Abstrak (Indonesian): Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk melihat lebih jauh terhadap proses riset ilmiah dalam keilmuan Islam dari kacamata Program riset Imre Lakatos. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode kepustakaan atau library research yakni menelusuri tulisan-tulisan yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan tema yang diangkat baik berupa buku maupun artikel-artikel terbaru yang relevan. Hasil dari penelitian ditemukan bahwa Program riset ilmiah Imre lakatos merupakan hasil dari pengembangan pendahulunya yakni falsifikasi Popper dan revolusi Ilmiah Thomas Kuhn. Falsifikasi Popper dengan membuktikan kesalahan teori (...) dibantah oleh Kuhn dengan konsep paradigma dan revolusi ilmiah. Jika falsifikasi membuang teori yang terbukti kesalahannya maka revolusi ilmiah menjadikan paradigma lama (teori ter-falsifikasi) sebagai pijakan untuk menemukan kebenaran baru (paradigma baru) Riset Ilmiah ini memiliki tiga elemen penting: 1) hard-core, merupakan inti dari sebuah riset yang tidak bisa diganggu; 2) protective-belt, yang berusaha untuk melindungi hard-core supaya tidak tereliminasi: dan 3) a series of theory, yang memuat teori yang saling berkaitan dan akan melahirkan teori yang baru. Dalam keilmuan Islam juga berlaku peristiwa serupa, bedanya dalam keilmuan Islam sekompleks apa pun permasalahannya, hard-core tidak akan pernah bisa tergantikan. Berbeda dengan program riset Lakatos yang menyesuaikan dengan konteks permasalahan. Salah satu buah dari konsep Lakatos adalah hadirnya paradigma Integrasi-Interkoneksi yang digagas oleh Amin Abdullah di UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Tujuannya ingin menghubungkan ilmu agama dengan ilmu-ilmu lainnya tentu dengan melaksanakan riset-riset. Karena dalam Islam hard-core (Al-qur’an dan Hadist) berlaku selamanya untuk semua permasalahan hidup, maka sangat mungkin hard-core Islam di lakukan koneksi dengan ilmu lainnya untuk menemukan solusi atas permasalahan yang akan datang. (shrink)

To examine how different ownership structures, varying from diverse ownership bases to narrow ownership bases, influence the extent of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting by companies in emerging market. The motivation for this study is the reported inconsistent results for this association in developing countries and the lack of research in emerging markets. Eight hundred observations of 80 nonfinancial sector listed companies in the Amman Stock Exchange for the period 2006 to 2015 were used for a content analysis to assess (...) the extent of CSR reporting. Ordinary least square multiple regression analysis was undertaken to examine the association between five different ownership structures and their extent of CSR reporting. The results reveal three separate associations between the types of ownership and the extent of CSR reporting. First, the two types of ownership (foreign and government) have a significant and positive influence on the extent of CSR reporting. Second, another two types of ownership (Family and managerial) have a significantly negative association. Finally, institutional ownership has an insignificant and negligible influence on the extent of CSR reporting. These findings provide insights into how ownership structure influences the CSR reporting extent by emerging market companies such as Jordan. These findings suggest that policy makers, regulatory bodies, companies, and investors should increase their awareness about how different concentration of company ownership influences the extent companies voluntarily disclose CSR reporting. The evidence adds to the limited body of knowledge about different ownership groups' influence on the extent of CSR reporting in a developing country because few empirical studies have undertaken such a comprehensive analysis of this association. (shrink)

Medical laws and legislation; comparative study.

This book deal with ethico-legal issues. Muslims believe that everything they own has been given to them as an amanah (trust) from Allah. Would it constitute a breach of that trust to consent to enrol oneself as an organ donor? Cloning could rectify the problem of infertile couples, but such technology could also be abused with dire consequences. While euthanasia may apparently alleviate the suffering of the terminally ill, would that not compound their agony in the life hereafter? The author (...) sheds light on these issues and acquaints the reader with the latest Islamic rulings on these biotechonological manipulations. (shrink)

