El prisma desvanece la luz y lo matiza con todos los colores del arcoíris, de esa misma manera la identidad lo hace con la realidad de la especie humana que se regodea en identidades, sociedades y mundos en donde el problema teórico y epistemológico se vuelven un espejismo al querer ver un mundo lleno de multiculturalidades o un mundo globalizado, como si el concepto de identidad fuera un concepto caduco e innecesario para la comprensión del hombre social en su (...) mundo y en el mundo, siendo que este concepto sigue vigente y perdura dejando varias preguntas. (shrink)

La obra de Thomas Piketty supone una contribución significativa para el pensamiento crítico. Sus tesis han renovado el alcance de la reflexión económica tradicional y canalizado su atención al estudio de la desigualdad, un asunto fundamental en el capitalismo contemporáneo cuya reflexión se impone, asimismo, a la filosofía social. En un intento por dar cuenta de la profundidad de su planteamiento, en las siguientes líneas abordamos las tesis principales de su aproximación, centrándonos particularmente en la dinámica r>g que presenta en (...) El Capital en el siglo XXI. A continuación, examinamos las soluciones principales que propone para una mejor distribución de la riqueza y el aumento de la justicia fiscal, así como ciertos aspectos problemáticos de su enfoque. Se concluye señalando posibles aportaciones del pensamiento pikettyano a la reflexión teórica en vinculación con las teorías de Streeck y Harvey. (shrink)

El artículo propone revisitar los significados del 2001 en la historia reciente, a partir de la atención sobre una temporalidad propia de la crisis. Esa temporalidad es la de las formas de un poder destituyente articulado en distintas organizaciones e iniciativas, como el movimiento piquetero, las asambleas, las formas de justicia de los escraches, las ollas populares, etc. Las preguntas que recorren el texto son, entre otras, qué pasó con las figuras comunitarias en los años de los gobiernos kirchneristas, cuáles (...) fueron las memorias del 2001, y cómo se activa la política “por abajo” ante el escenario de una nueva crisis y la reaparición del “que se vayan todos”, pero esta vez como marco del ascenso de la derecha. (shrink)

In the article by Vita Titarenko «Experience and prospects of religious organizations in Ukraine: prisma of independence» on the basis of the analysis of the newest sociological researches the features of the post-Soviet religious society in Ukraine are considered. The formation of a specific model of religiosity of modern Ukrainian society, its new value matrix is noted. The distinctive characteristic is the nonconfessional self-determination of Ukrainians, the development of extra-religious religiosity during complex socio-political events in the country, the formation (...) of such a phenomenon as a civil religion and a civil "ecclesia". (shrink)

A INDEVIDA CRIMINALIZAÇÃO DA MORALIDADE:O CRIME DE CASA DE PROSTITUIÇÃO SOB O PRISMA DO PATERNALISMO PENAL.

Since mid-nineteenth century, many Arabists and historians have referred to al-Andalus as a “Muslim Spain”. In the last decades, several scholars have criticized this historiographic tradition, which they see as a Hispanization of al-Andalus resulting from late-nineteenth-century nationalism. Although partly accurate, this criticism has overshadowed the fact that the success of the phrase “Muslim Spain” was not so much due to a Hispanization as to a de-Arabization of al-Andalus. Prior to the nineteenth century, Hispanizing al-Andalus was already a common historiographical (...) practice: referring to the influence of the Iberian climate was enough to turn Arabs into Spaniards. The novelty of the last half of the nineteenth century was the triumph of racialism: national humors, until then attributed to geographical conditions, came to be understood as a product of biological inheritance. Thus, in order to continue Hispanizing al-Andalus, it was necessary to “demonstrate” that its inhabitants were not of “Arabian race”. And so “Arab Spain” became “Muslim Spain”. (shrink)

