Zusammenfassung Unter der Herrschaft des Römischen Reiches lebten religiöse Gruppen und verschiedene Traditionen neben- und miteinander, ohne dass ein theoretischer Diskurs über Religionsfreiheit geführt werden musste: Religiöse Pluralität gehört zur Normalität der antiken Mittelmeerwelt. Die religiöse Nachbarschaft verändert sich dramatisch mit der Ausbreitung des Christentums. Die neue Religion als eine monotheistische und exklusivistische Religion mit universalem Anspruch vertrug sich nicht mit den traditionellen Praktiken der griechisch- römischen Welt und stand im Konflikt mit den religiösen Erfordernissen des Römischen Staates. Die Verfolgungen (...) verlangten umfassend apologetische Texte zur Verteidigung gegen die pagane Kritik. Sie forderten für ihre Legitimität die allgemeine Religionsfreiheit. Tertullian verlangt sie um 200 n. Chr. als natürliches Recht jedes Individuums. In seiner Argumentationslinie entwickelten die lateinischen Apologeten das Argument weiter gegen religiösen Zwang und für die Überzeugung. Das sog. Mailänder Edikt Konstantins und andere Toleranzedikte am Ende der Tetrarchie stehen in dieser Linie des Diskurses. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht die Entstehung und frühe Entwicklung des christlichen Diskurses über Toleranz und seinen apologetischen und polemischen Kontext sowie seine Auswirkung auf die Rhetorik der Gesetzestexte, die das Ende der Verfolgungen begründen. (shrink)

O artigo explora algumas metáforas marinhas que surgem no pensamento alemão de Leibniz a Goethe, com o intuito de indicar como se desenvolvem certos temas de estética, tais como a noção de alma, de linguagem, de criação artística e de relação dialética entre forma e conteúdo. Passando por autores como Leibniz, Winckelmann, Herder, Goethe e Kant, pretende-se mostrar como, por meio desse desenvolvimento, se constitui uma visão de homem mais ampliada, que não se define mais somente pelo entendimento, mas envolve (...) elementos inconscientes e afetivos. (shrink)

The concept of corporal image includes how own body, taking into account their constituent parts, as well as the feelings related the those characteristics. The entrance in academica life provokes alterations in the feeding behavior, and the exposition to the new social environment they can bring as consequence an increase in dissatisfaction. Objective: To investigate the satisfaction with the body image and eating behavior of academics at a university center. Methods: For data collection, the following instruments were used. The evaluation (...) was performed with anthropometric measurements, as size and weight measurements. In order to diagnose the nutritional status, the body mass index was used. In order to evaluate the study variables; we used the Body Checking questionnaires Questionnaire. Male Body Checking Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire and EAT-26. Results: According to the Body Mass Index, the female gender had a higher rate of adequacy (70.4%), in relation to the masculine (58,9%). The EAT-26 questionnaire showed that 85% of male engineering students presented risk for Feeding Disorders, in relation to the female psychology (89.8%). Conclusion: In terms of feeding behavior, the women scored higher than men, which suggests a higher susceptibility to Feeding Disorders development in men. (shrink)

En este artículo se revisan los conceptos de género y sexo, su papel como determinantes de la salud, y su relación con la desigualdad. Se analizan los diferentes modelos explicativos que se proponen en la bibliografía para comprender las relaciones entre género y situación de salud y cómo recientemente se ha evolucionado desde el campo de la salud de las mujeres hacia el enfoque de género en salud. Por último se presentan las aplicaciones del análiis de género en salud y (...) su utilidad en la planificación y evaluación de los sistemas de atención sanitaria. (shrink)

En el actual contexto global de pluralismo religioso, el reconocimiento social e institucional de los grupos religiosos depende, por una parte, de los marcos normativos y de la voluntad política de los representantes públicos y de sus gestores; y, por otra, de las estrategias de institucionalización que adopten los grupos religiosos, como su visibilización en el espacio público o la participación ciudadana en la vida política del municipio. El análisis de estas relaciones y de su incidencia en la sociedad, (...) permite, analizar la emergencia de nuevos modelos de gobernanza de lo religioso en el ámbito local. Este artículo pretende, a partir del estudio de caso de la comunidad musulmana bangladesí de Madrid en el barrio de Lavapiés, analizar la gestión del Ayuntamiento de Madrid de la diversidad religiosa de la ciudad entre 2015 y 2019, coincidiendo con la alcaldía de Manuela Carmena y la candidatura ciudadana de Ahora Madrid. (shrink)

