The present global financial crisis has revived the notion that competitive markets may lead some directors and executives to behave in opportunistic ways considered unethical and even illegal, through the pursuit of self-interest. This article proposes and tests an integrated model that offers new insights into the relationship between board structure, independence and firm value. By incorporating the proportion of independent directors on the board as a moderating factor in this relationship, this study contributes to a better understanding of the (...) entrenchment and convergence-of-interests hypotheses. Using empirical data obtained from 114 Spanish listed companies in a context of economic crisis, from 2007 to 2010, we conclude that having a board with a greater proportion of independent directors reduces the negative association existing between firm value and a large board size and significant board share ownership. (shrink)

We conducted three studies aimed at showing that one-to-one translations between emotion terms might be comparing independent or barely overlapping categories of emotional experience. In Study 1 we found that the speakers' most accessible features of two supposedly equivalent emotions terms (shame and vergüenza) were very different. In Study 2, American and Spanish speakers' typicality ratings of 25 out of 29 constitutive features of “shame” or “vergüenza” were significantly different. In Study 3, these important differences in the content and internal (...) structure of “shame” and “vergüenza” were also reflected in the affective meaning of their corresponding terms. We conclude that “shame” and “vergüenza” do not share the same cluster of central features, and cannot be treated as identical categories of emotional experience. This finding raises serious questions about the one-to-one translation practices not only of most cross-cultural studies on “shame”, but also of other emotion concepts. We suggest an alternative method of translation based on Diachronic Prototype Semantics (Geeraerts, 1997). (shrink)

En este ensayo se destaca fundamentalmente las aportaciones de T.S. Kuhn, quien al aproximarse al conocimiento científico a partir del quehacer o práctica científica, observando a los observadores científicos, apunta a dos aspectos centrales sobre el cambio radical que ha experimentado la concep..

Even though female food acquisition is an area of considerable interest in hunter-gatherer research, the ecological determinants of women’s economic decisions in these populations are still poorly understood. The literature on female foraging behavior indicates that there is considerable variation within and across foraging societies in the amount of time that women spend foraging and in the amount and types of food that they acquire. It is possible that this heterogeneity reflects variation in the trade-offs between time spent in food (...) acquisition and child care activities that women face in different groups of hunter-gatherers. In this paper we discuss the fitness trade-offs between food acquisition and child care that Hiwi and Ache women foragers might face. Multiple regression analyses show that in both populations the daily food acquisition of a woman’s spouse is negatively related to female foraging effort. In addition, nursing mothers spend less time foraging and acquire less food than do nonnursing women. As the number of dependents that a woman has increases, however, women also increase foraging time and the amount of food they acquire. Some interesting exceptions to these general trends are as follows: (a) differences in foraging effort between nursing and nonnursing women are less pronounced when fruits and roots are in season than in other seasons of the year; (b) foraging return rates decrease for Ache women as their numbers of dependents increase; and (c) among Ache women, the positive effect of number of dependents on foraging behavior is less pronounced when fruits are in season than at other times of the year. Lastly, in the Hiwi sample we found that postreproductive women work considerably harder than women of reproductive age in the root season but not in other seasons of the year. We discuss how ecological variation in constraints, the number of health insults to children that Hiwi and Ache mothers can avoid, and the fitness benefits they can gain from spending time in food acquisition and child care might account for differences and similarities in the foraging behaviors of subgroups of Hiwi and Ache mothers across different seasons of the year. Valid tests of the explanations we propose will require considerable effort to measure the relationship between maternal food acquisition, child care, and adverse health outcomes in offspring. (shrink)

Chicana feminist writers have written eloquently about the condition of women in their communities. Many of them have aligned themselves with and participated in various political movements. This practice has infused their theorizing with various influences which makes them similar to other feminist theorists but also different. This paper provides an overview of how Chicana feminist writings address the ethnic specific ways in which gender oppression is imposed on them and their proposals for liberation.

Kim Diaz's translation of Guillermo Hurtado's "Retratos de Luis Villoro".