Goethes Protest gegen Newtons Theorie des Lichts und der Farben ist besser, als man gemeinhin denkt. Man kann diesem Protest in den wichtigsten Elementen folgen, ohne Newton in der physikalischen Sache unrecht zu geben. Laut meiner Interpretation hat Goethe in Newtons wissenschaftsphilosophischer Selbsteinschätzung eine entscheidende Schwäche aufgedeckt: Newton glaubte, mithilfe prismatischer Experimente beweisen zu können, dass das Licht der Sonne aus Lichtstrahlen verschiedener Farben zusammengesetzt sei. Goethe zeigt, dass dieser Übergang vom Beobachtbaren zur Theorie problematischer ist, als Newton wahrhaben wollte. (...) Wenn Goethe darauf beharrt, dass uns der Übergang zur Theorie nicht von den Phänomenen aufgezwungen wird, dann kommt dadurch unser eigener, freier und kreativer Beitrag zur Theorie-Bildung ans Tageslicht. Und diese Einsicht Goethes gewinnt eine überraschende Schärfe, weil Goethe plausibel machen kann, dass sich alle entscheidenden prismatischen Experimente Newtons ebenso gut mit einer alternativen Theorie vereinbaren lassen. Wenn ich recht sehe, war Goethe der erste Wissenschaftsphilosoph, der mindestens eine empirisch äquivalente Alternative zu einer wohletablierten physikalischen Theorie gesehen hat: Damit war Goethe seiner Zeit um ein gutes Jahrhundert voraus. (shrink)

The sphere of disability can be treated nowadays from different perspectives that answer to multidimensional of this embodied reality. In this context, a privileged area of reflection is constituted by ethics and, inside of this, as this text propose, the prism of the reciprocal recognition. To achieve this, this present article is structured in two parts. The first, regarding to the understanding of disability from different models. The second, according to the recognition perspective approach of Honneth, and its link with (...) the disability, presents the three stages of recognition with their corresponding ways of disdain. Finally, a series of reflections are exposed regarding the necessity to accomplish a group of demands that transcend civil and political prerogatives, as well as public ones. (shrink)

Este artículo propone una revisión crítica del concepto de desigualdad tomando como base de análisis la política europea de lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión y se pregunta sobre las formas en las que se construye y tiene en cuenta el concepto de interseccionalidad en las narrativas sobre las que se ha ido desarrollando durante los últimos 20 años. La hipótesis de la que se parte es que estas políticas se han dirigido tradicionalmente a grupos específicos desde un enfoque (...) unitario; es decir, a partir de una categoría única, considerada la más relevante o explicativa políticamente en situaciones particulares de desventaja social. De esta manera, la política europea de lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión se ha institucionalizado sin tener en cuenta el carácter complejo de las desigualdades. (shrink)

El último jefe de gobierno republicano durante la guerra civil de España, Juan Negrín, tuvo que gestionar el exilio republicano. Consciente desde el otoño de 1938 de las debilidades de la República para vencer a los franquistas, inició un proceso cuya meta era usar parte de las riquezas de la República para subvenir a las necesidades de los refugiados en México. El exilio republicano a México ocasionó una división multilateral. Se exponen aquí algunos de los orígenes de las divisiones políticas (...) y cómo Negrín se refirió al final de la guerra en algunos manuscritos que forman parte de sus memorias. (shrink)

Las prácticas docentes deben consistir en la adquisición de capacidades y habilidades operatorias por parte de los alumnos. ¿Cómo trasmitir la capacidad crítica en lo que concierne reflexivamente a la propia institución universitaria, al proceso mismo de la investigación científica y a sus productos cognitivos? Se presentan en este texto introductorio las clases prácticas de la asignatura sociología del conocimiento llevadas a cabo por Pablo Infiesta Molleda durante el curso 2009‐2010 como un modelo para vincular investigación, enseñanza y capacidad crítica.