This book is a collection of skeptical social essays in which the author reveals that much of our popular beliefs, psychology and science are defective, because, although we live in the 21st century, our approach to them is deeply rooted in our culture, and biased by history and evolution. These essays help the reader take a step sideways, think independently, and not fall victim to fads, fakes, and frauds. Anyone who values a deeper understanding of contemporary social reality and (...) the changes taking place in it should read this book, from students to scientists and intellectuals. Through these essays we learn to look under the veneer of reality, behind the altars of science, under the scenery of pop-psychology and behind the facade of therapeutic culture. Thanks to essays on suicide, euthanasia and more, we also come close to the edge of life and death. Contrary to many meticulous social critical analyzes, in sharing his thoughts the author takes us on a picturesque journey through bounty hunters, ludicrous machines, compulsive hoarding, Charlie Chaplin, and much more. (shrink)

In the last decade, several researchers have proposed theories of actual causation that make use of structural equations and directed graphs. Many of these researchers are committed to a widely-endorsed folk attribution desideratum, according to which an important constraint on the acceptability of a theory of actual causation is agreement between the deliverances of the theory with respect to specific cases and the reports of untutored individuals about those same cases. In the present article, we consider a small collection of (...) related theories of actual causation, including a purely structural theory and two theories that supplement the structural equations with considerations of defaults, typicality, and normality. We argue that each of these three theories are meant to satisfy the FAD, and then we present empirical evidence that they fail to do so for several variations on a simple scenario from the literature. Drawing on our previous work on the responsibility view of folk causal attribitons, we conclude by offering a solution that allows the latter two theories to satisfy the FAD for these cases. The solution is to give up on concerns with typicality and focus on injunctive norms in supplementing the graphical modeling machinery. (shrink)

Using structural equations and directed graphs, Christopher Hitchcock (2007a) proposes a theory specifying the circumstances in which counterfactual dependence of one event e on another event c is necessary and sufficient for c to count as an actual cause of e. In this paper, we argue that Hitchcock is committed to a widely-endorsed folk attribution desideratum (FAD) for theories of actual causation. We then show experimentally that Hitchcock’s theory does not satisfy the FAD, and hence, it is in need of (...) revision. (shrink)

A revised edition of a work originally published in 1952, this book offers an entertaining exposé of various pseudoscientific fads and cults, from dowsing and flying saucers to flat earth theories and dianetics. It includes brief but responsible chapters on the theories of Wilhelm Reich, Count Korzybski, and J. B. Rhine.--L. K. B.

Before we bury postmodernism, let us praise it -- for a nanosecond anyway, because this was surely one of the least lovable fads to hit American campuses since drinking- till -you-barf. You know, I hope, who I'm talking about.

قد يكون من نافلة القول، أو من باب تحصيل الحاصل، كما يقول المناطقة، قولنا: إن مبحث الكلام في الغرب الإسلامي مازال تراثاً بكراً لم يتم بعد اكتشافه والتعرف عليه، ولم تطأه الكثير من الأقلام. فهو مبحث عذب المذاق، لكنه صعب المورد، لأن الخوض فيه ليس سهلاً ويسيراً، بل مثقلاً وعسيراً. ومرد هذه العواصة ـ التي هي من البداهة إلى حد أن التصريح بها أصبح من قبيل الإطناب ـ إلى التبديد الذي أصاب التراث الكلامي في هذه المنطقة. وهو التبديد الذي يقف (...) عقبة كؤوداً في طريق الحكم على الوضع الكلامي ـ الذي يفتقر إلى دراسات ـ عن كثب في هذا الجناح الغربي من العالم الإسلامي. فالعدد الجم من هذا الجنس من القول الذي هو الكلام قد ضاع كله واندرس، إما قصداً عبر التاريخ لمحوه، أو مدفوناً في ثنايا خزائن العالم. ومسألة إخراجه من "الوجود بالقوة" إلى "الوجود بالفعل"، بالمعنى الأرسطي، مغامرة دونها خرط القتاد، كما يقول أهل اللغة! وتبعاً لذلك، يمكننا الاطمئنان إلى القول بأن الاتجاهات الكلامية في الغرب الإسلامي منطقة مجهولة يندر روادها وتتعذر مسالكها. (shrink)

Two Arabic Travel Books: Accounts of China and India and Mission to the Volga. By Abū Zayd al-Sīrāfī, edited and translated by Tim Mackintosh-Smith; by Ibn Faḍlān, edited and translated by James E. Montgomery. Library of Arabic Literature. New York: New York University Press, 2014. Pp. x + 312. $40.