluir, como fez André Grabar, que há uma mudança da atitude de Plotino em relação à obra de arte. Plotino coloca sob o vocábulo tékhne toda uma série de atividades humanas associando artes, ofícios e inclusive ciências que não apresentam nenhum traço comum além daquele da competência. Além do mais, a tékhne não é associada à produção artística. Enfim, em Plotino assim como em Platão, a natureza precede sempre a tékhne; com efeito, somente (...) a natureza tem uma ação espontânea, contínua e dispensadora de vida e de potência. (shrink)

In the present article, we consider the question of the primary elements in Plato’s Timaeus, the components of the whole universe reduced, by an extraordinarily elegant construction, to two right triangles. But how does he reconcile such a model with the infinite diversity of the universe? A large part of this study is devoted to Cornford’s explanation in his commentary of the Timaeus and its shortcomings, in order to finally propose a revised one, which we think to be entirely consistent (...) with Plato’s text. This analysis is an essential step for the understanding of the connection between the sensible world and the mathematical principles that underlies Timaeus’ cosmological account. (shrink)

The anecdote recounted by Aristoxenus, who claims to be reporting Aristotle’s words, has been used by several interpreters to maintain the existence of a doctrine of the Good reserved for the members of the Academy, and transmitted orally, after the model of Pythagorean teaching. Yet a close analysis of these few lines shows that this interpretation has no basis : instead, what is at issue is a reading, for a broad audience, of a text corresponding to a doctrine of the (...) good that can be found in the Republic and the Laws. (shrink)

In this paper, a pluralistic explanation of the sources of evil according to Plato is offered, which takes into account not only ethics, but also cosmology. In Plato, one must distinguish between negative evils, which result from the inherent distortion of images, that is, of bodies, as compared to their model, that is, of intelligible reality; and positive evils, whose ultimate cause is the soul. In the case of the soul of the world, one must speak of relative positive evils (...) that are the consequence of its degraded power, and in the case of man, of absolute positive evils, which are the consequence of error. (shrink)

For Plato in the Philebus, envious jealousy (φθόνος) is a state of mind or a disposition of the soul, in which pain is mixed with pleasure, because one affected by envious jealousy is rejoicing at the misfortunes of those around him and being sad at their happiness. For Plato, to reject the envious jealousy is to express his will to establish new relationships between the gods − including universe − and human beings on the one hand, and between human beings (...) on the other, whether individuals or groups. In this context, competition (ἀγών), which played such an important role in the culture of ancient Greece, is evacuated, except, perhaps, from the field of virtue. (shrink)

Platão foi o primeiro a utilizar o termo mito no sentido que continuamos a dar a esse termo nas linguas modemas. Utilizando mito Platão descreve um certo tipo de discurso, fabricado pelos poetas na sociedade onde ele vive, a fim de substituí-lo por um outro, o Aóyos produzido pelos filósofos. Mesmo se mostrando muito crítico a respeito dos poetas que fabricam os mitos, Platão reconhece que os filósofos não podem viver sem os mitos. Assim, ele se inspira nos poetas para (...) desenvolver certos pontos de sua doutrina, chegando mesmo a fabricar mitos, porque reconhece sua eficácia no dominio da ética e da política. (shrink)

É no Timeu de Platão encontra sua origem o que nomeamos «matéria», termo que traduz o que Aristóteles nomeou húle, e é conveniente precisar que se trata da «matéria primeira». Como a hipótese da «matéria primeira» é destinada a resolver um problema metafísico, o do substrato da mudança física, compreende-se bem por que a ciência moderna se desinteresou da questão, considerando que, se aceitamos o princípio segundo o qual «nada nasce nem perece, pois tudo se transforma», é suficiente descrever e (...) mensurar a quantidade de matéria que se transforma sem que se coloque a questão da natureza do substrato que se transforma, uma tal questão se situando além da física. (shrink)

Depuis l’Antiquité jusqu’à la Renaissance, la transmission des mythes de la Grèce Ancienne et de Rome fut assurée de façon paradoxale par la philosophie qui, après avoir dénoncé l’incapacité de ces récits à transmettre la vérité et à développer une argumentation, s’employa grâce à cet instrument exégétique que représente l’allégorie, à montrer comment sous leurs éléments les plus surprenants et les plus scandaleux se dissimulait la signification philosophique la plus haute.Cet ouvrage propose une somme d’informations historiques, textuelles et doctrinales sur (...) les métamorphoses que subit l’interprétation allégorique des mythes pendant deux millénaires. Cette nouvelle édition corrigée tient compte de la plupart des travaux sur l’interprétation allégorique parus depuis une dizaine d’années. (shrink)

Ce livre essaie de comprendre comment et pourquoi, depuis l’antiquité jusqu’à la Renaissance, la transmission des mythes de la Grèce ancienne et de Rome fut assurée notamment par la philosophie qui, après avoir dénoncé et leur incapacité à être déclarés vrais ou faux et leur infériorité par rapport à l’argumentation, s’employa, à l’aide de cet instrument exégétique qu’est l’allégorie, à montrer comment leurs éléments les plus surprenants et les plus scandaleux présentaient la signification la plus haute en vertu de ce (...) présupposé : tous les hommes partagent les mêmes vérités, présupposé qui sera remis en cause par les grandes Découvertes, et notamment celle de l’Amérique. (shrink)

The universe is the result of a production that pertains not to craft, but to nature. This production does not involve either reasoning or concepts, but is the result of a power that acts on matter like an imprint. The Intellect transmits the intelligible forms it harbors, to the hypostasis Soul, where they become rational formulas. The hypostasis Soul then transmits these rational formulas to the world soul, which produces animate and inanimate beings, as if it had been ordered to (...) do so. Yet since it is the lower part of the soul of the world that is responsible for these productions, its action, which depends on reasons that do not hold the first rank and are drawn from itself, manifests inferior quality, which explains imperfection and the presence of evil in the sensible universe, despite its government by Providence. (shrink)