The theoretical system of Ottoman music was developed through the works of Safi al-Din al-Urmawī (d. 693/1294) and ʿAbd al-Qādir Marāgī (d. 838/1435). Considering the first period, although the 24-tone sound system was not developed in theory, it is clear that it was used in practice. However, in a theoretical sense, the 17 sound system initiated by al-Urmawī continued to be used until the 20th century. In this century, the Turkish theoretical musical system evolved into a different point with the (...) efforts of Raūf Yektā (d. 1935). Here we have an unequal 24-track sound system. The first written traces of the 24-tone sound system can be seen in the work of La Borde (d. 1208/1794). Later, Muhammad al-‘Attār (d. 1243/1828) and his student Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah (d. 1305/1888) found fame with their 24-tone sound system. Mishāqah's work named Riṣālah al-Shihābiyyah fī al-ṣināʻah al-mūsīqiyyah, which also includes this system, has become an important cornerstone in the shaping of modern Arabic music. Raūf Yektā, who noticed this system through a newspaper article, determined that this note system, which is divided into 24 equal parts, provides great convenience in Turkish music, especially in naming intermediate sounds. This determination of Yekta is largely similar to the note names in Mishāqah's system, despite some differences. The main difference between this system that Yektā introduced to Turkish music and Mishāqah's system is that Yektā prefers unequal sounds. In this study, information about who first introduced the 24-tone sound system is included. However, no clear data on this subject has been found. From the perspective of Turkish music, this systematic breakthrough succeeded by Yektā - although not put forward by Yektā - enabled him to lay the foundations of today's theory with the Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek trio. In this research, it has been determined that some of the concepts included in Mishāqah's work are the same in terms of content with the concepts in Turkish music. The focus of this study is the work named Riṣālah al-Shihābiyyah fī al-ṣināʻah al-mūsīqiyyah, written by Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah, which Murat Bardakcı clearly stated in an article and which we think Raūf Yektā used in creating the sound system of Turkish music. The aim of the article is to reach the first traces of the 24-tone sound system and to reveal its connection with Turkish music. In the literature study, it is founded that no detailed study has been conducted on both Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah and where the traces of the 24-track sound system can be traced. In this respect, seeking answers to these questions constitutes the originality of the article. Qualitative research method is used and, the information obtained through literatüre review was discussed with data analysis. (shrink)

"מבע אנתרופולוגי אל העולם החרדי בישראל, אל האתרים שבהם חרדים מטפלים בחרדים הסובלים מהפרעות נפשיות". -- מפרסום ההוצאה.

t. 1. Lubi︠a︡nka-Ėkibastuz ; Sozidateli i razrushiteli -- t. 2. Teorii︠a︡ gustot : opyt khristianskoĭ filosofii kont︠s︡a XX veka ; Mekhanika na kvantovom urovne -- t. 3. K teorii gustot ; Postulaty marksizma i zakony prirody ; Pustota bezbozhii︠a︡ ; Politėkonomii︠a︡ na ėnergeticheskoĭ osnove ; Derzhava sozidateleĭ ; K edinenii︠u︡ khristian -- t. 4. Mysli o raznom ; Solzhenit︠s︡yn i deĭstvitelʹnostʹ ; Statʹi v zapadnoĭ presse.

An exploration of the features and methods of Imāmī exegesis. Principally, it offers a description and analysis of the major tenets of Imāmī doctrine, as reflected in the earliest Imāmī works of exegesis and related sources, up to the Major Occultation of the twelfth Imam in 329/941.

t. 1. Problemy obshcheĭ teorii prava -- t. 2. Garantii prav lichnosti v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve -- t. 3. Teorii︠a︡ sudebnykh dokazatelʹstv.

This book traces the development of Dialectical Logic within the history of modern western philosophy, culminating in Marx s materialist dialectics. It brings out the essential contours of Logic through a detailed exposition of the ontological and epistem.

Il'in's classic work is the most impassioned and cogent work by a Russian jurist on the rule of law. The product of nearly four decades of labor, which could not be published in the former Soviet Union, this revised edition places the work in the context of developments since its first English translation in 2013. The text is accompanied by one of Il'in's early and influential articles on law and power, a bibliography devoted to his life and work, and informed (...) introductory essays about his contribution to the rule of law dialogue, the origins and transformations of the concept of legal consciousness and the fascinating history of his treatise on that subject. x, 403 pp. Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in (Доктор государственных наук) [1883-1954], sometime professor, Moscow Lomonosov State University, is one of the most widely-read legal philosophers of the twentieth century in post-Soviet Russia. William E. Butler is the John Edward Fowler Distinguished Professor of Law, Penn State Dickinson Law; Emeritus Professor of Comparative Law, University College London; and author of numerous works on post-Soviet legal systems, including Russian Law and Legal Institutions (3d ed.; 2021). Philip T. Grier, who has written extensively on Hegel and Il'in and translated Il'in's principal treatise on Hegelianism, is the Emeritus Thomas Bowman Professor of Philosophy and Religion at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Paul Robinson is a professor at the University of Ottawa. (shrink)

