A filosofia na primeira universidade da América Latina (Universidad de San Marcos 1551) Resumo: O artigo se propõe trazer a público um momento fundante da história da Filosofia nas Américas a partir do estudo da historia das Universidades e em especial a decana Universidad de San Marcos (1551), a sua fundação, funcionamento e legado. Neste contexto pretende igualmente apresentar dois notáveis intelectuais nativos que respiram o ar dessa universidade nas primeiras décadas: Jerónimo Valera e Juan de Espinosa Medrano. Palavras-chave: (...) class='Hi'>Escolástica Ibero-americana; São Marcos; Universidades; Filosofia latinoamericana. Philosophy at Latin America's First University (Universidad de San Marcos 1551) Abstract: The article aims to bring to the public a foundational moment in the history of Philosophy in the Americas, based on the study of the history of Universities and, in particular, the dean Universidad de San Marcos (1551), its foundation, functioning and legacy. In this context, it also intends to present two notable native intellectuals who lived the atmosphere of that university in those first decades: Jerónimo Valera and Juan de Espinosa Medrano. Key words: Ibero-American Scholasticism; San Marcos; Universities; Latin American philosophy. Filosofía en la Primera Universidad de América Latina (Universidad de San Marcos 1551) Resumen: El artículo se propone acercar al público un momento fundacional de la historia de la Filosofía en América a partir del estudio de la historia de las Universidades y en particular de la decana Universidad de San Marcos (1551), su fundación, funcionamiento y legado. En ese contexto, también pretende presentar a dos destacados intelectuales nativos que respiran el aire de esa universidad en las primeras décadas: Jerónimo Valera y Juan de Espinosa Medrano. Palabras clave: escolástica iberoamericana; San Marcos; universidades; filosofía latinoamericana. Data de registro: 16/09/2021 Data de aceite: 20/12/2021. (shrink)

O Grupo de Trabalho Filosofar e Ensinar a Filosofar da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia (ANPOF) surgiu em 2006 e vem se consolidando através de reuniões anuais, publicações, circulação de informações e debates em sua lista eletrônica. Nesta entrevista conferida à RESAFE, Filipe Ceppas, professor da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), colaborador do Programa de Pós-graduação da Universidade Gama Filho (UGF) e atual coordenador do GT Filosofar e Ensinar a Filosofar, descreve alguns dos principais desafios do ensino (...) de filosofia na atualidade, reflete sobre o lugar do pensamento filosófico-educativo na academia, provê um relato da história do GT e de suas próprias investigações como pesquisador da área. (shrink)

∗ This paper has been presented to the Philosophy Departments of Tulane University and the University of Arizona and, originally, to the 1999 Sociedad Filosofica Ibero Americana (SOFIA) Conference on Legal and Political Philosophy, in Mazatlan, Mexico. I am most thankful to all the participants. I am especially grateful for discussions with Julia Annes, Tom Christiano, Eric Mack, Geoff Sayre-McCord, David Schmidtz and Michael Smith.

O presente artigo é um estudo de escolástica barroca colonial que combina elementos lógicos, raciocínios práticos e probabilismo, para compreender o movimento processual das deliberações jurídico-políticas sobre “guerra e paz” no pensamento de Juan de Solorzano Pereira. Pensador escolástico do período barroco ibero-americano que residiu por mais de duas décadas nas Índias ocidentais, que elaborou e sistematizou o Direito Indiano, De Indiarum iure. Corpo sistemático e erudito no qual se encontram compiladas cédulas reais, leis, disposições ou mandatos régios; (...) os quais eram destinados a guiar os assuntos próprios de governo nas Índias ocidentais, fundamentados na guerra justa e na paz republicana. Na Filosofia do Direito Indiano de Solórzano Pereira, a opinião provável sobre fatos e direitos não se restringe aos atos perfeitos e os absolutos que se acreditam ter em opiniões mais prováveis do passado e do presente, porque a probabilidade nessa filosofia do direito está aberta ao futuro condicional, onde novas opiniões podem produzir dúvidas nos fatos e no direito, podendo se tornar em opiniões mais coerentes, seguras e mais prováveis que as anteriores, pela aceitabilidade racional sobre o direito em questão. Erros abrem brechas e podem ser motivos suficientes para modificar direitos por usucapião, retenção, prescrição, restituição. (shrink)

