La eterna cuestión de la justicia ocupa un lugar central en la cosmovisión que Dante expresa alegórica e icónicamente en la Divina Comedia. La encontramos como atributo de Dios que da a cada uno según sus méritos, pero cuyo Amor le mueve a conmiserarse de los hombres, pues la justicia de las obras humanas no puede alcanzar a su Creador según igualdad, ni puede a restituir todo lo que de Él recibe y le es debido. La justicia también traspasa todos (...) los círculos por los que transita el peregrinar de Dante y da razones del estado de las aquellas almas que encuentra no sólo en el infierno, sino también en el purgatorio, en el limbo y en el paraíso. Un análisis global de la justicia dantiana pone a la luz la profunda huella de la tradición teológico-bíblica cristiana, de la filosofía clásica —sobre todo aristotélica—, así como la síntesis de ambas en el legado de Santo Tomás de Aquino, a quien Dante destaca entre los sabios del Paraíso —adelantándose así al que, unos años después, será el parecer de la propia Iglesia. Dante Alighieri hace suyo el magisterio filosófico-moral de Santo Tomás y ello se pone muy de manifiesto en lo que se refiere a la concepción dantiana de la justicia. (shrink)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a driving force in modern research, industry and public administration and the European Union (EU) is embracing this technology with a view to creating societal, as well as economic, value. This effort has been shared by EU Member States which were all encouraged to develop their own national AI strategies outlining policies and investment levels. This study focuses on how EU Member States are approaching the promise to develop and use AI for the good of (...) society through the lens of their national AI strategies. In particular, we aim to investigate how European countries are investing in AI and to what extent the stated plans contribute to the good of people and society as a whole. Our contribution consists of three parts: (i) a conceptualization of AI for social good highlighting the role of AI policy, in particular, the one put forward by the European Commission (EC); (ii) a qualitative analysis of 15 European national strategies mapping investment plans and suggesting their relation to the social good (iii) a reflection on the current status of investments in socially good AI and possible steps to move forward. Our study suggests that while European national strategies incorporate money allocations in the sphere of AI for social good (e.g. education), there is a broader variety of underestimated actions (e.g. multidisciplinary approach in STEM curricula and dialogue among stakeholders) that can boost the European commitment to sustainable and responsible AI innovation. (shrink)

There is a dimension of rationality, known as structural rationality, according to which a paradigmatic example of what it means to be rational is not to be akratic. Although some philosophers claim that aesthetics falls within the scope of rationality, a non-akrasia constraint prohibiting certain combinations of attitudes is yet to be developed in this domain. This essay is concerned with the question of whether such a requirement is plausible and, if so, whether it is an actual requirement of aesthetic (...) rationality. Ultimately, this paper defends the view that aesthetics is no different from other domains in that it requires coherence between a subject’s mental states (in the aesthetic case, between what is judged and what is aesthetically liked). (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical and formal framework to understand how the proprioceptive and kinesthetic system learns about body position and possibilities for movement in ongoing action and interaction. Whereas most weak embodiment accounts of proprioception focus on positionalist descriptions or on its role as a source of parameters for internal motor control, we argue that these aspects are insufficient to understand how proprioception is integrated into an active organized system in continuous and dynamic interaction (...) with the environment. Our strong embodiment thesis is that one of the main theoretical principles to understand proprioception, as a perceptual experience within concrete situations, is the coupling with kinesthesia and its relational constitution—self, ecological, and social. In our view, these aspects are underdeveloped in current accounts, and an enactive sensorimotor theory enriched with phenomenological descriptions may provide an alternative path toward explaining this skilled experience. Following O'Regan and Noë sensorimotor contingencies conceptualization, we introduce three distinct notions of proprioceptive kinesthetic-sensorimotor contingencies, which we describe conceptually and formally considering three varieties of perceptual experience in action: PK-SMCs-self, PK-SMCs-self-environment, and PK-SMC-self-other. As a proof of concept of our proposal, we developed a minimal PK model to discuss these elements in detail and show their explanatory value as important guides to understand the proprioceptive/kinesthetic system. Finally, we also highlight that there is an opportunity to develop enactive sensorimotor theory in new directions, creating a bridge between the varieties of experiences of oneself and learning skills. (shrink)