El presente trabajo pretende reconstruir la teoría de la individuación spinozista tal como Deleuze la presenta en sus obras acerca de Spinoza, vinculándola con la ontología deleuziana que se encuentra en Diferencia y repetición, con el fin de realizar una lectura crítica de los equívocos que se producen en torno a la noción spinozista-deleuziana de alegría. Estos últimos ocurren, por ejemplo, cuando se otorga un peso excesivo a la sucesión de las etapas en el camino de aprendizaje que conduce a (...) la salvación spinozista, por lo que todo el planteo se reduce a una carrera finalista y acumulativa en pos de una maximización de la alegría, acumulación de pasiones alegres que es tomada como un fin en sí mismo. Considero que agrietar la presentación de “el Spinoza de Deleuze” es una de las vías que tornan posible destacar y profundizar en la pregunta por el lugar de la negatividad en la filosofía deleuziana. Esto, a su vez, nos permitirá desligarla de lecturas que pretenden hacer de ella un aliado ideológico del neoliberalismo, contribuyendo, en cambio, a la formulación de una ética de las cantidades intensivas –siendo esta la propuesta ética de Diferencia y repetición. (shrink)

We aimed to identify the critical insights from empirical peer-reviewed studies on online romance fraud published between 2000 and 2021 through a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The corpus of studies that met our inclusion criteria comprised twenty-six studies employing qualitative (n = 13), quantitative (n = 11), and mixed (n = 2) methods. Most studies focused on victims, with eight focusing on offenders and fewer investigating public perspectives. All (...) the victim-focused studies relied on data from the Global North, except for Malaysia. Five offender-focused studies used online data available in the public domain, and three derived their data from West Africa. Our review highlights offenders' techniques to deceive and manipulate victims, as revealed in these studies, and highlights some limitations of offender- and victim-focused studies. The dominant framework used across the studies was found to be the “Scammers Persuasive Techniques Model.” While this framework provides a helpful way of considering the stages of victim involvement, it also faces some limitations, which we highlight. Our study reviews the current state of empirical knowledge on romance fraud and identifies certain gaps and biases in the literature. We argue there is a need for further research into online romance fraud to enhance our understanding of it both from the perspective of the offender as well as the experience of the victim. We also highlight the need for a more inclusive and greater range of regional and global diverse range of data sources and perspectives. Given the scale and impact of online romance fraud, we conclude that its study would benefit from a richer empirical engagement that recognizes it as both a regional and global phenomenon. (shrink)

Newton fächert einen weißen Lichtstrahl durch prismatische Brechung (Refraktion) auf und entdeckt dadurch sein Vollspektrum, das die größte Farbenvielfalt zeigt und aus Lichtstrahlen unterschiedlicher Refrangibilität besteht (1672). Laut Newtons Theorie müsste sich die Farbvielfalt seines Vollspektrums steigern lassen, wenn man den Auffangschirm immer weiter vom brechenden Prisma entfernt; denn dadurch müssten zuvor noch vermischte Lichtbündel ähnlicher Farbe schließlich doch auseinanderstreben. Diese Prognose ist empirisch falsch, wie Goethe in seiner Farbenlehre (1810) herausstreicht: Das Endspektrum enthält weniger Farben, insbesondere fehlt dort (...) das Gelb. Das ist eine Anomalie (à la Kuhn) der newtonischen Theorie. Wie lässt sich diese Anomalie erklären? Der Gelbverlust im Endspektrum muss irgendetwas mit der Licht- und Farbempfindlichkeit des menschlichen Auges zu tun haben. Aber was? Der Bezold/Brücke-Effekt bietet offenbar keine befriedigende Erklärung des Phänomens, wie ich mit Matthias Rangs experimenteller Hilfe empirisch zeige. Ein zweiter Erklärungsansatz beruft sich auf die rot/grüne spektrale Umgebung, die das Gelb offenbar in den Hintergrund treten lässt. Die Farbwahrnehmung einer farbigen Figur hat ja immer auch mit der Umgebungsfarbe zu tun, wie zum Beispiel beim Simultankontrast. Das zeigt sich im Experiment: Man kann das Gelb im Endspektrum zurückgewinnen, wenn man die anderen Farben des Spektrums abdeckt. Woran das wiederum liegt, ist bis heute ungeklärt. Es lässt sich jedenfalls nicht als Spezialfall des Simultankontrasts verstehen. (shrink)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of the diverse academic proposals and initiatives for preventing and eliminating hate speech on the internet. Design/methodology/approach The foundation for this study is a systematic review of papers devoted to the analysis of hate speech. It has been conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and applied to an initial corpus of 436 academic texts. Having implemented the suitability, screening (...) and inclusion criteria, this corpus was refined to a sample of 74 articles. Findings The main subject categories studied in this corpus of academic research are legal issues and social media. In the majority of the articles, the use of hate speech via social media is associated with five typologies: religion, cyber racism, political slurs, misogyny and attacks on the LGTBI community. The absence of ethical reflection is one of the major shortcomings of IT-focused research and analysis devoted to online hate speech. Practical implications To date various systematic reviews have been presented, and they focus on detecting or describing hate speech. These have used either the search appraisal synthesis analysis framework or the Cochrane network. The PRISMA protocol was applied for this study, and both Scopus and texts in German were included. To date no major, rigorous systematic review has been undertaken of proposals to combat hate speech. Originality/value The link between hate speech and poverty has not been studied in depth within the academic sphere. Tolerance and ethical compassion are not granted the attention they merit when it comes to analysing the phenomenon of hate speech. (shrink)

