In semiotics, final causation can be related to the process of determination (PAPE, 1993). From Peirce’s point of view, determination is not a causal determinism, but a delimitation of a range of possibilities. One starts from objects towards interpretants, in a process mediated by the sign, in which the dynamic object works as a force that constrains interpretants to correspond to their objects. The correspondence between object and interpretant is important because it is through a generated interpretant that the object (...) of a sign can be known. Even though this process of determination coincides with the idea of final causation, there is a certain indeterminacy in it. For Peirce (EP 2:353, 1905), vagueness and generality are two types of indeterminacy. In the terms of the phenomenological categories, vagueness is an indeterminacy of the order of firstness, generality an indeterminacy of the order of thirdness, and both, to some extent, are opposed to that which is defined, which belongs to secondness. Each aspect of the sign may vary according to the three phenomenological categories. Consequently, degrees of imprecision are added to the semiotic process, which is a determination process. Peirce asserts that the perfect precision of thought is theoretically unattainable (SS 11, 1903). Every sign is vague or general at least to some degree. In this paper, we seek to perceive degrees of indetermination and causality from an analysis of the kinds of objects and interpretants proposed by Peirce in the system of 28 sign classes. (shrink)

This article presents the first results of a research on visual models for the classifications of semiotic processes. The main issue discussed is how a graphic design methodology, associated with computer graphics resources, may contribute to the construction of interactive models, that can be used as tools for the investigation of C. S. Peirce theory of signs. Two models are presented: the first is an interactive 3-D model of Peirce's 3-trichotomic classification; the second is a computer program that builds diagrams (...) for any n-trichotomic classification of signs, and facilitates the analysis and comparison of different hypothesis regarding their structures. (shrink)

The objective of this study is to compare the quantity of citations that retracted and nonretracted articles received in engineering based on articles indexed in the Web of Science database and published between 1945 and 2015. For data analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used along with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Mann–Whitney, Tukey–Kramer tests and descriptive statistics. The data set included 238 retracted and 236 nonretracted articles, with the retracted articles cited 2,348 times and nonretracted articles cited 2,957 times. (...) The results highlight that retraction does not end citation, thus threatening scientific credibility. (shrink)

Previous scientific contributions show that interactive learning environments have contributed to promoting learners' learning and development, as interaction and dialogue are key components of learning. When it comes to students with special needs, increasing evidence has demonstrated learning improvements through interaction and dialogue. However, most research focuses on children's education, and there is less evidence of how these learning environments can promote inclusion in adult learners with SEN. This article is addressed to analyse a case study of an interactive learning (...) environment shared by adults with and without special needs. This case shows several improvements identified by adult learners with special needs participating in this study. Based on a documental analysis and a qualitative study, this study analyses a context of participatory and dialogic adult education. From the analysis undertaken, the main results highlight some improvements identified in the lives of these adult women and men with SEN, covering educational improvements, increased feeling of social inclusion, and enhanced well-being. (shrink)

This paper presents the design and validation process of a set of instruments to evaluate the impact of an informal learning initiative to promote Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics vocations in students, their families, and teachers. The proposed set of instruments, beyond assessing the satisfaction of the public involved, allow collecting data to evaluate the impact in terms of changes in the consideration of the role of women in STEM areas and STEM vocations. The procedure followed to develop the set (...) of instruments consisted of two phases. In the first phase, a preliminary version of the questionnaires was designed based on the objectives of the Girls4STEM initiative, an inclusive project promoting STEM vocations between 6 and 18 years old boys and girls. Five specific questionnaires were designed, one for the families, two for the students and two for the teachers. A refined version of each questionnaire was obtained with evidence of content validity after undergoing an expert judgment process. The second phase was the refinement of the instruments, to ascertain the evidence of reliability and validity so that a final version was derived. In the paper, a high-quality set of good practices focused on promoting diversity and gender equality in the STEM sector are presented from a Higher Education Institution perspective, the University of Valencia. The main contribution of this work is the achievement of a set of instruments, rigorously designed for the evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness of a STEM promoting program, with sufficient validity evidence. Moreover, the proposed instruments can be a reference for the evaluation of other projects aimed at diversifying the STEM sector. (shrink)

Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e imagens de obras de arte, o artigo discute aspectos da história da Estética e da sociedade atual. Apresenta reflexões marxianas sobre a sociedade capitalista e o processo de embrutecimento dos sentidos humanos para, a seguir, abordar as relações estabelecidas entre a Indústria Cultural e a sociedade de consumo com o intento de debater o processo de estetização da sociedade. Finaliza ao apontar a obra de arte e o efeito catártico proporcionado por ela como modos (...) de estabelecer novas relações com a realidade e com as diferentes manifestações que buscam retratá-la. (shrink)

Os signos e as classes dos signos estão entre os tópicos mais importantes do sistema filosófico de Charles S. Peirce. As 10, 28, e 66 classes de signos são classificações desenvolvidas especialmente a partir de 1903 e representam um grande refinamento da divisão fundamental de signos – ícone, índice, símbolo. Nossa abordagem aqui define uma estratégia de visualização das classificações dos signos, com especial atenção para as 10 e 66 classes de signos. O livro está dividido em duas partes: (i) (...) bases teóricas, (ii) diagramas para as classes de signos. Na Parte I (bases teóricas), são apresentadas introdutoriamente as noções fundamentais das categorias fenomenológicas, classes de signos, as tricotomias e diagramas, assim como implicações gerais de nossa abordagem, metodologia e aplicações. Na Parte II (diagramas para as classes de signos), são apresentados e discutidos os modelos das classes, propostos por Peirce e seus comentadores, incluindo uma introdução detalhadamente documental de nossos modelos, 10cubes e 3N3, diagramas dinâmicos para as classes de signos. (shrink)

In his 1903 Syllabus, Charles S. Peirce makes a distinction between icons and iconic signs, or hypoicons, and briefly introduces a division of the latter into images, diagrams, and metaphors. Peirce scholars have tried to make better sense of those concepts by understanding iconic signs in the context of the ten classes of signs described in the same Syllabus. We will argue, however, that the three kinds of hypoicons can better be understood in the context of Peirce's sixty-six classes of (...) signs. We analyze examples of hypoicons taken from the field of information design, describing them in the framework of the sixty-six classes, and discuss the consequences of those descriptions to the debate about the order of determination of the 10 trichotomies that form those classes. (shrink)

Criado por homens de natureza poética e, portanto, obra por excelência da imaginação, o mundo civil dos primeiros tempos poderia ser conhecido, segundo Giambattista Vico, mediante a elaboração e a adoção de um aparato metodológico-científico que estabelece os princípios dos desenvolvimentos humanos. Tal aparato consistiria na própria Ciência Nova, obra viquiana que pretende conferir legitimidade ao conhecimento histórico, tão desprestigiado pela tradição cartesiana, mesmo de tempos remotos nos quais a faculdade imaginativa excedera à razão. Trata-se, então, neste artigo, de compreender (...) o conceito de imaginação na teoria do conhecimento de Vico e as rupturas e continuidades que o filósofo estabelece com o legado cartesiano proveniente do século anterior. (shrink)

This study assesses the retractions of scientific articles in engineering journals indexed on the Web of Science from 1945 to 2015. The data set was built based on documents containing the keywords retracted, retraction, withdrawal, or redress. We used database exploration techniques, including Structured Query Language and analysis of variance, for data analysis. We analyzed 238 retractions published by 117 journals. The most common reason for retraction was unethical research, and higher impact factors journals tended to publish more retractions. In (...) conclusion, most of the analyzed retractions were the result of unethical research and were retracted by editors. (shrink)