Tanto la preservación del patrimonio arquitectónico como la accesibilidad física, sensorial e intelectual y comunicacional son reconocidos como derechos humanos. Cuando una persona o grupo encuentra condicionada su posibilidad de acceder, usar y disfrutar determinados espacios, sus derechos se encuentran vulnerados. Esto perjudica, principalmente, a personas con discapacidad, personas mayores, personas gestantes, niñas o niños, y tiene un impacto en la vida de todas y todos porque nadie está exento de necesitar condiciones de accesibilidad en algún momento de la vida. (...) Sin embargo, garantizarla en edificios protegidos no es tan sencillo como en una construcción nueva, y la legislación cumple un rol importante que es necesario analizar. En el caso de Argentina, y particularmente de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, se detectan grandes vacíos legales y una notable falta de articulación entre las temáticas, lo que impacta en la realidad material de sus construcciones protegidas. El objetivo de esta investigación es revisar y aportar a ese marco legal desde el enfoque de derechos para convertirlo en una herramienta acorde a los paradigmas actuales, con perspectiva de discapacidad y perspectiva de géneros. Empleando una metodología principalmente cualitativa, recopilando y estudiando de manera crítica una selección de normas que abordan el binomio accesibilidad y patrimonio a escala internacional, nacional y local, se busca contribuir a proteger los valores de los bienes y democratizar su acceso al mismo tiempo. (shrink)

The story of The Expanse is inseparable from the Inners’ oppression of the Belters. This chapter focuses on the relationship between the Inners and the Belt. It provides insight into the colonial relationship between them. Emphasizing the colonial relationship between the Inners and the Belt gives us insight into why attempts to forge a peaceful alliance between Earth, Mars, and the Belt fail time and time again. If we understand the Belt's attack as transcending mere bloodthirst and demolishing the unquestioned (...) colonial system that denies their very humanity, the case for anti‐colonial violence becomes much more compelling. Marco's vision of the future, in which Earth and Mars keep to their planets and a self‐determining Belt can finally live free of persecution, is juxtaposed against Avasarala's vision of peace in Luna Station. (shrink)

An overcomplete logic is a logic that ‘ceases to make the difference’: According to such a logic, all inferences hold independently of the nature of the statements involved. A negation-inconsistent logic is a logic having at least one model that satisfies both some statement and its negation. A negation-incomplete logic has at least one model according to which neither some statement nor its negation are satisfied. Paraconsistent logics are negation-inconsistent yet non-overcomplete; paracomplete logics are negation-incomplete yet non-overcomplete. A paranormal logic (...) is simply a logic that is both paraconsistent and paracomplete. -/- Despite being perfectly consistent and complete with respect to classical negation, nearly every normal modal logic, in its ordinary language and interpretation, admits to some latent paranormality: It is paracomplete with respect to a negation defined as an impossibility operator, and paraconsistent with respect to a negation defined as non-necessity. In fact, as it will be shown here, even in languages without a primitive classical negation, normal modal logics can often be alternatively characterized directly by way of their paranormal negations and related operators. So, instead of talking about ‘necessity’, ‘possibility’, and so on, modal logics could be seen just as devices tailored for the study of (modal) negation. This paper shows how and to what extent this alternative characterization of modal logics can be realized. (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como, a partir da analítica foucaultiana da biopolítica, podem-se interpretar as práticas terapêuticas. Para isso, faremos uma apresentação de como Foucault concebe a biopolítica como uma política que inverte o princípio de soberania, buscando garantir a vida da população e, a partir daí, enfocar como as práticas terapêuticas são criadas e agenciadas no intuito de caucioná-la com um sentido muito mais preciso de doença em seu fundo biossocial do que de um ponto de (...) vista anátomo-individual. Palavras-chave: Foucault; biopolítica; saúde; doença; terapêutica. (shrink)

Em primeiro lugar, apresenta-se uma visão geral das idéias de Lacey sobre a ciência em sua relação com os valores dos movimentos populares, e do Fórum Social Mundial. A seguir, num exercício de construção de pontes conceituais entre o discurso filosófico e o político sobre a ciência, desenvolve-se uma análise do pronunciamento do novo titular do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia do Brasil, feito por ocasião de sua posse.

El artículo propone una lectura de las Cartas para la educación estética de la humanidad desde la sociabilidad, concepto con el que el autor, en la última de las cartas, señala el terreno en el que se abriría la vía estética hacia libertad. Se muestra la propagación del concepto de sociabilidad a través de la antropología kantiana y la sociología simmeliana. Se postula la afinidad de este enfoque con los planteamienos contemporáneos del acontecimiento.