This chapter contains sections titled: The Origins of the Ateneo de la Juventud The Lectures at the Ateneo de la Juventud The Ateneo de la Juventud and the Mexican Revolution References Further Reading.

Bernard Mandeville denunciou a filosofia moral de seu tempo, tanto suas dimensões teóricas quanto práticas, como elitista e contrária à natureza humana. As explicações e recomendações derivadas dessa filosofia moral, segundo Mandeville, eram inadequadas para entender e governar a sociedade comercial. Mandeville examinou as explicações existentes sobre a natureza humana, confrontou-as com o que apresentou como fatos e desvendou suas contradições. Isso leva ao desafio de Mandeville: aceitar as coisas como elas são ou assumir a responsabilidade da transformação. Este é (...) o desafio que pretendo explorar neste artigo. Podemos continuar vivendo em uma sociedade altamente desigual baseada no orgulho e na vergonha ou podemos criar incentivos que levem a um cálculo diferente das paixões de acordo com um critério utilitário. (shrink)

The philosophy devoted to the sacred knowledge of Athena has suffered an undeniable castration in modernity, because, following Sloterdijk, it has been related to the cynic, subjugation to appearance. For this reason, German literature differentiates between Kynismus and Zynismus. The kynysmós with "k" refers to the wise dogs of the agora and the Zynismus to the toothless Papillon. Under the keys of modernity, philosophy is camouflaged in moderation, good saying and salon etiquette, thereby abandoning the stridency, sarcasm and challenge that (...) the school of Diogenes practiced; but what was that insolence? What was his speech? What were his gestures? These are some of the questions addressed in this article; therefore, the reflection on the figure of the cynic, by the hand of the author of Critique of Cynical Reason, has been central to elucidate some of these questions and, why not, obscure them, after all, the interstices of the words are deeper. For methodological reasons, the text is divided into three sections: first, Resonances of a supplanted concept, in which the link between insolence and the cynical is investigated; second, Philosophical gestures, where the grimaces of an impertinent thought are drawn and third, Conclusions. (shrink)

Chicana feminist writers have written eloquently about the condition of women in their communities. Many of them have aligned themselves with and participated in various political movements. This practice has infused their theorizing with various influences which makes them similar to other feminist theorists but also different. This paper provides an overview of how Chicana feminist writings address the ethnic specific ways in which gender oppression is imposed on them and their proposals for liberation.

En este trabajo presentamos la traducción al castellano del tratado «Sobre la forma primera y la materia primera» del filósofo zaragozano Avempace, precedida por una introducción que trata de mostrar los cauces por los que ha llegado hasta nosotros esta obra y los problemas que presenta para la traducción.The aim of this essay is to offer the Spanish translation of the "Treatise on Primary Form and Primary Matter" written by the philosopher Avempace, from Saragossa. The preceding introduction is an attempt (...) to show the ways through which this work has reached us and the difficulties it presents for its translation. (shrink)

En toda sociedad, cada uno de sus componentes y cada una de sus instituciones cumplen un rol determinante. El rol de los medios de comunicación es vital para sustentar la socialización, habiendo llegado incluso a ser llamados elementos democratizadores. Pero hoy en día están operando en contra de sus reales funciones y asumiendo a todas luces comportamientos antiéticos. Esto no solamente se pone de manifiesto en el periodismo cada vez más desprestigiado, también está operando en los distintos formatos y géneros (...) de manera cada vez más acentuada. Los programas de entretenimiento incurren con frecuencia en la vulgaridad y con toda impunidad pisotean la Ley N° 28278, de tal manera que han llegado a generar la intervención del Poder Judicial, evidenciando que los medios de comunicación y los comunicadores no se pueden autorregular. Pero ¿por qué hemos llegado a esta crisis? ¿Qué pasó con los comunicadores, con los profesionales de la verdad? Es entonces cuando caemos en cuenta de que el comunicador, en sus distintas ramas, debe recuperar su identidad como profesional y no limitarse a ser solamente un buscador de likes o de rating. (shrink)