In the passage of time from the 1960s to the 1970s, the Brazilian artist Waldemar Cordeiro developed his first works in computer art by applying the mathematical concept of “derivative function.” Around the same time, he organized and took part in exhibitions, and composed a series of essays envisaging that the use of digital resources would become an inevitable process for the future of information reception and artistic communication. A closer look at Waldemar Cordeiro's production, both artistic and theoretical, after (...) almost 50 years of his first forays into the field of art and technology, is an excellent opportunity not only to revisit his trajectory, but to rewrite the history of digital art and our conception of it, locating Brazil and Latin America as situated centrally, not peripherally, in relation to the European and North American narratives. Drawing from theorists in the field of informational esthetics as well as scholars in the field of media such as Arlindo Machado and Vilém Flusser, this article seeks to demonstrate, through the analysis of Waldemar Cordeiro's theoretical–artistic productions, the relationship between his work, the field of cybernetics, and his utopian and social vision of artistic production. (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.

Resumo: Mente é, para Peirce, um sistema de crenças que age para alcançar um determinado propósito. Não apenas Peirce atribui mente a instituições e grupos sociais, mas o desenvolvimento da mente depende da extensão dela além das mentes humanas individuais. Portanto, comunidades ou instituições sociais incorporam hábitos sociais e agem como mentes, com propósitos próprios, fixando crenças de dois tipos: crenças de importância vital e crenças teóricas, que têm relação com o conhecimento e a verdade. Redes sociais, na internet, podem (...) ser vistas como uma complexa mente social composta por indivíduos e suas mídias digitais, as quais englobam gadgets, algoritmos e plataformas. Se as redes sociais na internet atuam de forma a atingir certas crenças, de que tipo elas são? São crenças de importância vital ou crenças teóricas que conduzem ao conhecimento e à verdade? Esses dois tipos de crenças são suficientes para entender os modos de ação das redes sociais na internet? (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica - Journal of the International Association for Semiotic Studies / Revue de l'Association Internationale de Sémiotique Volume: 2013 Issue: 196 Pages: 163-184.

Michel Foucault (1926-1984) ao analisar o diálogo Apologia de Sócrates de Platão afirma que Sócrates não se vale da retórica para defender-se das acusações recebidas no tribunal ateniense. Ele não faz uso de um discurso que visa a adulação do júri pela comoção e piedade. De acordo com Foucault (2009), o filósofo faz uso da fala franca (parresía) e procura examinar as acusações recebidas em busca da verdade e da promoção da justiça. Sócrates segue o conselho de seu daímon que (...) o orienta a não preparar um discurso de defesa e pratica o exame das acusações no tribunal. Sócrates age na contramão do que até então era praticado naquele espaço, colocando-se em risco de vida e sendo, posteriormente, sentenciado a pena de morte por envenenamento. (shrink)

This article presents some results of a research on computational strategies for the visualization of sign classification structures and sign processes. The focus of this research is the various classifications of signs described by Peirce. Two models are presented. One of them concerns specifically the 10-fold classification as described in the 1903 Syllabus (MS 540, EP 2: 289–299), while the other deals with the deep structure of Peirce’s various trichotomic classifications. The first is 10cubes, an interactive 3-D model of Peirce’s (...) 10-fold classification, as described in the Syllabus. The second is 3N3, a computer program that builds equivalent diagrams for any n-trichotomic classification of signs. We are specially interested in how a graphic design methodology, associated with computer graphic resources and techniques, can contribute to the construction of interactive models that serve as tools for the investigation of C. S. Peirce’s theory of signs. (shrink)

Pretendo debater, neste trabalho, três pressupostos que subjazem o desenvolvimento argumentativo do ensaio: I) a ideia presente no Tratado de que os homens se guiam pelos seus afetos ou, grosso modo, que a sociabilidade é permeada por paixões que se chocam, todo o tempo, com a vontade e interesse alheios (Hume também entende, como parece ter sido o caso de Maquiavel e Shaftesbury, que a sociedade, como um corpo, expressa um humor espelhado e forjado no jogo e conflito dos afetos (...) humanos); II) a compreensão de que o onflito, as disputas, o dissenso são constitutivos do mundo político, não devendo ser encarados como males a ser extirpados; III) a tese de que a estabilidade dos governos não requer a negação e supressão das disputas, mas antes se constituinum fino equilíbrio entre polos conflitantes, equilíbrio esse que é resultante de certos artifícios humanos (a saber, da invenção, instituição e controle das leis, de um sistema jurídico capaz de mediar as disputas políticas e sociais). (shrink)

