The present paper proposes a definition for the complex polysemic concepts of consciousness and awareness (in humans as well as in other species), and puts forward the idea of a progressive ontological development of consciousness from a state of ‘childhood’ awareness, in order to explain that humans are not only able to manipulate objects, but also their mental representations. The paper builds on the idea of qualia intended as entities posing regular invariant requests to neural processes, trough the permanence of (...) different properties. The concept of semantic differential introduces the properties of metaphorical qualia as an exclusively human ability. Furthermore this paper proposes a classification of qualia, according to the models–with different levels of abstraction–they are implied in, in a taxonomic perspective. This, in turn, becomes a source of categorization of divergent representations, sign systems, and forms of intentionality, relying always on biological criteria. New emerging image-of-the-world-devices are proposed, whose qualia are likely to be only accessible to humans: emotional qualia, where emotion accounts for the invariant and dominant property; and the qualic self where continuity, combined with the oneness of the self, accounts for the invariant and dominant property. The concept of congruence between different domains in a metaphor introduces the possibility of a general evaluation of truth and falsity of all kinds of metaphorical constructs, while the work of Matte Blanco enables us to classify conscious versus unconscious metaphors, both in individuals and in social organizations. (shrink)

L’intérêt récent de la recherche exégétique, à la fois pour la forme finale du texte et pour la constitution des grands ensembles littéraires, a eu entre autres effets de relancer la question de la structure du Pentateuque et celle, corrélative, de son thème ou de sa cohérence conceptuelle. Après avoir passé en revue un certain nombre de propositions , cet article n’a d’autre prétention que de recenser les éléments connus qui plaident pour la construction chiastique de Exode-Nombres et la centralité (...) du Lévitique, d’ajouter quelques indices littéraires négligés qui confortent cette hypothèse, et d’en tirer les conséquences théologiques. (shrink)

L’intérêt récent de la recherche exégétique, à la fois pour la forme finale du texte et pour la constitution des grands ensembles littéraires, a eu entre autres effets de relancer la question de la structure du Pentateuque et celle, corrélative, de son thème ou de sa cohérence conceptuelle. Après avoir passé en revue un certain nombre de propositions , cet article n’a d’autre prétention que de recenser les éléments connus qui plaident pour la construction chiastique de Exode-Nombres et la centralité (...) du Lévitique, d’ajouter quelques indices littéraires négligés qui confortent cette hypothèse, et d’en tirer les conséquences théologiques. (shrink)

Au cours de la période moderne, les fonds provençaux du « for privé », sont marqués par une faiblesse quantitative des écrits féminins. Pour l’essentiel, ceux-ci relaient l’écriture d’un mari, parfois d’un père ou d’un frère absents ou disparus, dans la tenue des comptes et dans l’enregistrement de la mémoire familiale. Néanmoins, chez la trentaine de femmes retrouvées ici au fil des archives, l’écriture quotidienne, quand bien même elle répond à l’application d’une norme et à l’assignation d’un rôle social, n’en (...) fournit pas moins la possibilité d’une construction de soi, depuis la conquête de sa matérialité graphique la plus élémentaire jusqu’à l’émergence d’une réflexivité individuelle née de la familiarité croissante du commerce avec soi et de l’essor d’une expression personnelle. On devra néanmoins se demander si cette posture suffit, au creux de registres familiaux dont la vocation est d’abord collective, à construire un individu féminin. (shrink)

Au cours de la période moderne, les fonds provençaux du « for privé » (livres de raison, journaux, mémoires), sont marqués par une faiblesse quantitative des écrits féminins. Pour l’essentiel, ceux-ci relaient l’écriture d’un mari, parfois d’un père ou d’un frère absents ou disparus, dans la tenue des comptes et dans l’enregistrement de la mémoire familiale. Néanmoins, chez la trentaine de femmes retrouvées ici au fil des archives, l’écriture quotidienne, quand bien même elle répond à l’application d’une norme et à (...) l’assignation d’un rôle social, n’en fournit pas moins la possibilité d’une construction de soi, depuis la conquête de sa matérialité graphique la plus élémentaire jusqu’à l’émergence d’une réflexivité individuelle née de la familiarité croissante du commerce avec soi et de l’essor d’une expression personnelle. On devra néanmoins se demander si cette posture suffit, au creux de registres familiaux dont la vocation est d’abord collective, à construire un individu féminin. (shrink)