The present study explored motivations for lying self-presentation on Instagram as well as the mental and behavioral outcomes of this presentation. We also examined the differential mediational roles of perceived popularity in accounting for the association between lying self-presentation and depression. Our results showed that individuals with a strong need for approval reported higher levels of lying self-presentation. The results also revealed that lying self-presentation positively influenced depression, perceived popularity and deleting behaviors. Furthermore, we found that even if lying self-presentation (...) increased depression, perceived popularity served as a psychological buffer against depression. (shrink)

- a model, a norm, an ideal image, determining the mode and nature of behavior of an individual or a class in society. Creativity in accordance with an ideal, the shaping of natural materials in accordance with an ideal, constitute a specifically human form of life-activity distinguishing it from the activity of animals. As a universal aspect of goal-directed activity, the ideal appears in all spheres of the life of society: social, political, moral, esthetic, etc. The category of the ideal (...) has profound social meaning. Over the centuries, progressive classes have, in the struggle against outdated forms of societal relations, embodied their enthusiasm in the high ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. In our day, the ideal of the laboring masses of the entire world is communism, the building of a communist society, which is being effectuated in the USSR. "Each new step toward the shining peaks of communism," states the CPSU Program, "inspires the laboring masses of all countries, and constitutes vast moral support in the struggle for the liberation of all peoples from social and national oppression, accelerates the triumph of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism on a world scale". (shrink)

The article by D. I. Dubrovskii, "Brain and Mind" [Mozg i psikhika], published in Voprosy filosofii, No. 8, produced in me not only the desire to debate but also the desire to refrain, in that debate, from employing the tone he used. For that reason it seems necessary to me to list the points on which neither I nor, as I understand it, F. T. Mikhailov desires to take issue with the author of "Brain and Mind," because on these matters (...) we are entirely in agreement with him. To proceed in this fashion is necessary not for the sake of academic courtesy, but precisely in order to denote more clearly the actual points of difference between our positions, and then to let the reader decide which path he prefers. (shrink)

At the close of the last century, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx's brilliant colleague and friend, subjected philosophical agnosticism to systematic criticism in a number of his writings that have since become classics. This theory, paradoxical as it may appear, became widely disseminated in capitalist society during the period of great scientific discoveries and outstanding technological triumphs. Engels exposed the ideological function of agnosticism and thoroughly revealed its roots in theory and epistemology. Today, when science and progress in science and technology (...) testify to a greater extent than ever before to the fact that humanity is capable of understanding the laws of nature and society and of mastering their operation, agnosticism fulfills to an even greater degree the ideological function of discrediting the significance of science in relation to a world view. The deep analysis of this reactionary philosophical theory that we find as early as in the works of Engels equips us ideologically in the struggle against proponents of modern capitalism who deal in philosophy. (shrink)

This article presents a retrospective analysis of the evolution of the Russian humanities and social sciences education system, highlighting issues that the current system has faced during the country's repeated transformations in the twentieth century, especially in the 1990s.

The organizers of the round table have done a very big job in preparing an interesting list of questions covering all three groups of problems: socioeconomic problems of education; measures of practice and methods related to improvement in the effectiveness of instruction and character education and the development of the scientific principles underlying both; and theoretical questions of the further scientific treatment of problems of shaping the man of the future.

보존이란 인간의 활동을 규제해서라도 야생자연이나 생물종을 있는 그대로 지켜야 한다는 사고다. 하지만 패스모어는 인간이 문명의 건설 · 발전을 위해 야생지를 개발하고 생물을 멸종시키는 현 상황이 대체 무슨 문제가 되는가 하는 물음을 제기한다. 야생지 개발과 생물종 파괴가 잘못이라는 판단에 대한 합의는 전혀 이뤄진 적이 없음에도 마치 일정한 합의가 이뤄진 것처럼 보존만이 옳은 것처럼 강조하는 이유가 대체 무엇인가 하는 것이다. 이러한 문제의식 하에 패스모어는 보존에 반대하는 논증을 전개한다. 이 글에서는 패스모어의 보존에 관한 논의 가운데 세 가지 사항을 문제삼아 그 정당성을 검토하고 있다. (...) 그 세 가지란 ①보전과 보존의 개념 문제, ②동식물의 권리 문제, 그리고 ③생물다양성의 원리 문제다. (shrink)

Foreword Philip T. Grier The attempt to retrieve a work of scholarship buried under as much historical debris as was IA Il'in's original two-volume commentary on the philosophy of Hegel presented distinct challenges, as well as possible ...