The modern world was in part born as a reaction against Aristotelianism. However, the image of Aristotle to which modern philosophers reacted was partial, to say the least. Paradoxical though it may seem, today, more than twenty-three centuries on, we may now be in the most advantageous position for understanding the Stagirite's philosophy and applying it to contemporary problems. The present book contributes to the forming of an idea of Post-modern reason inspired by a constellation of Aristotelian concepts, such as (...) prudence (phronesis), practical truth (aletheia praktike), science in act (episteme en energeiai), metaphor (metaphora), similarity (homoiosis) and the imitation-creation pair (mimesis-poiesis). They all form an interconnected network and together they make up an idea of reason that may prove suitable for the present. These concepts offer the most promising basis for undertaking a series of urgent reconciliations: of facts and values, of means and ends, of theoretical and practical reason, of intelligence and emotion. Aristotle's notions could help solve many dualisms of modern times. He offers a third way between identity and difference in ontology and politics, between algorithm and anarchism in methodology, between naïve realism and plain relativism in epistemology, between equivocity and univocity in language, between Enlightenment and Romanticism in culture... On the way, this shift facilitates the relationships between science, arts and ethics - the three parts of the sphere of culture which Modernity had separated - as well as the integration of the sphere of culture itself with the world of life. (shrink)

Milton Hatoum was born in 1952 in Manaus. His family was Lebanese. He studied architecture at São Paulo University and literature in Barcelone and Paris. He is a French literature professor at Amazonas University. His two novels: Relato de um certo Oriente (1989) and Dois Irmãos (2000), won the pr..

This paper is the result of some partial research done under the title Daily education, pedagogy and the environment: constructing an ecological perspective of education, where the ethnography of pedagogical practice is one of the principal components. The pedagogical proposal is framed within the t..

Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma compreensão daseinsanalítica do ser-nomundo do adolescente Christopher, protagonista do romance O Estranho Caso do Cachorro Morto, explicitando as relações do personagem com as pessoas de seu mundo. Partindo do diagnóstico de Transtorno de Asperger, demonst..

Genetic engineering has been a topic of discussion for over 50 years, but it is only recently that gene editing has become a reality. CRISPR biotechnologies have made gene editing much safer, precise and feasible. We have witnessed the first cases of human germline genetic modification resulting in live births, conducted by He Jiankui. In this paper, we will analyse He Jiankui’s case in relation to one of the most difficult problems in procreative ethics (or the ethics of future generations): (...) the non‐identity problem. We believe that this analysis will help us to understand the ethics involved in gene editing and hopefully allow for a better, more philosophically grounded legislation on CRISPR and other gene‐editing technologies. (shrink)

El presente trabajo busca describir la estructura del acontecimiento en el pensamiento de Franz Rosenzweig. La hipótesis es triple. En primer lugar, que a La Estrella de la Redención subyace el pensamiento de un acontecimiento originario, que sirve de estructura común y hace posibles las tres correlaciones que articulan la temporalidad de la realidad efectiva. En segundo lugar: que este fenó-meno no es aludido explícitamente en La Estrella, pero, en cambio, es indicado por figurasespecíficas que se hallan integradas a la (...) arquitectónica del sistema. Y, en tercer lugar, que este acontecimiento originario puede ser llamado –desde una interpretación religiosa– Reve-lación, sin que pueda ser asimilado, no obstante, a los dos sentidos que el término denota en el sistema de La Estrella. (shrink)

The article describes the powers of the President of Ukraine as the Head of the security sector and national defense and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The paper explores the legislative framework corresponding to real opportunity of exercising the power in this area by the President of Ukraine. The research focuses on the quality of implementing certain powers in the field of Ukraine's security and defense by the acting President.

We say that things happen accidentally when they do indeed happen, but only by chance. In the opposite situation, an essential happening is inescapable, its inevitability being the sine qua non for its very occurrence. This paper will investigate modal logics on a language tailored to talk about essential and accidental statements. Completeness of some among the weakest and the strongest such systems is attained. The weak expressibility of the classical propositional language enriched with the non-normal modal operators of essence (...) and accident is highlighted and illustrated, both with respect to the definability of the more usual modal operators as well as with respect to the characterizability of classes of frames. Several interesting problems and directions are left open for exploration. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se expone una reflexión sobre la idea unamuniana de la amistad. Miguel de Unamuno, pensador existencial español, invita frecuentemente en sus escritos a replantearse la autenticidad de las relaciones que mantenemos con nuestros prójimos, con aquellos con quienes compartimos vida. Veremos que entiende la amistad como el enlace espiritual entre dos almas, como un amor compartido que se funda en la afección del espíritu, siendo justamente esa afección lo que nos permite el diálogo moral con nuestro (...) amigo. Es evidente que fácil es toparse con personas con las que se pueda establecer una amistad superficial, y muy difícil encontrar a una persona en la que se pueda confiar plenamente y a la que nos podamos entregar por completo para mantener una amistad auténtica e imperecedera. Con el propósito de aprender a identificar una verdadera amistad, se pretenden analizar las claves que nos ofrece el pensamiento de Unamuno, principalmente sobre la base de sus escritos espirituales. (shrink)

