In this essay, Domenico Jervolino summarizes twenty years of Ricoeur’s reading of Patočka’s work, up to the Neapolitan conference of 1997. Nowhere is Ricoeur closer to Patočka’s a-subjective phenomenology. Both thinkers belong, together with authors like Merleau-Ponty and Levinas, to a third phase of the phenomenological movement, marked by the search for a new approach to the relation between human beings and world, beyond Husserl and Heidegger. In the search for this approach, Patočka strongly underlines the relation between body, temporality (...) and sociality. Central to this new encounter of Patočka and Ricoeur is the discovery of an idea of inter-human community based on a a-subjective conception of existence. (shrink)

El artículo no se hace la pregunta de si el mundo existe, sino que cuestiona el sentido del ser del mundo desde Husserl y explora, desde el pensamiento de Patočka, y a diferencia de Husserl, la posibilidad de una donación no ideal del mundo que permita poner en cuestión el enfoque neorrealista de la existencia de éste. Se trata de denunciar el conflicto que opera en el Husserl de las Ideen 1, entre la fenomenología de la percepción y la fenomenología (...) de la razón, y de hacer valer la posibilidad de una dimensión caótica del mundo, irreductible a un puro cosmos. En realidad, la crítica de este conflicto, que procede de la concepción intuicionista de la evidencia, abre el camino a la alternativa de una donación no intuitiva del mundo. Esta tesis inspirada en la concepción merleau-pontyana de lo infinito permite criticar la perspectiva realista y hacer valer la novedosa propuesta de un archi-realismo del mundo. (shrink)

The Being of the Phenomenon opens European post-structuralism to further study and is certain to inspire new thinking about the origins of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology.

In Introduction to a Phenomenology of Life, renowned French philosopher Renaud Barbaras aims to construct the basis for a phenomenology of life. Called an introduction because it has to deal with philosophical limits and presuppositions, it is much more, as Barbaras investigates life in its phenomenological senses, approached through the duality of its intransitive and transitive senses. Originally published in French (Introduction à une phénoménologie de la vie) Introduction to a Phenomenology of Life first defines the problem of (...) life phenomenologically, then studies the failures of the phenomenological movement to adequately think about life, and finally elaborates a new, original, and productive approach to the problem. He engages "object-oriented" philosophies with this approach and concludes that they are far more phenomenological than previously believed. Combining original interpretations and expert readings of philosophers such as Kant and Husserl and contemporary thinkers such as Bergson, Badiou, and Deleuze, Barbaras offers here a powerful and important contribution to phenomenology and continental thought. (shrink)

En 1990, s'est tenu a Lyon le premier colloque explicitement consacré à Henri Maldiney. L'idée était de lui donner la parole, mais seulement après avoir entendu quelques-uns de ses anciens étudiants et de ses plus proches amis (Jacques Schotte, André du Bouchet, Roland Kuhn), réunis autour de questions centrales pour chacun d'eux. Encre Marine a publié les meilleures pages provenant de ces journées dans Existence : crise et création. En 2012, Henri Maldiney a eu cent ans. L'Association Internationale Henri Maldiney (...) (AIHM) a réuni un colloque d'une journée à Lyon organisé avec la Faculté de Philosophie de l'Université Jean-Moulin, là où Henri Maldiney a longtemps enseigné (dont les actes sont à paraître) et un autre de deux journées à Paris, rue d'Ulm, là où Henri Maldiney a été étudiant, organisé avec les Archives Husserl. Les contributions ici réunies montrent comment l'oeuvre de Maldiney est aujourd'hui lue à la fois par quelques-uns qui accompagnent son travail depuis longtemps déjà et par de tout nouveaux lecteurs - ce qui témoigne de la diffusion de sa pensée. Certains ont pu dire que, désormais, on peut lire Henri Maldiney "comme un classique". La reprise du texte de Maldiney Existence : crise et création " montre que décidément, même dans le retrait lié au grand âge, Henri Maldiney continue, à travers son oeuvre, d'exercer une singulière présence. (shrink)