Este estudio responde a características de programas grupales de educación parental que incluye, relación con la prevención/atención al abandono escolar temprano, enfoques y relación con la Parentalidad Positiva y grado de evidencias. Siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA 2020, se buscó en bases de datos y se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión detectando escasez de programas para promover la continuidad escolar y adolescencia; la necesidad de consolidarlos desde la Parentalidad Positiva y de implantar estándares de evaluación de evidencias (12 artículos). (...) En conclusión, informa para diseñar, implementar y evaluar estos programas de Parentalidad Positiva que promocionen competencias parentales y continuidad escolar. (shrink)

Collana «Nuovo Prisma», Sellerio editore, Palermo, 2002, 212 p.

The rapid development of quantum technologies, such as quantum computing, quantum internet, and quantum sensing, has led to a growing awareness of the ethical issues surrounding these technologies. This literature review aims to analyze the existing research on these ethical issues using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) literature review approach. The literature search was conducted using the following databases: Scopus ArXiv, and IEEE Xplore, and the search terms used were “quantum computing,” “quantum internet,” “quantum (...) sensing,” “quantum technology,” AND “ethics.” Inclusion criteria were: (1) articles that addressed ethical issues related to quantum technologies and (2) articles that were written in English. A total of 14 articles were included in the review. The majority of the articles (64 percent) were published in the last 5 years. The majority of the articles (78 percent) focused on the potential impact of quantum technologies on privacy and security, with a particular emphasis on the potential for quantum computers to break encryption and the subsequent impact on privacy and security. Approximately 50 percent of the articles focused on the accessibility and responsibility dimensions of quantum technologies. This scoping review has demonstrated that there is a growing awareness of the ethical issues surrounding quantum technologies and an increasing number of researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders working to address them. Future research should continue to explore these ethical issues in more depth and develop recommendations for addressing them. (shrink)

BackgroundThe research shows a growing trend in using an electronic platform to supplement or replace traditional paper-based informed consent processes. Instead of the traditionally written informed consent document, electronic informed consent may be used to assess the research subject’s comprehension of the information presented. By doing so, respect for persons as one of the research ethical principles can be upheld. Furthermore, these electronic methods may reduce potential airborne infection exposures, particularly during the pandemic, thereby adhering to the beneficence and nonmaleficence (...) principle. This scoping review aims to identify the ethics related criteria that have been included in electronic informed consent processes and to synthesize and map these criteria to research ethics principles, in order to identify the gaps, if any, in current electronic informed consent processes.MethodsThe search was performed based on internet search and three main databases: PubMed, SCOPUS and EBSCO. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews : Checklist and Explanation guideline was used to report this work.ResultsOf 34 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 242 essential original constructs were collated, and 7 concepts were derived. Digital content showed the highest percentage of collated original constructs followed by accessibility, comprehension engagement, autonomy, confidentiality, language, and parental consent. Twenty-five new items were synthesized for eConsent criteria which may provide guidance for ethical review of research involving eConsent.ConclusionThe current study adds significant value to the corpus of knowledge in research ethics by providing ethical criteria on electronic informed consent based on evidence-based data. The new synthesized items in the criteria can be readily used as an initial guide by the IRB/rec members during a review process on electronic informed consent and useful to the future preparation of a checklist. (shrink)

