In this paper we aim to think systematically about, formulate, and begin addressing some of the challenges to applying theories of moral responsibility to behaviors shaped by a particular subset of unsettling psychological complexities: namely, implicit biases.

Is it possible to explicate tolerant principles in the philosophy-political discourse of Kant? It seems the answer to this question is positive. And it is the philosophical project of Kant “Perpetual Peace”, which is the most representative in this respect, for it is based on the principles of tolerance. This project is included in ethic-legal (liberal) system and is connected with such notions as civil society, legal state, duty, moral law. Tolerance exists, on the one hand, as a result of (...) moral effort and choice, and on the other, as legal obligation. In Kantian conception tolerance appears as a multi-aspect phenomenon: firstly, as a natural deposit of the human race, developing as a result of the influence of antagonistic nature of the human society; secondly, as a demand of the moral law; thirdly, as a means of peace attaining; fourthly, as a principle of peaceful state, a universal civic alliance and eternal peace. The dynamic development of the world society, the acceleration of processes of globalization and intercultural communication dictate new strategies of the world development, make the problem of political responsibility the topic of today. According to Kant’s logic, it is necessary to be tolerant in the modern world. (shrink)

Natalia Carrillo and Tarja Knuuttila claim that there are two traditions of thinking about idealization offering almost opposite views on their functioning and epistemic status. While one tradition views idealizations as epistemic deficiencies, the other one highlights the epistemic benefits of idealization. Both of them treat idealizations as deliberate misrepresentations, however. They then argue for an artifactual account of idealization, comparing it to the traditional accounts of idealization, and exemplifying it through the Hodgkin and Huxley model of the nerve (...) impulse. From the artifactual perspective, the epistemic benefits and deficiencies introduced by idealization frequently come in a package due to the way idealization draws together different resources in model construction. Accordingly, idealization tends to be holistic in that it is not often easily attributable to some specific parts of the model. They conclude that the artifactual approach offers a unifying view into idealization in that it is able to recover several basic philosophical insights motivating both the deficiency and epistemic benefit accounts, while being simultaneously detached from the idea of distortion by misrepresentation. (shrink)

Different proprietary databases have been used extensively in research to assess the environmental performance and environmental risk of companies. This study explores the convergent validity of the environmental ratings of MSCI ESG STATS, Thomson Reuters ASSET4 and Global Engagement Services. The study shows that the ratings have common dimensions, but on aggregate, they do not converge. On the environmental opportunity side, KLD environmental strengths, and ASSET4 and GES environmental performance metrics correlate highly and provide convergent scores for US companies from (...) 2003–2011. On the environmental risk side, KLD environmental concerns converge with the GES environmental industry risk and company emissions from the ASSET4 database. Further analysis confirms that industry-related risks are drivers of company-specific environmental performance. (shrink)

Nursing is at the same time a vocation, a profession and a job. By nature, nursing is a moral endeavor, and being a ‘good nurse’ is an issue and an aspiration for professionals. The aim of our qualitative research project carried out with 18 nurse teachers at a university nursing school in Brazil was to identify the ethical image of nursing. In semistructured interviews the participants were asked to choose one of several pictures, to justify their choice and explain what (...) they meant by an ethical nurse. Five different perspectives were revealed: good nurses fulfill their duties correctly; they are proactive patient advocates; they are prepared and available to welcome others as persons; they are talented, competent, and carry out professional duties excellently; and they combine authority with power sharing in patient care. The results point to a transition phase from a historical introjection of religious values of obedience and service to a new sense of a secular, proactive, scientific and professional identity. (shrink)

Resumen El objetivo principal de este artículo se centra en analizar los usos de lo siento producidos por los aprendices de español cuya lengua materna es el inglés y presentar los contextos de uso y las funciones desempeñadas por esta expresión ritualizada. El segundo objetivo es constatar si se puede hablar de usos “infelices” de lo siento como casos de sobregeneralización. Para lograr estos objetivos, se analizarán, en primer lugar, ejemplos del corpus CREA de la Real Academia Española, que permitirán (...) mostrar usos pertinentes producidos por los hablantes nativos, y después se discutirán los usos de lo siento obtenidos del Banco de datos Spanish Learner Language Oral Corpora (SPLLOC). En este trabajo se pretende explicar la interferencia del inglés, al transferirse algunos usos y funciones del marcador sorry, a la hora de emplear lo siento. Pretendemos proporcionar posibles recomendaciones para los profesores interesados en mejorar la competencia pragmática de los alumnos angloparlantes a la hora de producir disculpas. (shrink)