Se examina uno de los argumentos principales de Creer, saber, conocer en contra de la inclusión de la noción de verdad en la definición de saber. Se sostiene que el argumento falla, entre otras razones, porque concede al escéptico una premisa falsa acerca de las condiciones de aplicabilidad del verbo "saber". /// One of the main arguments of Creer, saber, conocer against the inclusion of the notion of truth in the definition of knowledge is examined. It is claimed that the (...) argument fails, among other reasons, because it grants the sceptic a false premise about the conditions of applicability of the verb "to know". (shrink)

In this paper we argue for the existence of a critical analysis of capitalism on Hannah Arendt's work, more specifically in some fragments belonging to the book on Imperialism, from The origins of totalitarianism, and even more specifically in a certain interpretation of Hobbes. According to Arendt's understanding, with differs in some fundamental positions from the classical Marxist view, the fact of believing that capitalism is a global and necessary logic is in itself a social illusion promoted by the political (...) hegemony of bourgeoisie. Capitalism, according to Arendt, is not a systemic logic: it's politics of force. (shrink)

Resumen Se ofrece un careo filosófico a la manera barroca entre la metáfora de “naturaleza muerta” y una serie de obras artísticas. De este ejercicio hermenéutico se extraen algunas conclusiones históricas y filosóficas sobre nuestra concepción de la vida y la muerte.The metaphor of “naturaleza muerta” and a series of artistic works are philosophically confronted in a Baroque manner. Some historical and philosophical conclusions about our conception of life and death are obtained from this hermeneutical exercise.

Entre los objetivos primordiales de la enseñanza de segundas lenguas está el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas como base para la correcta comprensión. En el diagnóstico realizado al estudiantado de la Filial Preparatoria de las Ciencias de la Salud de Morón se evidenciaron limitaciones en dicho componente, porque no es capaz de comprender literalmente el texto, resumirlo, comentar la información ni emitir juicios y criterios. Por tal motivo este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar aspectos esenciales del desarrollo de la comprensión de (...) textos con fines específicos en el estudiantado de los cursos preparatorios de las ciencias de la salud. Between the principals objectives of teaching second languages, it´s the development of communication activities to base for the correct understanding. Diagnose done to the students of the ¨Preparatory Filial in Health Science of Morón¨ we could watched limitations of this resource, because isn´t capable to understand the text textually, to summarize it, comment the information neither make judgments and opinions. By the way this project has like primary objective make a bibliographic revision of the fundamental aspects about the importance has de development of texts compression with specifics purposes in the students in preparatory courses of health ´s science. (shrink)

When addressing the first principles of the science of the being and physics, Aristotle presents a special kind of proof in favor of the principle of non-contradiction and the principle of movement. This paper explores the nature of such proofs and tries to show important parallels between them. Indeed, in both cases Aristotle makes use of dialectical arguments which aim to demonstrate that whoever denies these principles necessarily assumes a series of commitments related to language that involve the very principles (...) in question. It is thus shown to what extent the principles which are discussed are a condition of possibility of the discourse itself. Thus, both series of arguments exhibit transcendental aspects, which, especially regarding disputes with the monist, have been often overlooked, and which illustrate the scope of dialectics when it comes to opening the way towards the first principles. (shrink)

El artículo estudia la tercera y última confrontación con el Tratado de la libertad de Schelling que Heidegger sostuvo en 1941. El objetivo consiste en explicar el contexto del problema del acabamiento de la metafísica del idealismo alemán, para analizar la posición que tiene Heidegger de las nociones de diferencia y voluntad forjadas por la filosofía tardía de Schelling; de esta manera, a partir del abismo de la voluntad se muestra la intersección entre la filosofía de la libertad de Schelling (...) y la ontología del evento de Heidegger. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo, se analizan tres mujeres de época julio-claudia: Agripina la Mayor, Epícaris y Boudica, procedentes de diferentes condiciones sociales y orígenes geográficos distintos como paradigmas de _fortitudo animi et corporis_ en los _Anales_ de Tácito. A través de los pasajes de esta obra, se entreve la admiración y simpatía del autor por las causas perdidas defendidas por estas mujeres frente al poder de la tiranía. En su narración introduce elementos que atraen al lector para que se postule (...) en favor de ellas, si bien en ocasiones señala comportamientos impropios de sus _conditiones feminarum_. A pesar de la extensa bibliografía existente sobre estas féminas, sus figuras no han sido tratadas bajo la perspectiva que aquí se aborda. (shrink)