Clinical Ethics Committees (CECs), as distinct from Research Ethics Committees, were originally established with the aim of supporting healthcare professionals in managing controversial clinical ethical issues. However, it is still unclear whether they manage to accomplish this task and what is their impact on clinical practice. This systematic review aims to collect available assessments of CECs’ performance as reported in literature, in order to evaluate CECs’ effectiveness. We retrieved all literature published up to November 2019 in six databases (PubMed, Ovid (...) MEDLINE, Scopus, Philosopher’s Index, Embase and Web of Science), following PRISMA guidelines. We included only articles specifically addressing CECs and providing any form of CECs performance assessment. Twenty-nine articles were included. Ethics consultation was the most evaluated of CECs’ functions. We did not find standardized tools for measuring CECs’ efficacy, but 33% of studies considered “user satisfaction” as an indicator, with 94% of them reporting an average positive perception of CECs’ impact. Changes in patient treatment and a decrease of moral distress in health personnel were reported as additional outcomes of ethics consultation. The highly diverse ways by which CECs carry out their activities make CECs’ evaluation difficult. The adoption of shared criteria would be desirable to provide a reliable answer to the question about their effectiveness. Nonetheless, in general both users and providers consider CECs as helpful, relevant to their work, able to improve the quality of care. Their main function is ethics consultation, while less attention seems to be devoted to bioethics education and policy formation. (shrink)

Background The expressions of a “wish to hasten death” or “wish to die” raise ethical concerns and challenges. These expressions are related to ethical principles intertwined within the field of medical ethics, particularly in end-of-life care. Although some reviews were conducted about this topic, none of them provides an in-depth analysis of the meanings behind the “wish to hasten death/die” based specifically on the ethical principles of autonomy, dignity, and vulnerability. The aim of this review is to understand if and (...) how the meanings behind the “wish to hasten death/die” relate to and are interpreted in light of ethical principles in palliative care. Methods We conducted a meta-ethnographic review according to the PRISMA guidelines and aligned with Noblit and Hare’s framework. Searches were performed in three databases, Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, with no time restrictions. Original qualitative studies exploring the meanings given by patients, family caregivers and healthcare professionals in any context of palliative and end-of-life care were included. A narrative synthesis was undertaken. PROSPERO registration CRD42023360330. Results Out of 893 retrieved articles, 26 were included in the analysis, accounting for the meanings of a total of 2,398 participants. Several factors and meanings associated with the “wish to hasten death” and/or “wish to die” were identified and are mainly of a psychosocial and spiritual nature. The ethical principles of autonomy and dignity were the ones mostly associated with the “wish to hasten death”. Ethical principles were essentially inferred from the content of included articles, although not explicitly stated as bioethical principles. Conclusions This meta-ethnographic review shows a reduced number of qualitative studies on the “wish to hasten death” and/or “wish to die” explicitly stating ethical principles. This suggests a lack of bioethical reflection and reasoning in the empirical end-of-life literature and a lack of embedded ethics in clinical practice. There is a need for healthcare professionals to address these topics compassionately and ethically, taking into account the unique perspectives of patients and family members. More qualitative studies on the meanings behind a wish to hasten death, their ethical contours, ethical reasoning, and implications for clinical practice are needed. (shrink)