Some doctors and nurses played a key role in Nazism. They were responsible for the sterilization and murder of people with disabilities. Nazi doctors used concentration camp inmates as guinea pigs in medical experiments that had military or racial objectives. What we have learnt about the behaviour of doctors and nurses during the Nazi period enables us to reflect on several issues in present-day medicine. In some authors' opinions, the teaching of the medical aspects of the Holocaust could be a (...) new model for education relating to professionalism, Human Rights, Bioethics and the respect of diversity. Teaching Medicine and the Holocaust could be a way of informing doctors and nurses of violations of Ethics in the past. Moreover, a Study Trip to Holocaust and Medicine related sites has a strong pedagogical value. Visiting Holocaust related sites, T4 centres and the places where medical experiments were carried out, has a special meaning for medical students. Additionally, tolerance, anti-discrimination, and the value of human life can be both taught and learned through this curriculum. The following article recounts our experiences of organizing and supervising a study trip with a group of medical students to some Holocaust and medicine-related sites in Berlin and Hadamar. The study tour included lectures at universities in Düsseldorf and Berlin. (shrink)

Organizations are increasingly expected by their stakeholders to tackle the “wicked” problems of society. These new pressures have created a highly equivocal corporate social responsibility (CSR) environment whereby firms face competing stakeholder perspectives regarding their CSR strategy. To reduce CSR environmental equivocality and determine a CSR strategy, organizations need to effectively and efficiently identify, evaluate, and exploit CSR initiatives to create financial and social value (i.e., shared value). In this paper, we explain how organizations can optimize their shared value creation (...) and promote the construction of intersubjective agreement, which can reduce CSR environmental equivocality. Theory is put forth that explains how the proper alignment of an organization’s level of CSR environmental equivocality, which is comprised of varying amounts of “unknowingness,” corporate entrepreneurship strategy, which promotes experimentation, and stakeholder engagement process, which facilitates information gathering and dissemination, supports the construction of intersubjective agreement. A typology of organizational shared value creation in equivocal CSR environments with four “ideal types” of organizations—Container, Explorer, Embracer, and Manager—is presented and an organization’s choice among and movement between types discussed. (shrink)

The growing field of evo-devo is increasingly demonstrating the complexity of steps involved in genetic, intracellular regulatory, and extracellular environmental control of the development of phenotypes. A key result of such work is an account for the remarkable plasticity of organismal form in many species based on relatively minor changes in regulation of highly conserved genes and genetic processes. Accounting for behavioral plasticity is of similar potential interest but has received far less attention. Of particular interest is plasticity in communication (...) systems, where human language represents an ultimate target for research. The present paper considers plasticity of language capabilities in a comparative framework, focusing attention on examples of a remarkable fact: Whereas there exist design features of mature human language that have never been observed to occur in non-humans in the wild, many of these features can be developed to notable extents when non-humans are enculturated through human training. These examples of enculturated developmental plasticity across extremely diverse taxa suggest, consistent with the evo-devo theme of highly conserved processes in evolution, that human language is founded in part on cognitive capabilities that are indeed ancient and that even modern humans show self-organized emergence of many language capabilities in the context of rich enculturation, built on the special social/ecological history of the hominin line. Human culture can thus be seen as a regulatory system encouraging language development in the context of a cognitive background with many highly conserved features. (shrink)

El estudio del patrimonio como fenómeno sociocultural exige prestar atención a cuáles son las representaciones que elabora y hace circular socialmente. En el caso de este artículo, el problema identificado consiste en que las reseñas históricas utilizadas en la difusión de ciudades históricas y patrimoniales pudieran estar representando negativamente a los pueblos indígenas, colaborando en la reproducción de representaciones tendenciosas. De esta manera, el objetivo de este artículo es conocer las valoraciones realizadas a los pueblos indígenas en las reseñas históricas, (...) realizándose un estudio de caso de la ciudad de La Serena (Chile). Para llevarlo a cabo, se recurre teóricamente a los Estudios Patrimoniales y a los Estudios Críticos del Discurso, optando por la arquitectura teórica de la Lingüística Sistémico-Funcional que, valiéndose del Sistema de Valoración, permite indagar sobre los efectos retóricos que construyen posicionamientos ideológicos en los discursos. Se concluye que las reseñas estudiadas poseen un posicionamiento ideológico tradicional de la historia, ya que el relato se presenta como una historia de héroes hispanos que enfrentan grandes gestas contra los indígenas, cuya participación queda descontextualizada y reducida a la destrucción de la ciudad y la oposición a los españoles. (shrink)

