Este trabajo se centra en dos aspectos poco estudiados de la comprensión de metáforas fuertes: la dimensión visual y factores emocionales. En concreto, intento responder las siguientes preguntas: 1) ¿Qué significa comprender una metáfora visual? 2) ¿Es posible que las ideas de Wittgenstein sobre la ..

Este ensayo busca explorar la metáfora visual en una época que critica al ojo y demanda una nueva ontología de la mirada ante la creciente devaluación de la imagen. Lo paradójico de la ceguera del ojo y del pensamiento, en una época que se precia de ilustrada son aquí sondeados. Así mismo, se explora la mirada desencantada de la modernidad ante el rebajamiento de lo humano y la trivialización de la vida.

Neste artigo investigamos o desenvolvimento normativo da metáfora de réguas (Maßstäbe) no período intermediário da filosofia de Wittgenstein. Esta metáfora foi apresentada marginalmente no Tractatus para ilustrar como determinamos o sentido de proposições. Contudo, a partir de 1929, após alguns problemas lógicos acerca do estatuto da necessidade e da exclusão em alguns domínios linguísticos (comona atribuição de cores a pontos visuais), a metáfora de réguas toma gradualmente a centralidade da discussão. Aqui, nós examinamos como e por que (...) esta metáfora acompanhou a emergência das discussões de normatividade na Filosofia de Wittgenstein no começo da década de 1930. Isto pode ser explicado porque Maßstäbe não são só instrumentos de medida, mas também são objetos de referência. Elas tambémsignificam critérios ou regras, largamente convencionais, pelos quais outras coisas são avaliadas.AbstractThis paper investigates the normative development of the metaphor of rulers (Maßstäbe) in the middle period of Wittgenstein’s philosophy. This metaphor was marginally presented in the Tractatus to illustrate how the sense of propositions is to be determined. However, from 1929 onwards, after some logical problems concerning the nature of necessity and the exclusion in some linguistic domains (as the ascriptionof colors to visual points), the metaphor of rulers became gradually more central to his discussions. Here we will examine how and why this metaphor follows the emergency of the discussions on normativity of language in Wittgenstein’s Philosophy in the beginning of the 1930’. This will be explained by observing that Maßstäbe are not just an instrument for measuring things; they are also reference objects. They alsomean criteria or rules, largely conventional, by which things are evaluated. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to give a critical reading of Noël Carroll’s account of visual metaphors. In particular, I have highlighted the possible issues arising from his proposal, focusing on two aspects: 1) homospatiality is not the pictorial equivalent for the ‘is’ of identity that, according to Carroll, can be found in verbal metaphors of the kind «A is B». The ‘is’ of verbal metaphors predicates an intension of the metaphorizing term - that the interpreter is supposed (...) to grasp through the context - and does not suggest identity between A and B; 2) it is hard to sustain that the comprehension of pictorial metaphors relies on a visual perception not mediated by codes. The article ends taking the moves from one of the final considerations advanced by Carroll – namely that a visual metaphor is a device for encouraging imaginative insights – and moves further, trying to sketch out a theory of visual metaphor leveraging the key role of mental images in cognition. (shrink)

La noción de perspectivismo, presente en la producción tardía de Nietzsche, delimita un ámbito particularmente interesante y fértil. En efecto, esta metáfora visual, que el filósofo utiliza antes que nada en referencia a la dimensión epistémica, encierra profundas consecuencias hermenéuticas y prácticas. Los ensayos de este volumen dan cuenta de esta doble implicancia. El primero, poniendo la investigación filológica al servicio de la reflexión filosófica, propone una discusión contextual de la dicotomía "hechos-interpretaciones", estrechamente ligada al perspectivismo nietzscheano. El (...) segundo lleva la atención del plano teórico al plano práctico y se concentra en el tema de la moral gregaria, que en el quinto libro de la "Ciencia jovial" Nietzsche presenta unido indisolublemente al perspectivismo y al fenomenalismo de la conciencia. Estas incursiones en el pensamiento de Nietzsche y en sus lecturas permiten antes que nada volver a considerar algunas célebres cuestiones de su reflexión madura y tomar nota de la riqueza de su pensamiento, en contraste con las malas interpretaciones que han visto en su perspectivismo la expresión de un mero relativismo y un nihilismo epistemológicos. (shrink)