Hemos ingeniado numerosos juegos para solazarnos; jugamos en las relaciones sociales desempeñando papeles con sus pertinentes máscaras; y el mundo semeja un gran juego que avanza subyugado por reglas, en el que, armados de nuestros saberes, jugamos para mantenernos vivos y vivir de la mejor manera. Mas aquí no se acaba el juego: resulta que el mundo, que es uno entre los posibles, debe de haberse impuesto, sin duda, a otras combinaciones de cartas en una recóndita partida de póquer de (...) un jugar inasible y difuso que rehúye nuestras concepciones. Porque, si bien de los juegos que hemos construido sabemos el qué, el para qué y el cómo, no podemos decir lo mismo del juego del mundo, inscrito a su vez en una maraña que juega sin límite y en la que nos vislumbramos. Por ello hemos de aclarar en qué consiste este juego último, para intentar descubrir a qué juega todo y a qué juega el ser humano. A ello ha venido consagrándose la Metafísica con estrategias varias: la Metafísica es también un juego, un juego de nociones, y a él se aplica este ensayo pretendiendo jugar con el mayor tino aun sin obtener ganancia. Así pues, este no es un libro de filosofía, contra lo que proclama el título; esto es un entretejido de partidas de un juego desesperado donde el jugador se juega el mundo, la vida, el pensamiento, el hombre y hasta a sí mismo. Con el molde del juego probaremos a concebir la realidad entera y a digerir la temática filosófica en sus tópicos más relevantes. Porque en este escrito la palabra juego funcionará como un significante flotante (en la nomenclatura estructuralista), como un valor simbólico cero, susceptible de aplicarse a cualquier fenómeno, y útil para conexionar nuestras inquietudes en los escenarios más diversos. Con dicha táctica, este libro recorrerá los problemas fundamentales de la filosofía para ofrecer al lector una visión aventurera al mismo tiempo que coherente. Empezando por un juego de solitario, el del Yo pensante, nos abriremos al pensamiento y al mundo, como juego en que participamos los hombres; veremos cómo en él se constituye el sentido o ser de las cosas, y cómo ese juego nos catapulta a un Gran Juego columbrado, al Juego de Ser (por llamarlo de algún modo), a un jugar sin sujeto y sin reglas al que no cabe aplicarle nuestras nociones. En tal juego intervenimos los hombres y efectuamos nuestras apuestas con los otros y con nosotros mismos y ante la muerte. Este libro se dirige a los jugadores genuinos, a los amantes del juego al margen de su resultado, dispuestos a los triunfos y a las derrotas, y a la derrota definitiva, sabedores de que todo es un juego después de todo. Emprenderemos, pues, un juego en sentido estricto y en sentido laxo, habida cuenta de que el ser y la nada, la verdad y el conocimiento, el mundo y las cosas, el hombre y el Yo pensante, la sociedad y la historia, el bien y el mal, Dios y el absurdo, la transcendencia y la muerte… son piezas, cartas o fichas con que nos hemos topado en un juego que nos abarca y al que nos sentimos arrojados. En cuanto juego, este libro, verdadero curso de filosofía para jugadores, aspira solo a que sus jugadas cuadren. (shrink)