We examined how children’s strategy choices in solving complex subtraction problems are related to grade and to variations in problem complexity. In two studies, third- and fifth-grade children (N≈160 each study) solved multi-digit subtraction problems (e.g., 34 - 18) and described their solution strategies. In the first experiment, strategy selection was investigated by means of a free-choice paradigm, whereas in the second study a discrete-choice approach was implemented. In both experiments, analyses of strategy repertoire indicated that third-grade children were more (...) likely to report less-efficient strategies (i.e., counting) and relied more on the right-to-left solution algorithm compared to fifth-grade children who more often used efficient memory-based retrieval and conceptually-based left-to-right (i.e., decomposition) strategies. Nevertheless, all strategies were reported or selected by both older and younger children and strategy use varied with problem complexity and presentation format for both age groups. These results supported the overlapping waves model of strategy development and provide detailed information about patterns of strategy choice on complex subtraction problems. (shrink)

El artículo examina, en primer lugar, el concepto de racionalidad práctica, el concepto de persona y el diagnóstico de la modernidad, propuestos por Charles Taylor en su libro Las fuentes del yo. La construcción de la identidad moderna. En segundo lugar, a partir de la presentación de la concepción comunicativa de racionalidad práctica de Habermas, el autor hace algunas consideraciones críticas a la posición de Taylor, con el fin de mostrar los problemas que resultan de definir la racionalidad práctica desde (...) una perspectiva ética. (shrink)

Este relato de experiência discute um eixo de um projeto de ensino, pesquisa e extensão multi e interdisciplinar sobre educação e humanização da morte. Trata-se de ações da Psicologia destinadas à saúde mental dos trabalhadores do serviço funerário da cidade de São Paulo. A intervenção dividiu-se em duas etapas: visitas aos cemitérios, para aproximação daqueles pesquisadores à realidade e às demandas desses servidores; e oficinas com técnicas de dinâmica de grupo. Estas aconteceram por cinco meses, contaram com 130 participantes — (...) motoristas, sepultadores, “veloristas”, supervisores e gestores de recursos humanos — e tiveram como facilitadoras as integrantes da graduação e da pós-graduação em Psicologia. A análise das oficinas evidenciou, da parte dos servidores, sensibilização para suas necessidades em favor da saúde mental, percepção do valor de cuidado e humanização em suas relações profissionais e pessoais. Ademais, ações como essa realçaram a relevância de frequente acolhimento psicólogico a trabalhadores de serviços funerários. (shrink)

En las discusiones actuales sobre el universalismo moral ha tomado forma la tesis de la necesaria separación entre la moral y la política. El problema de esta tesis, es decir, de la independencia de la política con respecto a la moral, radica en la positivización de la primera. Para evitar esta consecuencia negativa es necesario buscar una complementariedad entre estas dos esferas. En este artículo se busca, mediante la reconstrucción de algunos elementos de las argumentaciones éticas de Kant y de (...) Rawls, señalar un camino posible para construir tal complementariedad. (shrink)

RESUMEN: Aplicando una metodología hermenéutica intertextual, el artículo ofrece un análisis de diferentes momentos en la articulación del humanismo poscolonial, sistematizando los nexos conceptuales entre las propuestas de Fanon / Bhabha y Bhabha / Said. El artículo interpreta el humanismo poscolonial como una epistemología crítica que permite dilucidar los mecanismos de violencia cultural y epistémica inherentes a los proyectos y a las narrativas etno-nacionalistas, y plantea la posibilidad de un horizonte de ciudadanía intercultural en el contexto presente de crisis de (...) la Unión Europea posBrexit.ABSTRACT: This article offers an analysis of different moments in the articulation of postcolonial humanism through a systematization of conceptual nexus among the proposals of Fanon / Bhabha and Bhabha / Said, the article highlights the contemporary dimensions of postcolonial humanism. By doing intertextual hermeneutic analysis, the article interprets postcolonial humanism as a critical epistemology that elucidates the mechanisms of cultural and epistemic violence inherent to ethno-nationalist narratives and strategies, in the current context of postBrexit EU crisis.PALABRAS CLAVE: interculturalidad; etno-nacionalismo; humanismo poscolonial; democracia; derechos universalesKEYWORDS: interculturality; ethno-nationalism; postcolonial humanism; democracy; universal rights. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a crítica de Waldron a Rawls, feita no livro “Law and Disagreement”. Queremos saber se nessa crítica está implícita a ideia de que Rawls faz uma má idealização. Para fazer isso, teremos, em primeiro lugar, que esclarecer o que é uma “teoria ideal” e o que são boas ou más idealizações. Falaremos sobre essas distinções na primeira seção do artigo. Waldron ataca a alegada incapacidade da teoria de Rawls de tratar seriamente os desacordos sobre (...) princípios políticos. A exposição dessa crítica e a análise de seu desenrolar vai ocupar as parcelas mais significativas do artigo, e será feita nas seções seguintes. Ao fim da análise, defenderemos que, apesar de a crítica de Waldron ser forte, ela não implica que há más idealizações de Rawls. (shrink)