Este trabajo ofrece los bosquejos de una teoría no representacional del conocimiento. Para ello en §1 se presentan los rasgos básicos de una teoría representacional del conocimiento y se señala su dependencia de metáforas visuales, en §2 se expone el giro idealista en que culmina dicha teoría y se revisan teorías representacionales que intentan abandonar la idea de imagen, en §3 se presenta una crítica de la razón visual y una defensa de formas de razón no visual, en (...) §4 y §5 se responden ciertas objeciones teóricas contra la teoría no representacional, a partir de una distinción entre conocimiento y producción de representaciones cognitivas, y en §6 se responden posibles objeciones escépticas. (shrink)

La tesis mariológica de la conceptio per aurem, según la cual la Virgen María habría concebido a Jesucristo por el oído en el momento de escuchar del ángel el mensaje celestial anunciándole que, sin perder su virginidad, sería madre del Hijo de Dios encarnado, ha merecido hasta ahora muy pocos estudios académicos rigurosamente fundados en fuentes primarias. De hecho, en la literatura especializada son muy escasas las referencias a tal teoría y, cuando algún estudioso la evoca, casi siempre se contenta (...) con aludir a ella, sin aportar pruebas documentales. Sin embargo, tal como lo revelan las nueve pinturas italianas aquí analizadas, esa teoría fue ilustrada mediante sutiles metáforas visuales en muchas obras pictóricas medievales, las cuales se inspiraron en una sólida tradición literaria. Además una pléyade de Padres de la Iglesia y teólogos medievales testimonia, mediante afirmaciones explícitas, que semejante teoría gozó de notable aceptación entre los maestros del pensamiento cristiano. Basándose en numerosos textos patrísticos y teológicos, este artículo intenta dos objetivos esenciales: exponer, ante todo, las distintas formulaciones teóricas propuestas por esos pensadores; y además, tratar de poner en luz los significados dogmáticos que subyacen bajo esa sorprendente tesis. (shrink)

Da je svijet postao globalnim selom danas čujemo gotovo svakodnevno, na bilo kojoj geografskoj širini. McLuhanova metafora gotovo da je na mitski zoran način oslikala procese koji se zbivaju u suvremenom nam svijetu i kao takva postala je općepoznatom i općeprihvaćenom. Ovaj rad istražuje na koje je načine »globalno selo« najavilo globalizaciju.Marshall McLuhan je inače, već od djela Mechanical Bride počeo prepoznavati i najavljivati trendove koji će kasnije uistinu postati globalnima: od poruka oglasne industrije, promjene recepcije medija koji nam donose (...) poruke, do promjena naših uloga u svijetu…Cilj ovog rada je istražiti i prezentirati dosege McLuhanove »najave« globalizacije, posebno u djelu Global Willage, djelu u kojemu je McLuhan otkriće trendova pokušao staviti u okvire »četverostupanjske zakonitosti«. Rad želi pojam globalizacije motriti u svjetlu McLuhanovih istraživanja odnosa vizualnog i audijskog, u kontekstu analize utjecaja vizualnih tehnologija na čovjeka, te promisliti neke McLuhanove teze o robotizmu.We are hearing almost every day and on each latitude how the world has become a global village. McLuhan’s metaphor in an almost mythical way gives depicts the processes happening in our contemporary world and as such has become renowned and recognized. This paper shall examine in which ways that “the global village” has announced globalization.Marshall McLuhan had since The Mechanical Bride started recognizing and heralding the trends which would later actually become global: from the messages of the advertising industry, the change in the reception of the media which transmit messages to us, to the changes of our roles in the world etc.The aim of this paper is to examine and present the scope of McLuhan’s “heralding” of globalization, especially in the part of The Global Village in which McLuhan tries to place the discovery of trends into “four degree legality” frames. The paper would like to examine the concept of globalization in light of McLuhan’s research of the relationship between the visual and audile, within the context of the analysis of the influence of visual technologies on Man, and rethink some of McLuhan’s theses on robotics. (shrink)