As cidades brasileiras contemporâneas possuem espaços que ora privilegiam a realização de negócios e ora a construção de cidadania. Para compreender como são ocupados destes modos se faz necessário analisar as cidades; desde sua definição, passando pelo contexto político e econômico, para então compreender seu aspecto social. Assim, este artigo busca compreender se e em que medida as características dos espaços públicos impactam no processo de construção de cidadania. Analisando por meio de observação flutuante dois espaços públicos que são duas (...) praças urbanas centrais, localizadas em duas cidades no mesmo contexto metropolitanos. Perpassa-se pelo debate regional com o intuito de evidenciar que os conflitos são equivalentes nas diversas escalas; contudo a demonstração do contexto da Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte/SP, objetiva tornar evidente que as estruturas físicas locais, dos espaços públicos urbanos centrais não direcionam as relações sociais e suas disputas, mas são um meio e resultado dessas. (shrink)

The classifications of signs are among the most important topics of Peirce's theory of signs. The 10 classes of signs were developed from 1903 and represent an important refinement of the fundamental division of signs into icons, indexes, and symbols. In this paper we present two diagrammatic models for 10 classes, proposed by Peirce, and an interpretation of the reasoning behind their development, based on the analysis of preparatory versions of these models.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo aclarar desde una perspectiva fenomenológica el concepto de fenómeno en el capítulo de la Fenomenología del espíritu dedicado al entendimiento. En primer lugar, el texto muestra de qué modo el fenómeno se define como la totalidad de lo que aparece en el contexto del concepto de fuerza de la filosofía de la naturaleza. El artículo explicita a continuación cómo, a través de este concepto de fenómeno, el mundo suprasensible devine en objeto para el entendimiento y (...) nombrado, por ello, como el verdadero fenómeno. A partir de aquí, en tercer lugar, el texto muestra, a su vez, cómo a través del mundo suprasensible, el mundo de las leyes de la naturaleza se constituye en objeto para el entendimiento y cómo estas leyes no pueden dar cuenta efectivamente del surgimiento de lo que aparece, mostrando, por tanto, ya desde aquí, la necesidad de un concepto filosófico de fenómeno.The purpose of this article is to clarify from a phenomenological perspective the concept of appearance in the chapter of the Phenomenology of Mind dedicated to the concept of understanding. Firstly, the text shows how the concept of appearance is defined as the totality of seeming in the context of the concept of force within the philosophy of nature. Secondly, the article explains how the supersensible world, through this concept of appearance, turns into an object for understanding and now it is designated as the authentic appearance. Finally, the text shows how through the supersensible world, the world of the laws of nature is turned into an object for understanding and how these laws cannot effectively account for the emergence of what appears, thus, exhibiting since here the need for a philosophical concept of appearance. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is an attempt to understand the concept of ‘confession’ as a literary genre in the works of Spanish philosopher María Zambrano. Firstly, we will try to understand confession within Zambrano's most relevant philosophical concepts, in particular her study La confesión: género literario y método [Confession. Literary Genre and Method]. Secondly, we will offer reinterpretation to confession in dialogue with theories of Reception by Wolfgang Iser and Hans Robert Jauss, and other authors like St. Agustin, Rosa (...) Chacel, Mikhail Bakhtin, Miguel de Unamuno and Michel Foucault. Finally we will highlight the performative aspect of confession as something that is truly relevant to Zambrano’s theory. Zambrano understands confession as a method that can bring people's experiences closer to knowledge, and therefore a method that can change life. In this context, we propose that the reader of confession plays a fundamental role in understanding Zambrano’s conception. (shrink)