Resumo: O tema do artigo é referente à presença de iberismo e anglo-americanismo no Brasil e às expressões dessas heteronomias como obstáculos a uma identidade brasileira. A abordagem se alimenta das polêmicas desencadeadas por Richard Morse e sua tese sobre a Ibéria perdida, o Brasil à deriva e sua universidade descompromissada. A tese de Morse afirma a vitalidade da tradição ibérica original e sua capacidade de inspirar futuros para o Brasil, em inversão à referência anglo-americana, inconsistente e sem futuro. (...) O artigo situa as triangulações entre Brasil, Ibéria e EUA e busca em Teixeira um contraponto à tese de Morse sobre a colonialidade e o descompromisso acadêmico brasileiro. O argumento tem ancoragem em pesquisa envolvendo textos de autoria dos dois intelectuais, biografias e estudos de trajetória. O primeiro movimento apresenta Morse, sua tese sobre a Ibéria e sobre a América Ibérica e sua crítica aos acadêmicos. O segundo movimento situa a trajetória e escrita de Teixeira e destaca sua posição sobre a “civilização americana” com a finalidade de evidenciar um intelectual inverso ao homo academic descompromissado de Morse. As considerações finais retomam pontos de “descomparação” para evidenciar a inspiração anglo-americana e o compromisso de Teixeira com o Brasil. Palavras-chave: Anísio Teixeira; Richard Morse; Iberismo; Anglo-americanismo; Intelectuais. Anísio Teixeira and Richard Morse: inverse triangulations between iberism, brazil and anglo-americanism Abstract: The theme of the article refers to the presence of Iberianism and Anglo-Americanism in Brazil and the expressions of these heteronomies as obstacles to a Brazilian identity. The approach is based on the controversies raised by Richard Morse and his thesis on lost Iberia, Brazil adrift and its uncommitted university. Morse's thesis affirms the vitality of the original Iberian tradition and its capacity to inspire futures for Brazil, the opposite of the Anglo-American reference, according to him, inconsistent and without a future. The article locates the triangulations between Brazil, Iberia and the USA and seeks in Teixeira a counterpoint to Morse's thesis on coloniality and Brazilian academic lack of commitment. The argument is anchored in research involving texts written by the two intellectuals, biographies and trajectory studies. The first movement presents Morse, his thesis on Iberia and Iberian America and his critique of academics. The second movement locates Teixeira's trajectory and writing and highlights his position on “American civilization” with the purpose of showing an intellectual different from Morse's uncommitted homo academic. The final considerations take up points of “discomparison” to highlight the Anglo-American inspiration and Teixeira's commitment to Brazil. Key-words: Anísio Teixeira; Richard Morse; Iberism; Anglo-Americanism; Intelectuals. Anísio Teixeira y Richard Morse: triangulaciones inversas entre iberismo, brasil y angloamericanismo Resumen: El tema del artículo se refiere a la presencia del ibero y del angloamericanismo en Brasil y las expresiones de estas heteronomías como obstáculos a la identidad brasileña. El planteamiento se alimenta de las polémicas desatadas por Richard Morse y su tesis sobre Iberia perdida, Brasil a la deriva y su universidad no comprometida. La tesis de Morse afirma la vitalidad de la tradición ibérica originaria y su capacidad de inspirar futuros para Brasil, en inversión del referente angloamericano, inconsistente y sin futuro. El artículo ubica las triangulaciones entre Brasil, Iberia y Estados Unidos y busca en Teixeira un contrapunto a la tesis de Morse sobre la colonialidad y la falta de compromiso académico brasileño. El argumento está anclado en investigaciones que involucran textos escritos por los dos intelectuales, biografías y estudios de trayectoria. El primer movimiento presenta a Morse, su tesis sobre Iberia e Iberoamérica y su crítica a los académicos. El segundo movimiento ubica la trayectoria y la escritura de Teixeira y resalta su posición sobre la “civilización estadounidense” con el propósito de mostrar un inverso intelectual al homo académico no comprometido de Morse. Las consideraciones finales retoman puntos de “descompensación” para resaltar la inspiración angloamericana y el compromiso de Teixeira con Brasil. Palabras-llaves: Anísio Teixeira; Richard Morse; Iberismo; Angloamericanismo; Intelectuales. Data de registro: 21/10/2021 Data de aceite: 19/01/2022. (shrink)