Durante mucho tiempo la epistemología –rama de la filosofía que estudia lo referente al conocimiento y a la creencia justificada– había tenido un enfoque principalmente individualista, es decir, se centraba más que nada en las actitudes doxásticas de los individuos, abstrayéndolos de esta forma de su entorno social. No obstante, la situación epistémica humana no es meramente individual, pues está conformada en gran medida por las relaciones sociales. La epistemología social surge entonces como una rama de la epistemología, encargada de (...) investigar los efectos epistémicos de las interacciones sociales y las propiedades epistémicas de los individuos que surgen de sus relaciones con los demás. (shrink)

The importance of the adolescence in the value orientations formation as a stable personality trait associated with the shaping of worldview has always been a matter of special research attention. This article seeks to investigate the formation of teenagers’ value orientations through creolized texts. The creolized text is a text in which verbal and nonverbal components form a visual, structural, semantic and functional wholeness, aimed at a complex impact on the recipient. The authors cleared out cognitive, emotional, and behavioural criteria (...) for the formation of students’ value orientations. To determine students’ instrumental and terminal values, M. Rokeach’s method of value orientation diagnostics was used. Educational workshops aimed at altering teenagers’ values with the use of creolized texts were arranged. Examples of motivational posters and comics created by students in the process of these extracurricular activities are provided. The reflexive component is presented through students’ impressions of working with creolized texts. (shrink)

Interview of Amina Kkhelufi, Kseniia Myroshnyk, Nataliia Reva with Natalia Viatkina.

Stroke continues to be a leading cause of disability. Basic neurorehabilitation research is necessary to inform the neuropathophysiology of impaired motor control, and to develop targeted interventions with potential to remediate disability post-stroke. Despite knowledge gained from basic research studies, the effectiveness of research-based interventions for reducing motor impairment has been no greater than standard of practice interventions. In this perspective, we offer suggestions for overcoming translational barriers integral to experimental design, to augment traditional protocols, and re-route the rehabilitation trajectory (...) toward recovery and away from compensation. First, we suggest that researchers consider modifying task practice schedules to focus on key aspects of movement quality, while minimizing the appearance of compensatory behaviors. Second, we suggest that researchers supplement primary outcome measures with secondary measures that capture emerging maladaptive compensations at other segments or joints. Third, we offer suggestions about how to maximize participant engagement, self-direction, and motivation, by embedding the task into a meaningful context, a strategy more likely to enable goal-action coupling, associated with improved neuro-motor control and learning. Finally, we remind the reader that motor impairment post-stroke is a multidimensional problem that involves central and peripheral sensorimotor systems, likely influenced by chronicity of stroke. Thus, stroke chronicity should be given special consideration for both participant recruitment and subsequent data analyses. We hope that future research endeavors will consider these suggestions in the design of the next generation of intervention studies in neurorehabilitation, to improve translation of research advances to improved participation and quality of life for stroke survivors. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se propone abordar la recepción de la filosofía moderna europea que se desplegó en el siglo XVIII en dos instituciones fundamentales del territorio del Río de la Plata: la Universidad de Córdoba y el Colegio de San Carlos de Buenos Aires. Nuestro objetivo es analizar dicha recepción a pensando su vínculo con una manera específica de practicar la enseñanza de la filosofía en estas instituciones, entendiéndola como parte esencial del quehacer filosófico, como una búsqueda genuina de conocimiento. (...) Nos concentraremos en el caso de Baruch Spinoza —pensador perseguido y condenado a la censura— para ilustrar las diversas formas en las que nuevos autores modernos eran incorporados paulatinamente a la enseñanza de la filosofía en las aulas rioplatenses. (shrink)

In philosophy of science, abstraction tends to be subsumed under representation, often being described as the omission of a target’s features when it is represented. This approach to abstraction sidesteps cognitive aspects of abstraction processes. However, cognitive aspects of abstraction are important in understanding the role of historically grounded epistemic criteria supporting modeling in science. Drawing on recent work on the relation between metaphor and abstraction, we introduce the concept of paths of abstraction, and use historical and contemporary examples to (...) point to their role in guiding the development of relevance criteria which support modeling strategies in science. (shrink)