A Filosofla moderna tem prestado considerável atençao aos enigmas da percepçao sensível. Particularmente tratados tém sido a rela~io entre os objectos materiais percepcionados, os dados sensiveis e a representa~io dos objectos. Menos aten~io tem sido dada á percepçao de entidades imateriais bem como ao sentido mais amplo de 'sentido', ai se incluindo nilo apenas os cinco sentidos exteriores, mas também os sentidos interiores que organizam aquilo que é percebido bem como o sentido último das nossas vidas o qual pode funcionar (...) como um principio organizacional para as actividades da nossa mente. Os teólogos medievais tinham em mente sobretudo este amplo significado da palavra sentido quando se dedicavam á investigaçao da percepçao sensível. Hugo de 5. Victor concentrou-se na percepçao visual do mundo e compreendeu os sentidos internos com base na metáfora do olhar Bernardo de Claraval viu o olhar interno na sua condi~ío de afectado peía queda. Para ele, o ouvido é o primeiro dos sentidos através do qual a verdade pode entrar e gerarfé, a qual por sua vez pode ser usada para ver Deus face-a-face depois da ressurrei~io. A concentraçao moderna na percepçaoo de objectos materiais conduziu a uma subestima~io da percepçao de informa~io imaterial, a qual é vital para a busca de sentido nas nossas vidas, algo que para os autores medievais era considerado óbvio. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical model of judicial reasoning that satisfactorily integrates the partial explanations offered by three differ- ent theoretical research paradigms: Philosophy of Law, Legal Epistemology, and Artificial Intelligence and Law.The model emerges from the application of knowledge elicitation and knowledge representation methods. The model employs the theory of neural networks as a theoretical metaphor in order to generate its explanations and its visual representations.The epistemological status of the model is of a (...) constructivist stripe. It is in line with contemporary research tendencies within cognitive psychology that propose that judicial reasoning may be better understood if we assume a coherentist and a connectionist approach.Resumen:El objetivo de este ensayo es presentar un modelo teórico del razona- miento judicial que pueda integrar de manera satisfactoria las explicaciones parciales ofrecidas en tres distintos paradigmas de investigación teórica: la filosofía del derecho, la epistemología jurídica y la inteligencia artificial aplicada al derecho.Este modelo surge de la aplicación de algunos métodos de elicitación y representación del conocimiento. Y emplea la teoría de las redes neurales como una metáfora teórica a fin de generar sus propias explicaciones y representaciones visuales.El estatus epistemológico del modelo es de corte constructivista, y se encuentra en la línea de las tendencias de investigación contemporánea dentro de la psicología cognitiva, la cual plantea que el razonamiento judicial puede ser entendido de mejor manera si asumimos un enfoque coherentista y conexionista. (shrink)

A autora oferece as linhas gerais da obra De vistone de Nicolau de Cusa, expondo a sua metáfora da visão. Nesta metáfora, é possivel ver um tema importante do pensamento de Nicolau de Cusa, a saber, o modo como Deus serelaciona para com as suas criaturas e o modo como as suas criaturas se relacionam com ele, em diferentes modos de ver. A metáfora da visão toca também a natureza dos seres humanos, destinado a uma sensação privilegiada, (...) a visão de Deus. (shrink)

In this paper, I take up the conciliatory-steadfast debate occurring within social epistemology in regards to the phenomenon of peer disagreement. I will argue, because the conciliatory perspective al-lows us to understand argumentation pragmatically—as a method of problem-solving within a community rather than as a method for obtaining the truth—that in most cases, we should not simply agree to disagree.

Although the mechanics of how the eye works are well understood, debate still exists as to how the complex machinery of the brain interprets neural impulses...