Culminada la Guerra Fría, la sociedad global consideró superadas la colisión ideológica y la polarización de teorías. Sin embargo, al finalizar el siglo xx y descollando el siglo xxi surgieron indicios que apuntaban en dirección contraria. Los primeros con el resurgimiento del marxismo que a partir de la tesis humanista de la filosofía de la praxis revive desde Latinoamérica el legado de Mariátegui, el Che Guevara y Camilo Torres R. El artículo se pregunta si el paradigma del marxismo humanista arroga (...) los fundamentos del buen vivir o vivir bien para enfrentar al capitalismo neoliberal y su proyecto desarrollista. La aproximación al tema se hace de manera cualitativa y descriptiva. A través del método de análisis del discurso político expuesto en la teoría crítica al desarrollismo se aborda la caracterización del capitalismo neoliberal y el modelo de desarrollo, continuando con las tesis que desde el marxismo humanista y la estrategia de revolución cultural se estructura para la emancipación en Latinoamérica. Finalmente, se exponen los planteamientos del buen vivir a partir de la apropiación que hacen los neomarxistas para dar la batalla contra el capitalismo neoliberal. (shrink)

Os Ensaios Políticos de Hume tiveram uma enorme audiência e considerável influência sobre seus contemporâneos. Mas as reflexões de Hume sobre a política nem sempre tiveram a atenção que merecem, situação que ultimamente vem se revertendo graças a uma série de estudos que iluminam a sua importância. É por isso mais que oportuna a publicação desta edição dos Ensaios, enriquecida com o estudo de João Paulo Monteiro, que, de forma pioneira em língua portuguesa, soube situar o interesse de Hume pela (...) política no quadro mais amplo de suas preocupações filosóficas, bem como mostrar a relevância de sua ciência política, entendida como uma ciência do possível, fundada na experiência histórica, dedicada ao estudo das leis constitucionais e de seus efeitos sobre a sociedade, de forma comprometida com as questões e impasses políticos de seu tempo. Maria Isabel Limongi. (shrink)

The brain ventricular system is a series of connected cavities, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that forms within the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). The hollow neural tube is a hallmark of the chordate CNS, and a closed neural tube is essential for normal development. Development and function of the ventricular system is examined, emphasizing three interdigitating components that form a functional system: ventricle walls, CSF fluid properties, and activity of CSF constituent factors. The cellular lining of the ventricle both (...) can produce and is responsive to CSF. Fluid properties and conserved CSF components contribute to normal CNS development. Anomalies of the CSF/ventricular system serve as diagnostics and may cause CNS disorders, further highlighting their importance. This review focuses on the evolution and development of the brain ventricular system, associated function, and connected pathologies. It is geared as an introduction for scholars with little background in the field. (shrink)

Trata-se, neste artigo, de analisar o princípio fundamental ─ like effects prove like causes ─ sobre o qual Cleanthes, nos Diálogos sobre a Religião Natural de Hume, apoia sua defesa do argumento do desígnio, bem como examinar a estratégia argumentativa de Philo para enfraquecer paulatinamente a força do argumento defendido por Cleanthes.