Este artículo trata de analizar la célebre frase orteguiana “e_l hombre no tiene naturaleza, sino que tiene… historia_” dentro del contexto de su obra, mostrando su génesis y su evolución, así como las interpretaciones que se le han venido dando a la misma. Junto a este análisis, se mostrará también la importancia de esta idea dentro de la filosofía de Ortega, así como la relevancia que estas ideas podrían tener para una posible reforma de la metafísica tradicional.

Companies' perceptions of corporate social responsibility have been only partially analyzed from an individual perspective that focuses on personal characteristics and professional backgrounds. However, a gap exists in the research on manager leadership styles and CSR perceptions from a gender perspective. Therefore, this article analyzes differences in attitudes toward various dimensions of CSR by focusing on the leadership styles—transformational, dominance, and dual perspectives—of male and female managers in Spain. A total of 391 respondents in top management positions in Spain were (...) surveyed. The findings revealed similarities and differences between genders with respect to leadership styles and CSR perceptions by dimension using a univariate analysis. A causal model that employed structural equation modeling was also estimated. The findings suggest that for transformational and dual leadership styles, Spanish women may be more adaptable and effective at pursuing company sustainability than Spanish men. However, dominance leadership was found to be the worst leadership style for deploying a CSR strategy. A number of conclusions for business management can be drawn, and some directions for future research are provided. (shrink)

This edited volume explores the different and seminal ways colours matter to philosophy. Each chapter provides an insightful analysis of one or more cases in which colours raise philosophical problems in different areas and periods of philosophy. This historically informed discussion examines both logical and linguistic aspects, covering such areas as the mind, aesthetics and the foundations of mathematics. The international contributors look at traditional epistemological and metaphysical issues on the subjectivity and objectivity of colours. In addition, they also assess (...) phenomenological problems typical of the continental tradition and contemporary problems in the philosophy of mind. The chapters include coverage of such topics as Newton’s and Goethe’s theory of light and colours, how primary qualities are qualitative and colours are primary, explaining colour phenomenology, and colour in cognition, language and philosophy. "This book beautifully prepares the ground for the next steps in our research on and philosophising about colour" Daniel D. Hutto "It is not an overstatement to say that How Colours to Philosophy is a ground breaking publication" Mazviita Chirimuuta "Anyone interested in philosophical issues about color will find it highly stimulating." Martine Nida-Rümelin "The high quality papers included in this anthology succeed admirably in enriching current philosophical thinking about colour” Erik Myin “This is certainly the most complete collection of philosophical essays on colours ever published” André Leclerc “All in all this collections represents a new milestone in the ongoing philosophical debate on colours and colour expressions” Ingolf Max. (shrink)

What is the fundamental insight behind truth-functionality ? When is a logic interpretable by way of a truth-functional semantics? To address such questions in a satisfactory way, a formal definition of truth-functionality from the point of view of abstract logics is clearly called for. As a matter of fact, such a definition has been available at least since the 70s, though to this day it still remains not very widely well-known. A clear distinction can be drawn between logics characterizable through: (...) (1) genuinely finite-valued truth-tabular semantics; (2) no finite-valued but only an infinite-valued truthtabular semantics; (3) no truth-tabular semantics at all. Any of those logics, however, can in principle be characterized through non-truth-functional valuation semantics, at least as soon as their associated consequence relations respect the usual tarskian postulates. So, paradoxical as that might seem at first, it turns out that truth-functional logics may be adequately characterized by non-truth-functional semantics . Now, what feature of a given logic would guarantee it to dwell in class (1) or in class (2), irrespective of its circumstantial semantic characterization? (shrink)

The reading that we propose of Freud's work here allows to join the issue of subjectivity and telling the truth from the perspective of confession such as can be differentiated and related to the question of Christian confession. Without being confused with a spiritual exercise, psychoanalysis, in reviving the ambition of bringing into being a subject freed from what haunts and persecutes him, the modern name of this being the "unconscious", does not erase its Western origin. Nevertheless, psychoanalysis modifies the (...) ancient way of understanding the link between speech and desire. (shrink)