Courcelle-Seneuil, francés, humanista, economista, seguidor y admirador de Tocqueville, estuvo en Chile durante seis años, fue consejero del gobierno, dictó cursos en el Instituto Nacional, y fue admirado por todos por su seriedad y experiencia. Este estudioso cumplió papeles contradictorios: mientras un autor como Lastarria lo traduce y cita a menudo para combatir el autoritarismo de los gobiernos liberales que aplican la libertad sólo en el plano económico, por otra parte, sus alumnos en el Instituto pusieron en práctica, de manera (...) extremadamente liberal, sus lecciones de economía cuando ocuparon puestos de responsabilidad. Su rigidez empujó al país a una gran crisis económica por exceso de liberalismo económico. ¿Cómo es posible que un mismo personaje y sus enseñanzas sea utilizado por un lado para combatir el liberalismo económico y por otro dé origen a posturas librecambistas, que son un antecedente del neoliberalismo? (shrink)

RESUMEN Al reconstruir el cambio en la figura del otro entre la escuela del sentido moral y el sistema de la simpatía, es posible establecer una diferencia importante entre A. Smith y sus antecesores en la Ilustración escocesa, y explorar desde un nuevo ángulo el lugar que ocupa la política en la obra de Smith. Al pasar de una figura universal y abstracta, a una concreta y real, el sistema de la simpatía permite pensar en la continuidad que hay entre (...) la comunidad moral y la comunidad política y también en su ruptura, cuando la segunda se convierte en el espacio que permite manejar la exclusión que puede generar la primera. La invisibilidad de algunos miembros de la comunidad moral exige la creación de un espacio de tolerancia para evitar la violencia simbólica que implica la negación de participar en la comunicación afectiva de la simpatía. ABSTRACT The system of sympathy introduces a change in the figure of the other with respect to the school of moral sense. The reconstruction of this change reveals an important difference between A. Smith and his Scottish Enlightenment predecessors, which allows for the examination of the role of politics in Smith's work from a new angle. By replacing an abstract, universal figure with a concrete, actual one, the system of sympathy makes it possible to think the continuity between the moral community and the political community, but also its disruption, whenever the latter becomes a space to handle the exclusion that might be generated by the former. The invisibility of some of the members of the moral community requires the creation of a space of tolerance in order to avoid the symbolic violence entailed by the refusal to participate in the affective communication of sympathy. RESUMO Ao reconstruir a mudança na figura do outro entre a escola do sentido moral e o sistema da simpatia, é possível estabelecer uma diferença importante entre A. Smith e seus antecessores na Ilustração escocesa e explorar, sob um novo ângulo, o lugar que a política ocupa na obra de Smith. Ao passar de uma figura universal e abstrata para uma concreta e real, o sistema da simpatia permite pensar na continuidade que há entre a comunidade moral e a comunidade política e também em sua ruptura, quando a segunda se converte no espaço que permite manejar a exclusão que pode gerar a primeira. A invisibilidade de alguns membros da comunidade moral exige a criação de um espaço de tolerância para evitar a violência simbólica que implica a negação de participar na comunicação afetiva da simpatia. (shrink)

Biomedical research is increasingly data intensive and computational, and “big data science” is migrating into the clinical arena. Unfortunately, ethicists, regulators, and policy‐makers have barely begun to explore the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by the variety of analytical and computational approaches in use and under development in biology and medicine. Most scholarship concerning big data bioscience has focused on privacy, a vitally important consideration but not the only one. Among the issues raised by new computational technologies are questions (...) about safety and safety assessment, justice, and how to obtain proper informed consent. These technologies also raise a myriad of regulatory issues that could influence the probability of translating new assays or computational tools to the clinical or public health spheres. (shrink)

Spain occupies an area of 504.645 km, and it has a population of 46.5 million people, out of which 4,538,503 are immigrants. Life expectancy is 82.5 years. Its economy grew 1.4 % in 1014. Its current Constitution was enacted in 1978. It has been part of the European Union since 1986. Spain is a social and democratic state subject to the rule of law. Liberty, justice, equality, and political pluralism are the highest values of the legal order of the rule (...) of law. Spain is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government. The legislative power rests upon two chambers: the Congress and Senate. The government exercises the executive powers and the regulatory powers. There have been six presidents since 1978 from all parties, socialist, centrist, and conservative. The judicial power rests upon the courts and tribunals established by law. (shrink)