Desire and Distance constitutes an important new departure in contemporary phenomenological thought, a rethinking and critique of basic philosophical positions concerning the concept of perception presented by Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, though it departs in significant and original ways from their work. Barbaras’s overall goal is to develop a philosophy of what “life” is—one that would do justice to the question of embodiment and its role in perception and the formation of the human subject. Barbaras posits that desire and (...) distance inform the concept of “life.” Levinas identified a similar structure in Descartes’s notion of the infinite. For Barbaras, desire and distance are anchored not in meaning, but in a rethinking of the philosophy of biology and, in consequence, cosmology. Barbaras elaborates and extends the formal structure of desire and distance by drawing on motifs as yet unexplored in the French phenomenological tradition, especially the notions of “life” and the “life-world,” which are prominent in the later Husserl but also appear in non-phenomenological thinkers such as Bergson. Barbaras then filters these notions (especially “life”) through Merleau-Ponty. (shrink)

En France, la mixité scolaire semble s'imposer comme une évidence. Dans les dernières décennies du XXe siècle, l'École a été un des vecteurs essentiels de la transformation sociale, le lieu à la fois de la réussite scolaire des filles, mais aussi ­ le constat est plus neuf ­ de l'échec relatif des garçons, notamment des milieux populaires. Depuis « l'affaire des foulards » en 1989, la mixité est cependant l'objet de discussions et de remises en cause. Plusieurs études sociologiques réc...

Cette introduction explique la perception, reconnue par Husserl sous le titre de "donation par esquisses". Il s'agit d'opérer une réduction radicale qui va de la critique du néant au monde comme a priori de tout apparaître. A ce monde correspond un sujet dont le sens d'être fait problème puisqu'il est à la fois un moment du monde et en rapport avec la totalité comme telle.

In French, the verb "to live" designates both being alive and the experience of something. This ambiguity has a philosophical meaning. The task of a phenomenology of life is to describe an originary sense of living from which the very distinction between life in the intransitive sense and life in the transitive, or intentional, sense proceeds. Hans Jonas is one of those rare authors who has tried to give an account of the specificity of life instead of reducing life to (...) categories that are foreign to it. However, the concept of metabolism, by which Jonas characterizes vital activity, attests to a presupposition as to life: life is conceived as self-preservation, that is, as negation of death, in such a way that life is, in the end, not thought on the basis of itself. The aim of this article is to show that life as such must be understood as movement in a radicalized sense, in which the living being is no more the subject than the product. All living beings are in effect characterized by a movement, which nothing can cause to cease, a movement that largely exceeds what is required by the satisfaction of needs and that, because of this, bears witness to an essential incompleteness. This incompleteness reveals that life is originarily bound to a world. Because the world to which the living being relates is essentially non-totalizable and unpresentable, living movement can not essentially complete itself. Thus, in the final analysis, life must be defined as desire, and in virtue of this view, life does not tend toward self-preservation, as we have almost always thought, but toward the manifestation of the world. (shrink)

The course on nature coincides with the re-working of Merleau-Ponty's breakthrough towards an ontology and therefore plays a primordial role. The appearance of an interrogation of nature is inscribed in the movement of thought that comes after the Phenomenology of Perception. What is at issue is to show that the ontological mode of the perceived object - not the unity of a positive sense but the unity of a style that shows through in filigree in the sensible aspects - has (...) a universal meaning, that the description of the perceived world can give way to a philosophy of perception and therefore to a theory of truth. The analysis of linguistic expression to which the philosophy of perception leads opens out onto a definition of meaning as institution, understood as what inaugurates an open series of expressive appropriations. It is this theory of institution that turns the analysis of the perceived in the direction of a reflection on nature: the perceived is no longer the originary in its difference from the derived but the natural in its difference from the instituted. Nature is the "non-constructed, non-instituted," and thereby, the source of expression: "nature is what has a sense without this sense having been posited by thought." The first part of the course, which consists in a historical overview, must not be considered as a mere introduction. In fact, the problem of nature is brought out into the open by means of the history of Western metaphysics, in which Descartes is the emblematic figure. The problem consists in the duality - at once unsatisfactory and unsurpassable - between two approaches to nature: the one which accentuates its determinability and therefore its transparency to the understanding; the other which emphasizes the irreducible facticity of nature and tends therefore to valorize the view-point of the senses. To conceive nature is to constitute a concept of it that allows us to "take possession" of this duality, that is, to found the duality. The second part of the course attempts to develop this concept of nature by drawing upon the results of contemporary science. Thus a philosophy of nature is sketched that can be summarized in four propositions: 1) the totality is no less real than the parts; 2) there is a reality of the negative and therefore no alternative between being and nothingmess; 3) a natural event is not assigned to a unique spatio-temporal localization; and 4) there is generality only as generativity. (shrink)