Se propone que la propuesta de la nueva línea programática “Más que nunca” del Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos reconfigura la temporalidad de la exhibición permanente, uniendo las movilizaciones en dictadura y en democracia bajo un mismo proceso cuyo horizonte es el logro de una “democracia plena”, dotando de significado histórico y re-politizando la lucha por los Derechos Humanos en el presente. Para ello, se examinaron los documentos institucionales y se realizó una entrevista, siendo estudiadas mediante las (...) categorías “espacio de experiencia” y “horizonte de expectativa” de Koselleck usadas en las investigaciones sobre las intelectualidades de la Transición de Cecilia Lesgart. (shrink)

Sumner B. (Barney) Twiss, who died in 2023, was for ten years a General Editor of the Journal of Religious Ethics (JRE). He was a frequent contributor of articles, a member of the JRE Editorial Board, and a member of the journal's Board of Trustees. In this article, colleagues and students reflect on some of his many contributions, not only to the JRE but to the broader discursive fields of comparative religious ethics and human rights.

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed the lives of people all over the world. In particular, an unprecedented educational crisis has occurred due to the circumstances of physical distancing and remote learning. This article focuses specifically on the meaningful learning experiences in the everyday lives of adolescents during the pandemic. 72 meaningful learning experiences were identified from 11 participants who recorded their specific learning experiences for a week by a means of a journal recorded by themselves. A content analysis was (...) undertaken in order to identify the ecology of the different learning experiences. The results show a prevalence of personal and conceptual learning, a presence of both formal and specifically informal, everyday activities among the meaningful learning experiences detected, the importance of peers, teacher and “learning experiences while alone,” and the use of digital technologies as learning resources; they also reveal the assistance of others in the learning process. The main contribution of this study illustrates how students in everyday life during pandemics are involved in a whole range of different activities both at school and at home. (shrink)

For cognitivist accounts of aesthetic appreciation, appreciation requires an agent (1) to perceptually respond to the relevant aesthetic features of an object o on good evidential grounds, (2) to have an autonomous grasp of the reasons that make the claim about the aesthetic features of o true by pointing out the connection between non-aesthetic features and the aesthetic features of o, (3) to be able to provide an explanation of why those features contribute to the overall aesthetic value of o. (...) In this framework, aesthetic emotions have traditionally been confined to the level of aesthetic perception (1) and dismissed from the process of reason-giving (2, 3). I argue that this dismissal is due, firstly, to a questionable perceptual reading of the connection between emotional experience and value, and, secondly, to a narrow focus on the basic emotions. My argument will reveal that the non-standard or ‘intellectual’ emotions, the emotions which are in fact most important to appreciation, can play a significant epistemic role in our appreciative practices. They can do this because they (a) help us to deliberately focus our attention and (b) place the appreciator in a state of second-order awareness of their mental states. I conclude the paper by showing how these two epistemic tools (a, b) can help the appreciator to meet the explanatory/justificatory conditions (2) and (3). (shrink)

Kliniske etikkomiteer har vært etablert i norske helseforetak siden 1996, først som et prøveprosjekt, senere som et permanent tiltak med et nasjonalt mandat. I forbindelse med det nasjonale etikkprosjektet «Samarbeid om etisk kompetanseheving» har det også i noen kommuner blitt etablert KEK. Senter for medisinsk etikk ved Universitetet i Oslo er tildelt ansvaret for oppfølging av KEK i helseforetakene og er i tillegg gitt et langsiktig ansvar for etikkarbeid og forskning i den kommunale helse- og omsorgstjenesten. Hensikten med denne studien (...) har vært å fremskaffe kunnskap om hvordan det står til med KEK som er etablert i kommunene. Hva jobber de med, hvilken betydning erfarer de at KEK har og hvilke ressurser har de? Studien har et kvalitativt design. Materialet er basert på telefonintervjuer med ledere for KEK og gjennomgang av komiteenes årsrapporter. Det er gjennomført en kvalitativ innholdsanalyse av datamaterialet. Komiteene arbeider både med enkeltsaker, saker av mer prinsipiell karakter og etikkskolering. Arbeidet vurderes som betydningsfullt og gjennomføres til tross for få ressurser og svak forankring. Kanskje vil en styrket forankring og ressurssituasjon og et nasjonalt mandat bidra positivt til komiteenes arbeid. Nøkkelord: Kliniske etikkomiteer, kommunal helse- og omsorgstjeneste, evaluering English Summary: Are clinical ethics committees in the municipal health and care services sustainable? Clinical ethics committees have been established in Norwegian hospital trusts since 1996, first as a pilot project, later on a permanent basis with a national mandate. As part of the national ethics project "Cooperation on ethical competence" some municipalities have also established a CEC. Centre for Medical Ethics at the University of Oslo is given the responsibility to support CECs in hospital trusts, and is also given a long-term responsibility for ethics support and research in municipal health care services. The purpose of this study was to obtain knowledge about the situation of CECs established in municipalities. What are they working on, what impact do they find that CEC has, and what resources do they have? The study has a qualitative design. The material is based on telephone interviews with CEC chairs, and reviews of the committees' annual reports. We have carried out a qualitative content analysis of the data. The committees work with individual cases, issues of a more principle character, and ethics training. The work is considered to be significant, and is carried out despite limited resources and weak anchoring. Perhaps a stronger anchoring, resource situation and a national mandate could strengthen the committees’ situation. Keywords: Clinical ethics committees, municipal health and care services, evaluation. (shrink)