): This study answers the following question: How does John M. Finnis introduce in his Theory of Law the hartian and razian concept of “an exclusionary reason for action”? The search for an answer entails at least the following items: (a) the generic concept of a “reason for action” and its distinction from other possible motivations for action; (b) the distinctive elements of a legal reason for action, and its difference from other classes of reasons for action; (c) the correlative (...) concepts of authority and obligation, as applied to Law. This analysis will highlight some descriptive and evaluative achievements in Finnis’ proposal, particularly regarding his positivist predecessors, but also some theoretical difficulties, which we presume are linked to Finnis’ aim in trying to conciliate Legal Positivism and Natural Law Theory.Resumen:Este estudio intenta responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo introduce John M. Finnis en la teoría ius-naturalista del derecho, la idea hartiana y raziana de que el derecho proporciona razones excluyentes para la acción? En la búsqueda de una respuesta se abordarán los siguientes ejes temáticos: (a) el concepto genérico de razón para actuar, y su distinción de otras motivaciones posibles para la acción; (b) los rasgos propios de la razón jurídica para obrar, que la diferencian de otro tipo de razones para la acción; (c) los conceptos correlativos de autoridad y obligación en referencia al derecho. En este análisis se señalarán algunas fortalezas en la propuesta de Finnis con respecto a sus predecesores de la tradición positivista, pero también algunas debilidades descriptivas e inconsistencias teóricas. Estas dificultades se presumen ligadas a la dificultad de Finnis en su intento de conciliar el aparato conceptual heredado de la tradición iuspositivista, con el esquema conceptual heredado de la tradición iusnaturalista y, más ampliamente, con la epistemología práctica tomista que recoge de esta tradición. (shrink)

This article argues that current data for the safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplants as a treatment for any indication, including recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, is low-quality. It develops a governance proposal that encourages production of high-quality evidence by incentivizing well-designed RCTs of stool and stoolderived microbial products. The proposal would require that FDA change its current enforcement approach, but it would not require any change in statutes or regulations.

Partiendo de la constatación husserliana de la crisis filosófica como crisis vital de una humanidad que se ha desviado de su _télos_ al implantar el modelo tecno-científico del dominio del mundo, el artículo investiga el lugar de la filosofía en el sistema educativo, explorando las reformas propuestas en Baviera y Prusia por Niethammer y Humboldt a principios del siglo XIX y que plantean, cada una a su modo, la necesaria incorporación de la filosofía a una educación de Estado que, frente (...) a las pretensiones utilitarias del filantropismo, logre elevar al hombre a su humanidad. En este sentido, retorna al concepto humanista de formación (_Bildung_) al que se consagran ambas reformas y que Gadamer recupera precisamente en _Verdad y método_ como un ideal para enfrentar la pretensión de universalidad de la ciencia moderna en relación a las nociones de conocimiento y de verdad, así como para pensar el horizonte ontológico de la experiencia hermenéutica. Es precisamente este ideal el que permite localizar el lugar de la filosofía en el conjunto del saber y conducir al hombre a su humanidad. (shrink)

Information from forensic genetic tests of crime scene samples has been used to make claims about suspects' race and appearance. This article discusses and critiques the techniques used to make such claims, and raises policy concerns about them.

The biosciences have become information sciences, in which knowledge is often produced in silica, by the manipulation and analysis of large datasets. Genomics has been at the forefront of the data explosion and is a model for bioscience as a large-scale endeavor. Large genome research datasets are frequently shared through research repositories. To protect the interests of people from whom the data were derived , human data are often shared through a controlled access mechanism, in which data repositories can, in (...) theory, place limitations on who uses the data and for what purpose. Controlled access is an innovative governance mechanism, but it may not protect data sources the way policy makers intended. Here, I describe one controlled access process in some detail, and provide insight into how and why researchers fail to comply with data use restrictions. (shrink)