Differences in empathic abilities between acting, dance, and psychology students were explored, in addition to the appropriateness of existing empathy measures in the context of these cohorts. Students (N= 176) across Higher Education Institutions in the United Kingdom and Europe were included in the online survey analysis, consisting of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) test, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Empathy Quotient (EQ), and the E-drawing test (EDT), each measuring particular facets of empathy. Based on existing (...) evidence and our understanding of the discipline practices, we predicted that acting students would perform the best at identifying people’s emotional expressions but might lack other cognitive or affective empathy skills, particularly those related to emotional reactions. This cohort thus provides an opportunity to evaluate different empathy measures. While actors showed significantly higher RME scores than dancers, the difference between actors and psychologists was marginal. Moreover, actors’ scores did not differ significantly on other empathy measures, such as their concern for others’ emotional wellbeing or fantasy, both measured by IRI subscales. Psychology students scored highest in the IRI perspective taking subscale and the data supported anecdotal evidence that psychologists were more concerned for others’ emotional wellbeing than dancers or actors. Dancers seemed the least concerned with others’ perspectives and emotional states, which we explained through a somatosensory ‘inward’ focus required by their art form. Nevertheless, compared to the general population, our groups reported higher empathic abilities on all IRI subscales except for personal distress. Altogether, our study shows that the RME, the IRI, and the EDT vary in their susceptibility to different facets of empathic abilities in acting, dance, and psychology students whereas the EQ does not. Emotions can be expressed and perceived through language, facial expressions, or behavior. As many empathy tests focus on one type of signal they might miss other strategies. Where empathy tests are applied to individuals that have a predominance to read or respond to others in a particular way, as we showed through these three disciplines, they might not capture these empathic strategies. We thus propose that empathy tests must evolve by means of integrating varied forms of communication. (shrink)

La notion de temps occupe une place determinante dans l'oeuvre de Lucrece, alors que cet aspect a ete jusqu'alors peu explore. L'ambition de cet ouvrage est de demontrer que le temps unifie dans une vision complexe et ambivalente la physique, l'histoire, la morale et la poetique lucretiennes. Le present livre est fonde sur une etude de la fonction du temps au sein de ces differents domaines et montre comment la duree infinie qui caracterise les mouvements atomiques chez Epicure se traduit (...) pour son disciple latin par la permanence et l'invariance. Cette synthese d'ordre philosophique est soutenue par le genie poetique de Lucrece, qui parvient a reveler l'equilibre eternel, dissimule derriere le regne apparent du hasard et du desordre. L'auteur invite ainsi le lecteur de Lucrece a un parcours a la fois philosophique et poetique a travers le De rerum natura afin de decouvrir le lieu d'ou l'on contemple la permanence immobile du mouvement et l'eternite du temps. L'image de l'eclair immobile dans la plaine s'offre des lors comme un symbole fulgurant de la conception lucretienne du temps, qui concilie mouvement et repos dans la poesie. Sabine Luciani, nee en 1967, est maitre de conferences en langue et litterature latines a l'universite Paul Valery - Montpellier III. Elle est specialiste de philosophie epicurienne, a publie plusieurs articles concernant Lucrece et, plus generalement, l'influence de la philosophie hellenistique sur l'oeuvre des poetes latins. Elle poursuit actuellement des recherches sur les sources de Lucrece. (shrink)

La actual etapa en la recepción del Concilio Vaticano II se caracteriza por recuperar la primacía hermenéutica del capítulo II de Lumen Gentium. De este modo se reconoce el carácter vinculante y permanente del sensus fidei fidelium en la construcción del consensus omnium fidelium. El presente artículo ofrece una profundización de esta eclesiología del Pueblo de Dios a la luz de una reconfiguración sinodal. Esto implicará una renovación de la identidad y la vocación de los sujetos eclesiales, y una reforma (...) de la organización y el funcionamiento de las estructuras. En esta nueva etapa se reconoce a la sinodalidad como dimensión constitutiva de la Iglesia. Sin embargo, esto supone diseñar un nuevo modo de proceder eclesial. En este sentido, proponemos que el reto actual debe enfocarse en la construcción de una eclesialidad sinodal que genere un proceso de sinodalización de toda la Iglesia. Se trata de crear la circularidad entre la escucha, el discernimiento, la elaboración y la toma de decisiones en la Iglesia, ya que la eclesiología del Pueblo de Dios nos enseña que en los procesos sinodales se expresa el sensus ecclesiae totius populi y no solo el sensus ecclesiae de la jerarquía. El presente artículo pretende ofrecer el marco hermenéutico para construir una eclesialidad sinodal, lo cual supone, una relectura y profundización de la Eclesiología del Pueblo de Dios, como la presentaremos en este artículo. (shrink)