Cross-linguistic studies focus on inverse correlations (trade-offs) between linguistic variables that reflect different cues to linguistic meanings. For example, if a language has no case marking, it is likely to rely on word order as a cue for identification of grammatical roles. Such inverse correlations are interpreted as manifestations of language users’ tendency to use language efficiently. The present study argues that this interpretation is problematic. Linguistic variables, such as the presence of case, or flexibility of word order, are aggregate (...) properties, which do not represent the use of linguistic cues in context directly. Still, such variables can be useful for circumscribing the potential role of communicative efficiency in language evolution, if we move from cross-linguistic trade-offs to multivariate causal networks. This idea is illustrated by a case study of linguistic variables related to four types of Subject and Object cues: case marking, rigid word order of Subject and Object, tight semantics and verb-medial order. The variables are obtained from online language corpora in thirty languages, annotated with the Universal Dependencies. The causal model suggests that the relationships between the variables can be explained predominantly by sociolinguistic factors, leaving little space for a potential impact of efficient linguistic behavior. (shrink)

Against the background of degeneration and the perceived threat to the nation’s health and stock, family politics came to constitute an important site for eugenic discourses and interventions. Eugenic regulation of reproductive sexuality and marriage was not only pursued through ‘negative’ eugenics but also through educational policies targeted at young adults and youth. Switzerland serves as a useful case to explore a general idea, namely the limitations for eugenicists of exploiting the concept of a rational subject in order to achieve (...) their ends. Practices of ‘positive eugenics’ crucially hinged on the utilitarian principle of rationality underpinning positive eugenics which this paper seeks to elaborate. Eugenicists devised tools to deal efficiently with social problems on a collective as well as an individual basis by deploying technologies of government which conceived individuals to be members of a population who were each held responsible for the generation of healthy future generations. As a form of ‘sustaining, multiplying and ordering life’ eugenics thus relied on the premise that its ideas would be adopted through an appeal to rationality and, where this was insufficient, through a series of coercive measures. Relying on conviction and education about the merits of eugenics, however, posed particular problems to positive eugenic thinking and practice. (shrink)

For the past half a century, Latin American scholars have been pointing toward the emergence of new social actors as agents of social and political democratization. The first wave of actors was characterized by the emergence of novel agents—mainly, new popular movements—of social transformation. At first, the second wave, epitomized by nongovernmental organizations, was celebrated as the upsurge of a new civil society, but later on, it was the target of harsh criticism. The literature often portrays this development in Latin (...) American civil society as a displacement trend of actors of the first wave by the second wave—“NGOization”—and even denounces new civil society as rootless, depoliticized, and functional to retrenchment. Thus, supposedly, NGOization encumbers social change. The authors argue that NGOization diagnosis is a flawed depiction of change within civil society. Rather than NGOization related to the depoliticization and neoliberalization of civil society, in Mexico City and São Paulo, there has been modernization of organizational ecologies, changes in the functional status of civil society, and interestingly, specialization aimed at shaping public agenda. The authors argue that such specialization, instead of encumbering social change, brings about different repertoires of strategies and skills purposively developed for influencing policy and politics. Their argument relies on comparative systematic evidence. Through network analysis, they examine the organizational ecology of civil society in Mexico City and São Paulo. (shrink)

Vaesen suggests that motor control is not among the primary origins of the uniqueness of human tool use. However, recent findings show that cognitive processes involved in control of human limb movements may be much more sophisticated than it was believed previously. The sophistication of movement control may substantially contribute to the uniqueness of humans in tool use.

Este artículo se propone examinar el posicionamiento de Émilie Du Châtelet (1706-1749) respecto del tema de la defensa de la educación de las mujeres. Nos concentraremos en dos de sus obras: su adaptación al francés de La fábula de las abejas de Bernard Mandeville y su Discurso sobre la felicidad. Estudiaremos cómo Du Châtelet dialoga con distintos referentes de este debate, como François Fénelon, el abad de Saint-Pierre y Anna Maria van Schurman. Nuestro fin es demostrar la radicalidad de la (...) posición de Du Châtelet, en oposición a aquellas interpretaciones que tienden a desacreditar o a subestimar el compromiso de esta pensadora con la causa de la defensa de la educación de las mujeres. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Cognitive Linguistics Jahrgang: 27 Heft: 2 Seiten: 235-268.

