Philippe Descola has become one of the most important anthropologists working today, and Beyond Nature and Culture has been a major influence in European intellectual life since its French publication in 2005. Here, finally, it is brought to English-language readers. At its heart is a question central to both anthropology and philosophy: what is the relationship between nature and culture? Culture—as a collective human making, of art, language, and so forth—is often seen as essentially different from nature, which (...) is portrayed as a collective of the nonhuman world, of plants, animals, geology, and natural forces. Descola shows this essential difference to be, however, not only a specifically Western notion, but also a very recent one. Drawing on ethnographic examples from around the world and theoretical understandings from cognitive science, structural analysis, and phenomenology, he formulates a sophisticated new framework, the “four ontologies”— animism, totemism, naturalism, and analogism—to account for all the ways we relate ourselves to nature. By thinking beyond nature and culture as a simple dichotomy, Descola offers nothing short of a fundamental reformulation by which anthropologists and philosophers can see the world afresh. (shrink)

Since the end of the nineteenth century, the division between nature and culture has been fundamental to Western thought. In this groundbreaking work, renowned anthropologist Philippe Descola seeks to break down this divide, arguing for a departure from the anthropocentric model and its rigid dualistic conception of nature and culture as distinct phenomena. In its stead, Descola proposes a radical new worldview, in which beings and objects, human and nonhuman, are understood through the complex relationships that they (...) possess with one another. The Ecology of Others presents a compelling challenge to anthropologists, ecologists, and environmental studies scholars to rethink the way we conceive of humans, objects, and the environment. Thought-provoking and engagingly written, it will be required reading for all those interested in moving beyond the moving beyond the confines of this fascinating debate." --Publisher's note. (shrink)

Dans le dernier numéro de 2010 de l’ Interdisciplinary Science Reviews intitulé « Histoire et nature humaine », Brad Inwood et Willard McCarty, rédacteurs en chef, ont invité le professeur G.E.R Lloyd, à écrire un article sur le débat entre universalistes et relativistes, reprenant les thèses de son récent livre Cognitive Variations (Oxford University Press, 2007). À cet article répondent des spécialistes de diverses disciplines. Nous publions ici la réponse de deux anthropologues : Philippe Descola et Eduardo Viveiros (...) de Castro. (shrink)

Claude Levi-Strauss mentioned several times in his work that the notion of transformation is the keystone of the structural analysis he pratices. By his own admission, this notion stems from his reading of D’Arcy Thomson’s book On Growth and Form during World War II in the United States. But Levi-Strauss makes use of two very different meanings of transformation, relating to two distinct morpho-genetic traditions. On the one hand, he is inspired by Goethe’s Morphology. All forms can be seen as (...) transformation of a Urform, an original form, from which they grow out like a tree. But on the other hand, D’Arcy Thomson’s emphasis lies on the geometric simplicity of a transformation grid that allows the transition from one biological form to the other without considering any original from which other forms would be derivable. Levi-Strauss’ epistemological choice to study myths and masks can be better understood when his concept of transformation is clearly defined in relation to Goethe and D’Arcy Thomson. Thus, the originality of his own interpretation will become clear. (shrink)

Following the methods of structural anthropology and Bruno Latour, the contribution discusses societies not as wholes in Durkheim's sense but as collectives. Along the fundamental duality between material processes and mental states four main ontologies of social forms are presented, in which the two axes regulate specific continuities and differences between humans and non-humans of a collective: animism, totemism, naturalism and analogism. German Im Anschluss an die Methoden der strukturalen Anthropologie und an Bruno Latour diskutiert der Beitrag Gesellschaften nicht als (...) Ganzheiten Durkheimscher Prägung, sondern als Kollektive. Entlang der basalen Dualität zwischen materiellen Prozessen und mentalen Zuständen werden dabei vier Haupt-Ontologien sozialer Formen vorgestellt, in denen die beiden Achsen jeweils spezifische Kontinuitäten und Differenzen zwischen Menschen und Nichtmenschen eines Kollektivtyps regeln: Animismus, Totemismus, Naturalismus und Analogismus. (shrink)

Following the methods of structural anthropology and Bruno Latour, the contribution discusses societies not as wholes in Durkheim’s sense but as collectives. Along the fundamental duality between material processes (corporeality) and mental states (inwardness) four main ontologies of social forms are presented, in which the two axes regulate specific continuities and differences between humans and non-humans of a collective: animism, totemism, naturalism and analogism.

There are various conceptions of objectivity, a characteristic of the scientific enterprise, the most fundamental being objectivity as faithfulness to facts. A brute fact, which happens independently from us, becomes a scientific fact once we take cognisance of it through the means made available to us by science. Because of the complex, reciprocal relationship between scientific facts and scientific theory, the concept of objectivity as faithfulness to facts does not hold in the strict sense of an aperspectival faithfulness to brute (...) facts. Nevertheless, it holds in the large sense of an underdetermined faithfulness to scientific facts, as long as we keep in mind the complexity of the notion of scientific fact (as theory-laden), and the role of non-factual elements in theory choice (as underdetermined by facts). Science remains our best way to separate our factual beliefs from our other kinds of beliefs. (shrink)

Farabi et l'école d'Alexandrie, est la première étude consacrée à l'ensemble des thèmes de l'œuvre de celui qui fut l'un des plus grands philosophes arabes.