D’un point de vue rédactionnel, le Lévitique peut être considéré comme un coin artificiellement inséré entre Exode et Nombres. Pendant 27 chapitres, l’action est interrompue par une longue série de prêches divins dont on perçoit mal l’intérêt et encore moins la beauté. Si l’on montre que cet intermède n’a rien d’un bric-à-brac incohérent, mais est au contraire placé à cet endroit pour devenir le cœur de la Torah tout entière, l’importance du message s’en trouve singulièrement accrue. Au plan narratif, tout (...) concourt dans ce livre à focaliser l’attention sur le seul contenu des instructions divines pour en favoriser la méditation et ainsi persuader le lecteur d’y obéir. (shrink)

Medellínsupuso una recepción única del Concilio Vaticano II que llevó a la Iglesia latinoamericana a posicionarse como una Iglesia fuente, una Iglesia que no solo había creado una forma colegial de interactuar a nivel continental con la creación del Celam, sino que inauguró un espíritu de ser y trabajar y un modo de interacción que dieron paso a una forma de proceder que caracterizaría a su identidad. En este sentido, nos proponemos leer a Medellín como acontecimiento que no puede ser (...) reducido a un texto. La forma en la que se procedió, más ambiental que tematizada, dio pié a un espíritu de convergencia profética que tomó cuerpo en el método de trabajo, el modo de relación entre los participantes, la liturgia diaria, la disposición para la escucha y la discusión abierta de todos en los temas. En fin, en este artículo explicamos como todo esto inauguró una eclesialidad única, cuya práctica colegial fue fecundada y completada por un espíritu sinodal que logró profundizar y dar concretes al modelo de Iglesia Pueblo de Dios del Concilio Vaticano II. (shrink)

In the Roman world, slavery played a crucial role. Besides private slaves, owned by individual masters, and—from the beginning of the Principate—imperial slaves, who were the property of the emperors, there were also the so-called public slaves: non-free individuals who were owned by a community, such as the Roman people as a whole in Rome, or the citizen body of a colony or a municipium in Italy or in the provinces. Public slaves in Rome were employed for numerous public services (...) and acted under the authority of the Senate as assistants to public magistrates, officers or priests. Similarly, in Italian and in provincial cities, they juridically depended on the decisions of local councils and performed various activities within the civic administration, beholden to the magistrates. (shrink)

Background:Personal values influence nursing students’ development of professional values, which affect professional outcomes, and how nursing students react to different situations. Personal values can be shaped by different factors, including culture, gender, and age.Aims:To explore personal values held by nursing students, and to verify if and how gender and year of study affect nursing students’ personal values.Research design:A multicenter, cross-sectional study was used.Participants and research context:The whole population of nursing undergraduate students available at the time was recruited from eight centers (...) of two Universities, composing a sample of 947 students. Demographic data were collected and it was administered the Portrait Values Questionnaire.Ethical considerations:Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of the participating centers.Findings:The study sample was mainly composed of young (92.6%, n = 877), female (77.3%, n = 732), Italian (95.8%, n = 907), and unmarried (98.6%, n = 934) nursing students. The most important value for nursing students, consistently through the years of nursing school, was Self-transcendence, which has the motivational emphasis on helping others and selflessness. Then, we found that male students had higher levels of Power (p < 0.001) and Achievement (p = 0.031), while female students outscored male students in Benevolence (p = 0.005) and Security (p = 0.006). Year of study showed no statistically significant difference.Discussion:Nursing students express high levels in hetero-directed values. Male nursing students, although they choose a stereotypically feminine profession, outscored females in stereotypical masculine values such as dominance and success. This is the first study that describes the personal value profile of undergraduate nursing students, according to the Theory of Basic Human Values, and it is a starting point for future research.Conclusion:Nursing educators might want to consider the findings from this study while guiding students in developing awareness for their personal values. (shrink)

Nei suoi diversi stadi evolutivi la vita biologica sul nostro pianeta ha mostrato due principali “adattamenti” al tempo: in primo luogo, imprimendo nel codice genetico elementi che facilitassero la variabilità periodica ai cambiamenti ambientali (luce, temperatura, precipitazioni), fenomeni tipici del nostro pianeta e del suo satellite rispetto al sole; in secondo luogo, dotando il sistema nervoso animale di strutture che garantissero, oltre l’equilibrio, le attività sensoriali e motorie rego...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between attachment dimensions and neural correlates in response to the Rorschach inkblots. Twenty-seven healthy volunteers were recruited for the electroencephalographic registration during a visual presentation of the Rorschach inkblots and polygonal shapes. The Attachment Style Questionnaire was administered to participants. Correlations between the ASQ scores and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography intensities were performed. The Rorschach inkblots elicited several projective responses greater than the polygonal shapes. Only during the Rorschach (...) inkblots presentation, discomfort with closeness and relationships as secondary subscales were negatively correlated with the activation of right hippocampus, parahippocampus, amygdala, and insula; need for approval subscale was negatively correlated with the activation of orbital and prefrontal cortex and left hippocampus. Moreover, the correlations between attachment dimensions and neural activation during the Rorschach inkblots were significantly higher compared to the same correlations in response to polygonal shapes. These findings suggest that attachment style can modulate brain activation during the projective activity of the Rorschach inkblots. (shrink)