Colleen Glenney Boggs puts animal representation at the center of the making of the liberal American subject. Concentrating on the formative and disruptive presence of animals in the writings of Frederick Douglass, Edgar Allan Poe, and Emily Dickinson, Boggs argues that animals are critical to the ways in which Americans enact their humanity and regulate subjects in the biopolitical state. Biopower, or a politics that extends its reach to life, thrives on the strategic ambivalence between who is considered human and (...) what is judged as animal. It generates a space of indeterminacy in which animal representations intervene to define and challenge the parameters of subjectivity. The renegotiation of the species line produces a tension that is never fully regulated. Therefore, as both figures of radical alterity and the embodiment of biopolitics, animals are simultaneously exceptional and exemplary to the biopolitical state. An original contribution to animal studies, American studies, critical race theory, and posthumanist inquiry, Boggs thrillingly reinterprets a long and highly contentious human-animal history. (shrink)

This work deals with the long trajectory that goes from Roman legal thought to Locke's explanation of the origin of property, money and, ultimately, political power. Vitoria, Suárez and Locke start from considering a primordial prepolitical state of equal freedom for all and common property, in which humanity could have been before the establishment of the characteristic institutions of the civil state. Despite the presence of elements of continuity with respect to Vitoria and Suárez, by replacing the prelapsary state of (...) innocence with a status naturae that does not require any theological reading, and that Locke places in a truly existing historical time, the English author formulates a strictly secular theory, based on the long tradition of ius naturale, on the origins of civil government and private property. (shrink)

In this engaging book, Douglas Anderson begins with the assumption that philosophy—the Greek love of wisdom—is alive and well in American culture. At the same time, professional philosophy remains relatively invisible. Anderson traverses American life to find places in the wider culture where professional philosophy in the distinctively American tradition can strike up a conversation. How might American philosophers talk to us about our religious experience, or political engagement, or literature—or even, popular music? Anderson’s second aim is to find places (...) where philosophy happens in nonprofessional guises—cultural places such as country music, rock’n roll, and Beat literature. He not only enlarges the tradition of American philosophers such as John Dewey and William James by examining lesser-known figures such as Henry Bugbee and Thomas Davidson, but finds the theme and ideas of American philosophy in some unexpected places, such as the music of Hank Williams, Tammy Wynette, and Bruce Springsteen, and the writingsof Jack Kerouac.The idea of “philosophy Americana” trades on the emergent genre of “music Americana,” rooted in traditional themes and styles yet engaging our present experiences. The music is “popular” but not thoroughly driven by economic considerations, and Anderson seeks out an analogous role for philosophical practice, where philosophy and popular culture are co-adventurers in the life of ideas. Philosophy Americana takes seriously Emerson’s quest for the extraordinary in the ordinary and James’s belief that popular philosophy can still be philosophy. (shrink)

Bioethics has become a field of new challenges for Ibero-America and the Caribbean. A seeming uniformity in the region hides a rich heterogeneous society. A brief survey of bioethical developments in different Ibero- American countries is provided as well as the bioethical problems and approaches peculiar to the region. Some of the unique features of bioethics in this region, it is suggested, could infuse new life into the U.S. and European bioethics discussion. Finally, a bibliography of Ibero-American (...) bioethics literature is provided for North American and European readers. (shrink)