This research investigates 3- and 5-year-olds' relative fairness in distributing small collections of even or odd numbers of more or less desirable candies, either with an adult experimenter or between two dolls. The authors compare more than 200 children from around the world, growing up in seven highly contrasted cultural and economic contexts, from rich and poor urban areas, to small-scale traditional and rural communities. Across cultures, young children tend to optimize their own gain, not showing many signs of self-sacrifice (...) or generosity. Already by 3 years of age, self-optimizing in distributive justice is based on perspective taking and rudiments of mind reading. By 5 years, overall, children tend to show more fairness in sharing. What varies across cultures is the magnitude of young children's self-interest. More fairness (less self-interest) in distributive justice is evident by children growing up in small-scale urban and traditional societies thought to promote more collective values. (shrink)

To what extent do early intuitions about ownership depend on cultural and socio-economic circumstances? We investigated the question by testing reasoning about third party ownership conflicts in various groups of three- and five-year-old children (N = 176), growing up in seven highly contrasted social, economic, and cultural circumstances (urban rich, poor, very poor, rural poor, and traditional) spanning three continents. Each child was presented with a series of scripts involving two identical dolls fighting over an object of possession. The child (...) had to decide who of the two dolls should own the object. Each script enacted various potential reasons for attributing ownership: creation, familiarity, first contact, equity, plus a control/neutral condition with no suggested reasons. Results show that across cultures, children are significantly more consistent and decisive in attributing ownership when one of the protagonists created the object. Development between three and five years is more or less pronounced depending on culture. The propensity to split the object in equal halves whenever possible was generally higher at certain locations (i.e., China) and quasi-inexistent in others (i.e., Vanuatu and street children of Recife). Overall, creation reasons appear to be more primordial and stable across cultures than familiarity, relative wealth or first contact. This trend does not correlate with the passing of false belief theory of mind. (shrink)

2020 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title In this book, Philipp von Wussow argues that the philosophical project of Leo Strauss must be located in the intersection of culture, religion, and the political. Based on archival research on the philosophy of Strauss, von Wussow provides in-depth interpretations of key texts and their larger theoretical contexts. Presenting the necessary background in German-Jewish philosophy of the interwar period, von Wussow then offers detailed accounts and comprehensive interpretations of Strauss's early masterwork, Philosophy and Law, his (...) wartime lecture "German Nihilism," the sources and the scope of Strauss's critique of modern "relativism," and a close commentary on the late text "Jerusalem and Athens." With its rare blend of close reading and larger perspectives, this book is valuable for students of political philosophy, continental thought, and twentieth-century Jewish philosophy alike. It is indispensable as a guide to Strauss's philosophical project, as well as to some of the most intricate details of his writings. (shrink)

L’objectif de cet article est de laisser entrevoir pourquoi et comment il est possible de faire pivoter une approche esthétique fondée sur des idées vers une autre fondée sur des gestes. Mon point de pivotement sera ce que Kant affirme et présuppose de l’idée esthétique et du geste (dont il ne parle que brièvement et latéralement). Il ne s’agira donc pas d’exposer l’esthétique kantienne mais plutôt faire ressortir pourquoi cette dernière ne peut donner une pleine existence au geste et ce (...) qu’o... (shrink)

Newly edited by Konrad Koerner (University of Ottawa), with an introduction by Clemens Knobloch (Universitat Siegen)The importance of Wegener's Untersuchungen uber die Grundfragen des Sprachlebens can only be compared to that of Karl Buhler's Sprachtheorie. Even now, however, Wegener's work remains virtually unknown to the English speaking world. Wegener's main work was published in 1885. It has its origin in two lectures given in 1883 and 1884 at school teacher meetings held in the Magdeburg area and it still recalls those (...) original occasions and maintains much of the oral style. Part of the volume treats the subject in a systematic and theoretical manner; other sections contain vivid examples and are characterized by a considerable didactic effort. The book is held together by leitmotif-questions, such as 'How do we understand language?' and 'How does language function as a means of everyday communication?'. We witness the experiences of the talented school teacher and the observations of the innovative dialect researcher combined, condensed, and conceptually ordered.In spite of the relatively unsystematic form of presentation, the book remains thoroughly consistent in thought and argument. In the Untersuchungen we have before us the outline of a communicative and functional view of language structure, of the analysis of speech, and of semantics. (shrink)

La revue Dialogue a toujours tenté des ouvertures et des échanges épistémologiques. Chaque clinicien et chaque chercheur s’inscrit dans une filiation qui doit soutenir sa cohérence de pensée sans l’enfermer dans un dogmatisme. Tout en gardant sa référence princeps à l’Inconscient, l’analyse a évolué dans sa confrontation à l’extension de ses champs cliniques. Les couples et les familles ont eux-mêmes changé – tout du moins structurellement – en lien avec les modifications collectives. Tout ceci nécessite des échanges rigoureux ne devant (...) céder ni à la facilité, ni à la confusion. Les effets des changements interrogent également les aspects techniques dans la clinique avec les couples et les familles. (shrink)