An experiment examined goal understanding and how perceivers’ suspiciousness was associated with the accuracy, valence, and certainty of their inferences about a pursuer’s goal. In initial interactions, one dyad member was randomly assigned as the pursuer, and the other was the perceiver. The congruency of the perceiver’s and the pursuer’s conversation goals and the perceiver’s cognitive busyness were manipulated. Results confirmed that accuracy decreased as perceivers’ suspiciousness increased only for not-busy perceivers in the goal-discord condition because perceivers’ inferences were negatively (...) valenced. Results also supported the hypotheses that certainty decreased as perceivers’ suspiciousness increased only for not-busy perceivers in the goal-discord condition and that certainty increased as perceivers’ suspiciousness increased both for not-busy perceivers in the identical-goal condition and for busy perceivers in the goal-discord condition. (shrink)

Este artigo busca pensar os juízos estéticos da Terceira crítica de Kant, em relação aos discursos sobre a arte moderna. Propomos, de maneira didática, relacionar tais juízos kantianos à utopia da modernidade e às suas consequências (e críticas) contemporâneas. Não tencionamos, porém, fazer uma análise pormenorizada do pensamento de Kant, propriamente, mas expor as várias glosas que este recebeu, ao inaugurar um outro espaço para a Estética, principalmente no que se refere à arena comunitária na qual se agenciam os juízos (...) e que torna possível uma arte ao mesmo tempo universal e sem regras fixas. Mais do que pensar a arte como “livre jogo”, ou como “bela” e como “finalidade sem fim”, pontos nodais da crítica de Kant, sem dúvida, interessa-nos investigar a perspectiva autorreflexiva que os juízos estéticos permitem. A interpretação do objeto-arte moderno não seria, em última instância, o exercício comunitário de um juízo? (shrink)

Partindo das analises do criticismo kantiano, este texto investiga as concepções romântica e moderna de sublime e de imaginação. Se, por um lado, a concepção romântica inaugura o mundo moderno, por outro, a expressionista mostra os limites dessa mesma modernidade. Para ambas, entretanto, a Crítica do Juízo de Kant é o âmbito privilegiado no qual podemos precisar as distinções.

En la actualidad, el desarrollo económico y social de un territorio necesita de los esfuerzos mancomunados de todos y cada uno de los agentes presentes en el medio. Es por ello que el presente artículo pretende reflexionar sobre la vinculación directa existente entre dos de ellos, por un lado las Agencias de Desarrollo Local --ADL’s- como máximo exponente del modelo de desarrollo local y por otro las organizaciones pertenecientes al Tercer Sector, como entidades clave en el sostenimiento y desarrollo social (...) de la comunidad. Para ello partiendo de las características propias del modelo actual de desarrollo local implantado, propondremos dos decálogos de conclusiones, que analicen tanto las similitudes como las divergencias existentes entre estos dos modelos. (shrink)

En este trabajo se analiza el peligro que el conformismo presenta al pensamiento en las llamadas sociedades de masas. Partiendo de un texto de Arendt de 1954 en torno a la problemática relación entre Europa y Norteamérica el trabajo avanza, bajos las imágenes del sueño y la pesadilla, hacia la comprensión del conformismo como la expresión más cabal de la banalidad del mal. Finalmente, este trabajo apunta al intento de Arendt de restaurar una vida para el espíritu como el proyecto (...) emancipador más urgente de estas sociedades de masas. (shrink)

This paper argues, and poses a critical discourse on the true extent of the professional activity of the Local development as catalysts for social development of the population, in the application, development and implementation of active employment policies at Local. First, we present an approach to the concept of social policy, stressing the importance of combining their dual, both economic and social, demonstrating the level of local action as the most suitable for reducing the current unemployment situation. Secondly, based on (...) the results of a case study of the region of Valencia La Ribera Alta, exposing a decalogue of findings that show the major shortcomings in the existing social model of local development. (shrink)