La phénoménologie de Sartre peut être comprise comme une tentative de fonder radicalement l'intuition husserlienne de l'intentionnalité. " Toute conscience est conscience de quelque chose " : la conscience naît portée sur un être qui n'est pas elle, elle n'est pas constituante mais révélante et c'est en tant quelle est Néant qu'elle peut s'ouvrir à l'Être sans cesser de s'en distinguer. Or, définir la conscience par la néantisation revient à mettre au cœur de l'existence humaine une liberté qui, tout en (...) s'appuyant sur la facticité du pour-soi, demeure absolue et inconditionnée. Cependant, ce mouvement de néantisation est fondé sur une théorie du désir qui constitue la clé de voûte de L'Être et le Néant et rend compte des différentes modalités d'existence du pour-soi. Le pour-soi ne peut en effet sortir de lui-même vers le monde que parce qu'il est traversé par un désir insatiable, un manque qui ne peut être comblé : celui de réaliser l'impossible synthèse de l'en-soi et du pour-soi, bref le désir d'être Dieu. Tous les textes réunis ici tentent d'aborder la philosophie phénoménologique de Sartre à la lumière de cette articulation fondamentale entre la liberté et le désir. (shrink)

The universal a priori of the correlation between transcendental being and its subjective modes of givenness constitutes the minimal framework for any phenomenological approach. The proper object of phenomenology is then to characterize both the exact nature of the correlation and the sense of being of the terms in relation, that is to say, of subject and world. It involves demonstrating that a rigorous analysis of the correlation unfolds necessarily on three levels and that phenomenology is thus destined to move (...) beyond itself towards a cosmology and metaphysics. The phenomenological correlation that we will establish is essentially a relation between a subject that is desire and a world that is pure transcendence and assumes their common belonging to a φύσίς whose description stems from a cosmology. But the difference of the subject, without which there is no correlation, refers itself to a more originary split that affects the very process of the manifestation and opens the space of metaphysics. (shrink)

This chapter discusses the phenomenology of life. The a priori of correlation characterises the being as what presents itself in its appearances only by being absent from them, as offering itself up to an exploration, in the face of which it continuously steps back or withdraws. Transcendental life must contain something living in order to be able to characterise itself as life. Desire never meets its object except in the mode of the object's own absence, and this is why nothing (...) stops it. The link between desire and the world is the truth of the relation between consciousness and object. The phenomenological dynamic that sees in desire the essence of the subject leads to a dynamic which has a truly ontological scope. In truth, ‘Life’ is the name given to the sense of Being: nothing that claims to be can stand outside life's embrace. (shrink)

O âmbito da fenomenologia pode ser circonscrito pelo que Husserl chamou de a priori universal da correlação entre o ente transcendente e seus modos subjetivos de doação. Este a priori significa ao mesmo tempo que a essência do ente envolve sua relação com uma consciência e que o sentido de ser do sujeito consiste em se relacionar com o ente transcendante, em fazê‑lo aparecer, o que equivale a dizer que uma consciência que não fosse cons-ciência de algo, ou seja, intencionalidade, (...) não seria. A dificuldade aqui é a de dar conta do sentido de ser dos pólos da correlação, a saber, do ente transcendente e do sujeito, à luz dessa correlação, que remete a uma forma de primado da relação sobre os termos. Trata‑se de se perguntar o que significa aparecer, qual é o estatuto daquilo que aparece e, enfim, qual é o modo de ser daquilo que chamamos de intencionalidade. Eu queria mostrar que a fenomenologia é fadada a se ultrapassar em proveito duma cosmologia e duma metafísica, que aparecem não como campos que lhe seriam estrangeiros mas, muito pelo contrário, como dimensões internas e constitutivas da própria fenomenologia. (shrink)