The nature of attention is one of the oldest and most central problems in psychology. A huge amount of research has been produced on this subject in the last half century, especially on attention in the visual modality, but a general explanation has remained elusive. Many still view attention research as a field that is fundamentally fragmented. This book takes a different perspective and presents a unified theory of visual attention: the TVA model. The TVA model explains the (...) many aspects of visual attention by just two mechanisms for selection of information: filtering and pigeonholing. These mechanisms are described in a set of simple equations, which allow TVA to mathematically model a large number of classical results in the attention literature. The theory explains psychological and neuroscientific findings by the same equations; TVA is a complete theory of visual attention, linking mind and brain. Aimed at advanced students and professional researchers, Principles of Visual Attention contains a detailed review of the most important research done on attention in vision, spanning cognitive psychology, brain imaging, patient studies, and recordings from single cells in the visual cortex. The book explains the TVA model and shows how it accounts for attentional effects observed across all the research areas described. Principles of Visual Attention offers a uniquely integrated view on a central topic in cognitive neuroscience. (shrink)

This chapter explores a way in which visual processing may involve innate constraints and attempts to show how such processing overcomes one enduring challenge to nativism. In particular, many challenges to nativist theories in other areas of cognitive psychology have focused on the later development of such abilities, and have argued that such development is in conflict with innate origins. Innateness, in these contexts, is seen as antidevelopmental, associated instead with static processes and principles. In contrast, certain perceptual models (...) demonstrate how the very same mental processes can both be innately specified and yet develop richly in response to experience with the environment. This process is entirely unmysterious, as shown in certain formal theories of visual perception, including those that appeal to spontaneous endogenous stimulation and those based on Bayesian inference. (shrink)

In Remarks on the philosophy of psychology Wittgenstein uses ambiguous illusions to investigate the problematic relation of perception and interpretation. I use this problem as a starting point for developing a conceptual framework capable of expressing problems associated with visual perception in a precise manner. I do this by discerning between subjective and objective meaning of the term “to see” and by specifying the beliefs which are to be ascribed to the observer when we assert that she sees a (...) given object. The framework (detailed in section 2) is then used to analyze the case of the duck/rabbit illusion. It shows that ambiguous illusions present us with a specific skeptical challenge but that the challenge can be overcome by empirical sciences. Along the way I explicate some of the common notions associated with perception (“to look at”, “to have an impression of…”, "to react as if one had an impression of..”, “to convince oneself that what one sees is…”). (shrink)

Experimental research has shown that pairs of stimuli which are congruent and assumed to 'go together' are recalled more effectively than an item presented in isolation. Will this multisensory memory benefit occur when stimuli are richer and longer, in an ecological setting? In the present study, we focused on an everyday situation of audio-visual learning and manipulated the relationship between audio guide tracks and viewed portraits in the galleries of the Tate Britain. By varying the gender and narrative style (...) of the voice-over, we examined how the perceived congruency and assumed unity of the audio guide track with painted portraits affected subsequent recall. We show that tracks perceived as best matching the viewed portraits led to greater recall of both sensory and linguistic content. We provide the first evidence that manipulating crossmodal congruence and unity assumptions can effectively impact memory in a multisensory ecological setting, even in the absence of precise temporal alignment between sensory cues. (shrink)

The visual world of adults consists of objects at various distances, partly occluding one another, substantial and stable across space and time. The visual world of young infants, in contrast, is often fragmented and unstable, consisting not of coherent objects but rather surfaces that move in unpredictable ways. Evidence from computational modeling and from experiments with human infants highlights three kinds of learning that contribute to infants’ knowledge of the visual world: learning via association, learning via active (...) assembly, and learning via visual-manual exploration. Infants acquire knowledge by observing objects move in and out of sight, forming associations of these different views. In addition, the infant’s own self-produced behavior—oculomotor patterns and manual experience, in particular—is an important means by which infants discover and construct their visual world. (shrink)

We administered suggestions to see a gray-scale pattern as colored and a colored pattern in shades of gray to 30 high suggestible and eight low suggestible students. The suggestions were administered twice, once following the induction of hypnosis and once without an induction. Besides rating the degree of color they saw in the stimuli differently, participants also rated their states of consciousness as normal, relaxed, hypnotized, or deeply hypnotized. Reports of being hypnotized were limited to highly suggestible participants and only (...) after the hypnotic induction had been administered. Reports of altered color perception were also limited to high suggestibles, but were roughly comparable regardless of whether hypnosis had been induced. These data indicate that suggestible individuals do not slip into a hypnotic state when given imaginative suggestions without the induction of hypnosis, but nevertheless report experiencing difficult suggestions for profound perceptual alterations that are pheonomenologically similar to what they report in hypnosis. (shrink)

Context: In sciences of the mind, cognitive phenomena are typically investigated with the use of psychological tasks. These usually represent highly constrained environments that isolate and make ….