The concept of deliberation in the Ukrainian philosophical discourse is both underestimated and overestimated. Underestimated — as a self-sufficient category that is not reducible to another con- cept, even if it is the concept of consensus or the concept of democracy. Deliberation appears pri- marily as a careful weighing and selection of arguments when making an important decision. Collegiality may or may not be present here, as well as openness. Therefore, the concept of deliber- ation is somewhat overestimated as something (...) that necessarily improves the quality of democratic procedures, and therefore, supposedly, deliberation itself is something democratic in nature. American political philosopher Joshua Cohen drew attention to the fact that deliberation can be of at least three types: individual deliberation, jury deliberation, and oligarch deliberation. The article analyzes these three types of deliberation and found that the closest to the democratic type of government is individual deliberation, or rather, joint deliberation of responsible citizens. While the deliberation of the jury is mostly closed, it is naturally limited access to the extent of the necessary competence of its possible participants. The deliberation of the oligarchs is even more closed and often even secret. However, the article states that it is more appropriate to replace the name «oligarchs» with the term «captains of business»: then the deliberation of the oligarchs ceases to be a cartel conspiracy, and turns into a coordinated protection of the interests of the national economy. However, for this, de- liberation itself is not enough, so not procedural, but other, namely, value factors of decision-making are needed. Democracy benefits from deliberation when the latter is complemented by the liberal and patriotic values of the participants in the deliberation. Already John Locke convincingly argues the importance of citizens achieving a common conscious agreement in state matters. However, for Locke, the very fact of having property was important, while in practice, achieving an effective agreement requires mechanisms for reconciling the positions of owners with very different amounts of property. To some extent, this problem can be solved by John Rawls` concept of justice. (shrink)

The purpose of the article is to analyze the identity policy implemented within the Union State of Belarus and Russia and determine the ways of its improving. Methods and materials: materials include acts of the Union State of Belarus and Russia and materials from Russian and Belarusian media; the methodological basis was laid by general scientific methods (system analysis, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, ascent from the individual to the general, synthesis, comparative method) and special legal and political (...) science scientific methods (formal legal method, method of legal hermeneutics, institutional-functional and system-structural approaches, content analysis method). Results and conclusions: the formation of the Union State of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation is inscribed in a complex multilevel context of international and domestic political processes, which co-determine opportunities and settle limitations for the unification strategies. The authors analyze the international and domestic factors that determine the slow character of the integration process. The authors propose one of the possible integration vectors. This vector assumes implementing a multi-level identity policy, which aims at forming a coherent political community at the heart of the Union State and needs today comprehensive development and legal and institutional support. The authors show that implementing this policy is possible only within the framework of the citizenship development. The article formulates some directions of this policy, which currently have not fully revealed their unifying potential and need further improvement. (shrink)

The subject of the study is Bernardo Bertolucci's film "The Last Emperor", in particular, the coloristic of the film and the psychology of the image of the main character, which is largely revealed through the color palette and individual artistic details. The object of research is the language of cinematography, cinematographic artistic techniques. Despite the sometimes shocking images and plots, Bertolucci's films were highly appreciated by the international community and domestic film critics due to their artistic solution and topical issues (...) affecting the problems of class struggle and anti-fascist themes. The author of the article examines the image of the main character of the film, Aisingero Pu Yi, the last emperor of China and Manchukuo. The film is based on real historical events taking place in the first half of the 20th century, so the dramatic collisions of the character are not perceived by the viewer as some kind of abstract problem. Against the backdrop of the complex historical changes that China has faced, many questions of the formation and self-determination of the individual are being raised. The image of Emperor Pu Yi is revealed gradually through a comparison of two storylines and the color scheme of the film, since it is the color palette that helps to subtly and meaningfully convey the psychological content of the character. The main research methods are analytical and comparative-historical. The composition of the film and the dynamics of the change in the color palette of individual episodes are analyzed, which makes it possible to trace the evolution of the image. The author comes to the conclusion that it was the coloristic solution of the film that allowed the creators to convey the national color and historical atmosphere of China of a certain historical period and show a vivid image of the protagonist on the screen. (shrink)