L’originalité de la métaphysique de Ruyer tient à ceci que le problème de l’incarnation de la conscience, décrite par la phénoménologie comme condition de possibilité de la perception, est résolu par le biais d’une identification de la conscience et du corps. Cette identification repose sur la découverte du concept fondamental de « surface absolue » ou « domaine de survol » : présence à soi sans distance d’une réalité étendue. Ce mode d’être convient également à la vie et à la (...) conscience vécue et il fonde par conséquent leur unité originaire. La conscience sensible, ou secondaire, doit alors être décrite comme l’autosurvol des aires cérébrales. Cependant, cette identification de la vie et de la conscience a pour contrepartie la perte de la dimension intentionnelle de la conscience et, par conséquent, l’impossibilité de rendre compte de la perception. La philosophie de Ruyer pose donc le problème suivant : cette conséquence est-elle nécessaire ou bien peut-on envisager au contraire une philosophie de la vie qui ne compromette pas mais fonde la conscience intentionnelle ?— The originality of Ruyer’s metaphysics is due to the fact that the problem of the incarnation of consciousness, described by phenomenology as a condition of possibility of perception, is solved by means of an identification between consciousness and body. This identification rests on the discovery of the basic concept of « absolute surface » or « flying-over domain » : self-presence without distance of a spatial reality. This mode of being is appropriate both to life and lived consciousness and, accordingly, grounds their originary unity. Then, sensible, or secondary consciousness is to be described as self flying-over of the cerebral areas. However, this identification between life and consciousness has as counterpart the lost of the intentional feature of consciousness and, consequently, the impossibility to account for perception. Thus, Ruyer’s philosophy poses the following problem : is that conclusion necessary or is it possible, on the contrary, to plan a philosophy of life that does not compromise but grounds intentional consciousness ? (shrink)

Je dois concéder, à la lecture de la conclusion du texte de Pierre Rodrigo, que le titre de mon dernier ouvrage, La vie lacunaire, est mal choisi car la vie comme telle ne peut en effet être lacunaire : elle est au contraire surpuissante et donc dépourvue de la moindre faiblesse ontologique. Seul le vivant est lacunaire mais, en revanche, il l'est de manière constitutive car c'est précisément ce qui le définit comme vivant. Afin de justifier cette conclusion, je renvoie (...) au début du chapitre I... (shrink)

This paper explores the notion of sensing (Empfinden) as developed by Erwin Straus. It argues that the notion of sensing is at the center of Strauss's thought about animal and human experience. Straus's originality consists in approaching sensory experience from an existential point of view. Sensing is not a mode of knowing. Sensing is distinguished from perceiving but is still a mode of relation to exteriority, and is situated on the side of what is usually called affectivity. At the same (...) time Strauss redefines the field of that which is commonly characterized as affectivity. Sensing designates a stratum that lies deeper than the division between perceiving and feeling (s'éprouver), a self-affection that is not an alternative to the opening upon exteriority. It corresponds to a mode of immediate communication, to a sympathy with the world that does not entail any thematic dimension, but does not fall back into a blind fusion. Rather, sensing is something in the living being's mode of moving that is irreducible, and that includes a tending toward something. (shrink)

L'oeuvre de Merleau-Ponty est tout entiere commandee par le souci de mettre rigoureusement en oeuvre le mot d'ordre husserlien de retour aux choses memes, ce qui exige, conformement au geste amorce par Husserl dans la Krisis, de reconnaitre l'oeuvre de l'idealisation -c'est-a-dire de l'objectivation- la meme ou elle se fait oublier, afin de la neutraliser. A l'instar de Bergson, pour qui la tache de la philosophie etait d'aller chercher l'experience au-dessus du tournant ou, s'inflechissant dans le sens de l'utilite, elle (...) devient proprement l'experience humaine, pour Merleau-Ponty, la tache de la pensee est de se situer a ce tournant ou l'experience s'accomplit et se voile a la fois dans des productions ou elle se fait proprement humaine, de definir un sens de l'Etre anterieur a la bifurcation du preobjectif et de l'oeuvre idealisante. Le but des recherches est de tenter de clarifier la nature exacte du tournant de l'experience ainsi que le projet phenomenologique merleau-pontien. (shrink)