Direct realism in one form or another is gaining traction as an approach to perception. With the hope of bolstering such positions, we offer a framework upon which to base an argument for direct realism in matters of perception. Better yet, we offer an empirically supported framework. The framework on offer is that of ecological psychology. With the framework in place, we then discuss how it can address visual illusions, one of the major challenges facing proponents of direct realism.

These essays by Robert Schwartz on topics in the theory of vision are written from a pragmatic perspective. The issues and arguments will interest both philosophers and psychologists, covering new ground and bridging gaps between these disciplines. Schwartz begins historically, with discussions of problems raised and solutions offered in Bishop Berkeley's writings on vision, presenting Berkeley's views on spatial perception and the qualitative aspects of sensory experience in the context of recent theoretical and empirical work in vision theory. Schwartz then (...) turns to debates in both the philosophical and psychological literature over the view that perception is inferential and thus "indirect." Critically surveying competing characterizations of the idea of "inferential processes" he argues the need either to reframe radically the question or drop the issue. Next, Schwartz discusses pictorial representation and research on picture perception. Drawing on the work of Nelson Goodman, Schwartz explains and defends the advantages of a symbolic approach to both topics. Finally, he examines the quagmires that often develop when metaphysical concerns about the "real" and our ability to perceive it infect discussions and claims in the theory of vision. After analyzing issues arising in current psychological research on "object" perception, Schwartz turns to debates over the supposed essential nature of colors. An appreciation of the empirical and theoretical work on color perception suggests that there is no single or privileged analysis of the notion of "real colors." Schwartz circles back in the end to what he calls "that old chestnut of the philosophy of perception"--controversies over "the objects of perception"--and takes an Austinian look at the topic. (shrink)

The book explores the communicative and deliberative context for punishment and discusses the extent to which institutional punishment is an implicit language, conveying not only the values and norms, but also the collective experience and collective expectations of a community.

Metacognition is associated with planning, monitoring, evaluating and repairing performance Designers of elearning systems can improve the quality of their environments by explicitly structuring the visual and interactive display of learning contexts to facilitate metacognition. Typically page layout, navigational appearance, visual and interactivity design are not viewed as major factors in metacognition. This is because metacognition tends to be interpreted as a process in the head, rather than an interactive one. It is argued here, that cognition and metacognition (...) are part of a continuum and that both are highly interactive. The tenets of this view are explained by reviewing some of the core assumptions of the situated and distribute approach to cognition and then further elaborated by exploring the notions of active vision, visual complexity, affordance landscape and cue structure. The way visual cues are structured and the way interaction is designed can make an important difference in the ease and effectiveness of cognition and metacognition. Documents that make effective use of markers such as headings, callouts, italics can improve students’ ability to comprehend documents and ‘plan’ the way they review and process content. Interaction can be designed to improve ‘the proximal zone of planning’ – the look ahead and apprehension of what is nearby in activity space that facilitates decisions. This final concept is elaborated in a discussion of how e-newspapers combine effective visual and interactive design to enhance user control over their reading experience. (shrink)

This commentary on Jacob and Jeannerod’s Ways of Seeing evaluates the conclusions that the authors draw from the two visual systems hypothesis about the nature and phenomenology of visual experience.

Dieses Buch möchte eine Revolution der Denkungsart auf den Weg bringen. In kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit den Dogmen des Empirismus und der erschlaffenden und konformistischen Analytischen Sprachphilosophie, versucht es eine Synthese aus den Lehren jener Genies zu generieren, welche das Fundament der,westlichen Kultur? gelegt haben: Platon? Descartes? Kant? und im 20. Jahrhundert, Ernst Cassirer. Das neuentdeckte,visuelle Denken?, welches offenbar eine Vorstufe der Sprache und des menschlichen Denkens darstellt und in der Philosophie stets immanent präsent war, soll wieder in seine Rechte gesetzt (...) werden. Zudem soll die Substanzlosigkeit der naturalistischen und realistischen Strömungen aufgezeigt werden, welche uns glauben machen wollen, der menschliche Geist sei bloss Gehirn, bzw. eine Maschine. (shrink)