BackgroundRespect for autonomy is a key concept in contemporary bioethics and end-of-life ethics in particular. Despite this status, an individualistic interpretation of autonomy is being challenged from the perspective of different theoretical traditions. Many authors claim that the principle of respect for autonomy needs to be reconceptualised starting from a relational viewpoint. Along these lines, the notion of relational autonomy is attracting increasing attention in medical ethics. Yet, others argue that relational autonomy needs further clarification in order to be adequately (...) operationalised for medical practice. To this end, we examined the meaning, foundations, and uses of relational autonomy in the specific literature of end-of-life care ethics.MethodsUsing PRESS and PRISMA procedures, we conducted a systematic review of argument-based ethics publications in 8 major databases of biomedical, philosophy, and theology literature that focused on relational autonomy in end-of-life care. Full articles were screened. All included articles were critically appraised, and a synthesis was produced.ResultsFifty publications met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight articles were published in the last 5 years; publications were originating from 18 different countries. Results are organized according to: (a) an individualistic interpretation of autonomy; (b) critiques of this individualistic interpretation of autonomy; (c) relational autonomy as theoretically conceptualised; (d) relational autonomy as applied to clinical practice and moral judgment in end-of-life situations.ConclusionsThree main conclusions were reached. First, literature on relational autonomy tends to be more a ‘reaction against’ an individualistic interpretation of autonomy rather than be a positive concept itself. Dichotomic thinking can be overcome by a deeper development of the philosophical foundations of autonomy. Second, relational autonomy is a rich and complex concept, formulated in complementary ways from different philosophical sources. New dialogue among traditionally divergent standpoints will clarify the meaning. Third, our analysis stresses the need for dialogical developments in decision making in end-of-life situations. Integration of these three elements will likely lead to a clearer conceptualisation of relational autonomy in end-of-life care ethics. This should in turn lead to better decision-making in real-life situations. (shrink)

No presente texto propomos uma perspectiva multiespecífica para a análise da biopolítica. Partindo da situação da emergência da pandemia do COVID-19, tomada dentro do contexto das mutações ecológicas do Antropoceno, argumentamos que, para além da atenção voltada às operações das diversas experiências e dispositivos biopolíticos sobre o corpo humano – corpo individual ou corpo social – deve-se trilhar por uma via expandida que leve também em consideração, conjuntamente (e não por exclusão), os efeitos dessas operações sobre formas de vida outras-que-humanas, (...) tomando termos como meio ambiente e natureza não apenas pelo prisma de serem recursos geridos finalizando a condução da conduta humana, mas como meios vivos, igualmente. (shrink)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar investigaciones sobre representaciones sociales de docentes y estudiantes acerca de la escritura en la educación superior. La revisión sistemática se efectuó siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la Declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda, que fue realizada en las bases de datos WOS, Scopus, Scielo y ERIC, permitió identificar 20 artículos entre los que predomina el enfoque cualitativo. Como elementos recurrentes se destacan la necesidad de que en la universidad se enseñe explícitamente a escribir y la (...) persistencia de representaciones, que vinculan la escritura con la evaluación. (shrink)

The growing significance of social media in research demands new ethical standards and practices. Although a substantial body of literature on social media ethics exists, studies on the ethics of conducting research using social media are scarce. The emergence of new evidence sources, like social media, requires innovative methods and renewed consideration of research ethics. Therefore, we pose the following question: What are the defining characteristics of ethics papers on social media research? Following a modified version of the Preferred Reporting (...) Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, we analyzed 34 publications based on ten variables: author gender, publication year, region, academic discipline, type, design, methodology, social media platform in focus, positionality statement, and ethical issues. Our findings suggest contemporary social media research ethics primarily reflects the ethical ideals of the Global North, with limited representation from the Global South. Women authors have published more papers than men authors. Previous studies have prioritized ethical concerns such as privacy, informed consent, and anonymity while overlooking researchers’ risks and the ethics of social media sites. We particularly emphasized the lack of researchers’ positionality statements in research. Our findings will pave the way to understanding social media ethics better, especially with the rapid growth of social media research in global scholarship. (shrink)