La revue Dialogue a toujours tenté des ouvertures et des échanges épistémologiques. Chaque clinicien et chaque chercheur s’inscrit dans une filiation qui doit soutenir sa cohérence de pensée sans l’enfermer dans un dogmatisme. Tout en gardant sa référence princeps à l’Inconscient, l’analyse a évolué dans sa confrontation à l’extension de ses champs cliniques. Les couples et les familles ont eux-mêmes changé – tout du moins structurellement – en lien avec les modifications collectives. Tout ceci nécessite des échanges rigoureux ne devant (...) céder ni à la facilité, ni à la confusion. Les effets des changements interrogent également les aspects techniques dans la clinique avec les couples et les familles. (shrink)

Aborde la question de l'image chrétienne face à la révolution de la modernité, en montrant comment la nature spécifique de l'image conduit à l'exigence d'un discernement en engageant le spectateur à dépasser ses propres limites. Démontre également que le modernisme de la représentation iconographique n'a rien perdu de son actualité.

Beyond the predominant paradigm of an essentially rational human cognition, based on the classical binary logic, we want to propose some reflections that are organized around the intuition that the representations we have of the world are weighted with appreciations, for example affective ones. resulting from our integration into a social environment. We see these connotations as essentially ternary in nature, depending on the concepts underlying neutrosophy: either positive, negative or neutral. This form of representation would then influence the very (...) nature of the cognitive process, which in complex real-world situations, has to deal with problems of a combinatorial nature leading to a number of cases too large for our abilities. Forced to proceed by shortcuts on the basis of heuristics, cognition would use these assessments of the representations it manipulates to decide whether partial solutions are attractive for solving the problem or on the contrary are judged negative and are then quickly rejected. There is still the case of a neutral weighting that allows processing to continue. Thus a neutrosophical conception of our representations of the world explains how our cognition functions in its treatment of combinatorial problems in the form of producing processing accelerating heuristics, both in terms of partial solutions selection and processing optimization. (shrink)

Dans cet essai l'auteur s'est donné pour tâche de dégager la " leçon de Fichte ". En effet, qu'a voulu dire Fichte, tant dans ses textes les plus philosophiques que dans ses discours et écrits à l'adresse de tous? A suivre Philippe Riviale, Fichte serait le frère savant de Gracchus Babeuf : selon lui, ils partagent le même désir de faire venir la vie en nous, de dénoncer l'imposture de la civilisation marchande et de la propriété, fondées sur le (...) déni du moi, tel qu'il est en son impulsion originaire. Le moi, loin d'être déjà constitué, s'élabore dans l'agir et le pâtir par quoi il se fait place dans le monde à venir, qui ne saurait être sans former un " nous " ensemble. Fichte, tout comme son frère en pensée, ne nous parle pas d'un monde hors de notre atteinte. Il ne pose pas l'esprit en marche, qui mènerait les hommes malheureux à un fabuleux destin. Par avance, il réfute Heidegger qui prétend nous donner à voir qu'il n'est rien d'autre que ce que nous sommes, en tant qu'existants ; que la pensée de la liberté est l'illusion suprême qui nous cache le devenir qui nous attend. A l'inverse, Fichte nous fait découvrir qui nous sommes, qui nous avons vocation à être si seulement nous acceptons de faire taire en nous le désir de servitude, la crainte des puissants, la croyance en un au-delà réparateur. C'est de la destination de l'homme qu'il s'agit. Mais Fichte ne fut compris ni de ses contemporains, ni des nôtres. A défaut d'être compris, il fut comparé à Hegel, à Schelling, renvoyé du côté des illuminés, des prémodernes. Cette tendance ne serait pas grave, s'il n'y avait là matière à recherche sur les complications de celui qui voulut annoncer sans répit, comme Babeuf le fit, qu'il n'y a pas de secret. Il est en nous d'aller là où nous conduit notre impulsion, au lieu de stagner misérablement dans des formes d'existence aliénée. Les hommes ne sont pas condamnés à errer sans avenir, nus, ignorants et traîtres à eux-mêmes. C'est de l'écoute de ce projet - fonder un vivre-ensemble par libre choix - que dépend la chance d'un éveil à l'autonomie et à l'humain. (shrink)

" Mai 68, avec ses slogans parfois stupides et son jargon marxisant - déjà kitsch à l'époque -, était une période joyeuse. On s'y levait tard pour gagner moins. On faisait des pieds de nez aux statues des grands hommes. On prenait au sérieux la question du bonheur. Ceux qui haïssent Mai 68, au fond, sont à plaindre : ils avouent que déjà, à vingt ans, ils étaient des petits vieux qui regardaient passer l'avenir dans un rétroviseur. Et pourtant ce (...) sont eux les vrais utopistes. Ils croient qu'une victoire électorale suffira à faire perdre le goût de l'émancipation à celles et à ceux qui en jouissent. Si ce n'était pas si revanchard, ce serait presque émouvant de naïveté. ". (shrink)