Ausgehend von einem kurzem Blick in die Geschichte des Einfühlungskonzepts betrachtet der Beitrag zunächst dessen begriffliche Entwicklung in der Psychoanalyse. Empathie, so die These, sei als moderne Konzeption von Einfühlung unter dem Einfluss der Nachbarwissenschaften zu einem verkörperlichten Zugang für ich-syntone Anteile im anderen geworden. Vorgeschlagen wird, Empathie um psychoanalytische Verstehenselemente zu erweitern, um auch einen Zugang zum Unbewussten, Verdrängten, dem Ich Fremden zu finden, und dazu zum klassischen Begriff der Einfühlung zurückzukehren. Unter Rückgriff auf Waldenfels’ Phänomenologie des Fremden und (...) das von der Kleinkindforschung herausgearbeitete affektiv-kognitive Gedächtnissystem wird Einfühlung als kreative Antwort auf ein pathisches Ereignis im unmittelbaren Kontakt zum anderen spezifiziert. Dabei kann auch zwischenkörperlich gewonnenes Verstehen nach der hier vertretenen Auffassung immer nur subjektiv sein und seine transformative Kraft vor allem im korrigierenden Dialog entfalten. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, EarlyView.

El acontecimiento ha tomado diversos roles en el pensamiento de Michel Foucault y ha estado presente a lo largo de sus metodologías de investigación: en torno a la arqueología, a la genealogía y la construcción de la subjetividad. No es posible hablar de poder, de cuerpo, de regímenes de verdad o de ontología de nosotros mismos sin considerar el acontecimiento. El propósito de este escrito es el de ofrecer un marco de lectura para dicho concepto a partir de tres filósofos (...) que influenciarion al autor francés: Nietzsche, de quien se puede rescatar el devenir y la espontaneidad del acontecimiento, luego Heidegger que nos permite pensar en la diferencia y la verdad, finalmente, Kant que nos entrega la importancia histórica del acontecimiento. Estos tres autores comparten con Foucault la relevancia del análisis histórico desde el acontecimiento en la medida en que nos permite una mejor comprensión del presente. (shrink)

En el marco de una crisis democrática que ha hecho cuestionarnos la forma en que estamos llevando a cabo este sistema de gobierno, la presente investigaciónpretende retomar la vieja noción de la parrhesía griega como el ethos que debiera guiar el debate político, pero también como un principio que debe estar presente en aquellos que hacen filosofía. Un cruce entre la acción comunicativa habermasiana y las palabras de Vattimo acerca del rol de la filosofía nos ayudarán a elucidar cómo abordar (...) esta crisis: desde la discusión política para llegar al consenso, que forzosamente debe estar alineado con este potente concepto de parrhesía. (shrink)

Ulepszanie człowieka — perspektywa filozoficzna.

W niniejszym artykule proponuję pewną klasyfikację wyrażeń ocennych. Uznaję, że podstawowym kryterium odróżnienia ich od wyrażeń deskryptywnych jest test bezbłędnej niezgody. Następnie omawiam kilka zjawisk, które mogłyby podawać w wątpliwość linię tego podziału: zależność kontekstową, nieostrość i używanie wyrażeń deskryptywnych do wyrażania sądów ocennych. Przytaczam propozycję Christophera Kennedy’ego, zgodnie z którą przymiotniki stopniowalne mogą wyrażać dwa rodzaje subiektywności. Modyfikuję to stanowisko przez postulat wyróżnienia dodatkowego podrodzaju wyrażeń subiektywnych, które nie są ocenne i proponuję test językowy, który pozwala je identyfikować. W (...) końcu sprawdzam, gdzie moja klasyfikacja umiejscawia predykat smaku „smaczny”. Sugeruję, że niesie on semantycznie zakodowaną pozytywną ocenę oraz warunek swojego użycia – tj. informację, że można go użyć do pozytywnego ocenienia smaku czegoś, co strukturalnie upodabnia go do terminów ocennych nietreściwych, nie mówi bowiem nic deskryptywnego. (shrink)