Née en Algérie coloniale en 1924 et décédée à Paris en 2011, Simone Ben Amara semble avoir vécu plusieurs existences, au cours desquelles furent bousculées ses assignations et ses appartenances de classe, de genre et de « race ». Fille de colons, elle devint anticolonialiste et marxiste. Juive d’Algérie et citoyenne française, elle fit le choix de se considérer comme une Algérienne et lutta pour l’indépendance nationale. Élevée dans une féminité normative, elle devint une avocate féministe, spécialisée dans le droit (...) musulman en Algérie indépendante. À travers ses archives privées, on verra que sa trajectoire questionne la possibilité d’identités dissonantes en Algérie coloniale et ouvre des perspectives originales sur l’histoire des femmes en Algérie indépendante. (shrink)

Il n’est pas courant que Clio se livre au compte rendu d’un numéro de revue, mais celui consacré aux récits de femme en Méditerranée par l’écriture, l’expression corporelle et les arts visuels faisait écho à plusieurs numéros de notre revue dont le dernier consacré à « Écrire au féminin » (2012/35). Rives méditerranéennes publie ici une partie des résultats d’un programme de recherche pluridisciplinaire et dans la longue durée de l’espace méditerranéen qui entendait « questionner les processu...

This article describes the methods involved in building a diachronic multilingual corpus devoted to Fine Arts, beginning with G. Vasari's Lives of the most excellent Italian architects, sculptors and painters (1568) as the fundamental source text in the field of Art History. Attention is given to automatic pre-alignment, the special proofreading protocol and segmentation rules developed to allow multilingual and/or diachronic alignment of multiple texts, and the difficulties inherent in annotating a multilingual database. A case study is offered, comparing the (...) term “tondo” and its variants (e.g. “mezzo tondo”, “di tondo rilievo”) in Italian with their translations in English (De Vere 1912-15) and French (Leclanché 1839, Chastel 1981, Luciani 2002, Powell 2007). These later translations contain a greater variety of both lexicalized counterparts such as “medallion” or “lunette” as well as paraphrases, used to disambiguate and distinguish the various meanings of “tondo”, thus demonstrating how artistic vocabulary, which was still developing in 16th c. Italian, through its transmission to other languages, became more diversified and stable over time. (shrink)

This essay starts off with a modern-day court jester praising a Pope. Fo presents us with an historic moment: Luciani scandalises his Church by calling God “Mother.” With utmost seriousness, Fo appreciates the Pope’s kindness and warmth by which the artist perceives a way of scandalising the world out of complacency. In their idealised and situated presentations of the world, the sacred and the profane return the necessary to the contingent as moments of equal attention and distraction. Likewise, irony (...) and satire mark our situated sense of the ideal by an inability to unlearn the certainties by which we are urged to construct our world. This is done by first presenting a situated pedagogical context that refuses to provide solutions presumed on measurement, certainty or finality. Secondly this begins to lay claim to the political, aesthetic and moral values that are gained through art’s ironic disposition. Thirdly, through our contingent states of being we begin to understand how education is culturally conditioned and why we need to shift it to another gear – that of unlearning through a weak pedagogy. An atheist, Fo suggests that thanks to Pope Luciani, we now could endear to the Holy Spirit as a spirito ridens, a spirit that laughs. Here one finds a kenotic sense that gives us a glimpse in how an ironic disposition owes its strength and effectiveness to a weak pedagogy. By dint of such weakness, the jester’s pedagogical disposition becomes a form of resistance, exiting the Court in order to be with the people and consequently transformed by the people. (shrink)

There has been recent work on acedia and its relationship to depression, but the results are a mixed bag. In this essay, I engage some recent scholarship comparing acedia with depression, endeavouring to clarify the concept of acedia using literature from theology, philosophy, psychiatry, and even a 16th-century treatise on witchcraft. Along the way, I will show the following key theses. First, the concept of acedia is not identical to the concept of depression. Acedia is not merely a primitive psychological (...) predecessor to depression, but it marks off significantly different ways of being, not least because of one’s spiritual relation to God. As Lucrèce Luciani-Zidane (2009: 13) has said, “acedia is entangled in the heart (or life) of Christian dogma.” Second, however, it is still possible that an instance of acedia can coincide with an instance of depression, if one’s condition, or state, is such that each term can be correctly and truthfully applied. By the conclusion of this piece, I begin to explore what practical implications this view has for practitioners and laypersons. (shrink)