Cuando escogimos como tema del congreso el Pluralismo, consideramos que la importancia del mismo radica en que el pluralismo es un asunto fundamental en nuestras sociedades, atravesadas por profundos conflictos sociales, económicos, políticos y culturales. Muchos de estos conflictos están determinados por la no aceptación de la pluralidad y la diversidad. La negación del reconocimiento de la diversidad étnica o cultural, de los diferentes credos religiosos, de la diversidad política, sexual, de formas de vida diferentes a la occidental, nos indican (...) la importancia de convertir al pluralismo en un tema de la agenda de discusión en nuestras sociedades. El pluralismo es pues, un anhelo de sociedades que enfrentan numerosos conflictos de carácter político e intercultural. [Fragmento]. (shrink)

El artículo señala las limitaciones de dos tradiciones del liberalismo político en tomo a la cuestión de la justicia distributiva en el contexto latinoamericano. El autor muestra la necesidad de un replanteamiento del concepto de justicia, con el fin de conseguir una base normativa más adecuada para la evaluación y crítica de las formas particulares de distribución actualmente existentes de los bienes sociales.

En este artículo se critican algunas de las propuestas teóricas de justicia global por su incapacidad para señalar alternativas que permitan superar los agudos problemas de pobreza mundial y de aumento de las desigualdades en el mundo actual. La crítica central señala que las propuestas de justicia global, como las de Rawls, Habermas o Pogge, son insuficientes en la medida en reducen el problema de la justicia a un asunto meramente redistributivo. Al restringir el problema de la justicia a la (...) distribución equitativa de los bienes sin considerar las causas que determinan las desigualdades sociales y las asimetrías estructurales en las relaciones de poder del orden capitalista actual, las teorías de justicia global terminan afirmando los principios fundamentales del sistema de dominación imperante. Para fundamentar esta idea los autores se basan en la literatura que sobre el tema de la crisis del capitalismo vienen produciendo autores como Michel Aglietta, Laurent Berrebi, Joseph Stiglitz, Paul Krugman y los autores franceses de la escuela regulacionista. (shrink)

En este artículo se presentan algunas críticas hechas a la teoría de justicia de John Rawls. En primer lugar, se expone la propuesta de Axel Honneth de construir una teoría de la justicia a partir de la teoría hegeliana del reconocimiento. En segundo lugar, se desarrolla la propuesta realizada por Amartya Senn y Martha Nussbaum sobre las capacidades básicas humanas. Mediante estas críticas a Rawls se busca mostrar que para asegurar las exigencias de igualdad y equidad supuestas en el liberalismo (...) es necesario construir una nueva teoría de la justicia sobre bases diferentes. (shrink)

El presente número de Estudios de Filosofia le rinde un homenaje a una de las culturas filosóficas más importantes de Occidente y se deja asl constancia de la innuencia que los griegos han ejercido sobre la filosofia en América Latina. Al dedicar este número a la filosofia griega. Estudios de Filosofia quiere contribuir con esta tarea común de promover el debate y la discusión critica sobre esta tradición, para reconocer de este modo que la influencia de los grandes filósofos griegos (...) es y ha sido un hecho y un punto de referencia obligatorios de los esludios filosóficos serios en nuestros contextos culturales. (shrink)