O objetivo do texto é problematizar a existência de um possível pensamento informacional ibero-americano. Para tanto, inicialmente constata-se uma relativa ausência da Ibero-América nas apresentações e mapeamentos internacionais da ciência da informação. A seguir, é discutida a realidade dos 22 países que compõem a Ibero-América, região que pode ser compreendida a partir de uma perspectiva sociocultural e geopolítica. Logo após, é feito um panorama, ainda em estágio inicial, das pesquisas em ciência da informação destes países, ressaltando-se a (...) necessidade de continuidade e aprofundamento desse mapeamento. Por fim, apresenta-se uma configuração epistemológica geral da ciência da informação, em nível mundial, evidenciando-se a importância de se situar, nesse quadro, as contribuições específicas da Ibero-América. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Pax Americana and the World of Music EducationEstelle R. Jorgensen (bio)It may seem ironic to speak of a Pax Americana at a time when the United States is prosecuting a war and its aftermath.1 Still, imperialism, or the desire to keep the peace on one's own terms, has led other nations into war when their will and power was frustrated and thwarted. My purpose in this essay (...) is to raise four important and interrelated questions: What are the political tasks that hopeful music teachers, administrators, and those interested in their work need to undertake to pursue an ethically universalistic, democratic, and humane education? What are some guiding principleswhereby music educators and policy-makers can navigate this territory? What are the conditions that would facilitate educational dialogue of the sort that is needed? How should music to be taught in order to achieve the intellectual objectives necessary in dialogical education? I view these questions from the limited musical perspective of the Western classical tradition — a misnomer since it is now an international tradition practiced around the world by people of many different languages, ethnicities, and cultures — and in the context of my position that this tradition merits transformation.2 This is a particularly interesting example since its roots originally are European, Eastern, and African, and it potentially subverts the predominant American popular musical culture of our time.Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri write of a global empire in the making and the seeds of its decline and fall, the multitudes that arise against it and the challenges they encounter in making their voices heard in the political arena.3 The forces of globalization, interwoven as they are with those of capitalism and the ideologies that foster it, are so pervasive that it is difficult for nation states to resist. The powers of nation-states decline while pervasive internationalism lies like an "epidermis" over the many nation-states, religions, languages, and ways of life that characterize societies on planet earth.4 The United States might champion capitalism and its own [End Page 1] breed of democratic ideology, yet globalization engulfs it such that it becomes the creature of its own making. Its values and culture might lie at the heart of the cultural, economic, and political agents of globalization — the multinational corporations with their corresponding distribution networks, interlocking international corporate directorships, licensing agreements, technological inventions, and powerful political and religious liaisons — yet even the United States becomes the child of forces it has exported throughout the world and that it is now unable to control. A culture of fear and violence pervades the country.5 Outsourcing, off-shore export of production capacity, the power of the profit motive, and management decisions made far from the particular places they impact leave many Americans without jobs and security, and a sense of powerlessness to change their circumstances — a phenomenon that also appears in other countries. Eventually, as Hardt and Negri posit in Marxian vein, the people impacted by these developments both here and abroad begin to organize themselves and rise against the oppression they may at first sense if not fully understand; in the beginning they may march peacefully but as their anger and frustration grow, they may eventually revolt. One need not buy into their particular reading of history to notice that, at least over the long term of decades or centuries, there seem to be limits on the human willingness to tolerate oppression; when their patience is eventually exhausted, people resist, subvert, escape, or overthrow their oppressors.One of the particular challenges of our time is the "polyvocality" of contemporary societies. Globalism may constitute the epidermis overlying these "multiplicities and pluralities" but underneath are the hosts of differing tribes, religions, languages, colors, and identities. Ways need to be found for people to dwell together in peace and debate and reconcile their differences without resorting to violence.6 In such a world, even in societies that espouse democratic ideals and principles, moral conflicts cannot be avoided, and differences between and among individuals and groups are often deeply rooted, persistent, and pervasive. This necessitates forging mechanisms that enable deliberation about how to solve the conflicts that necessarily arise.7 Seyla... (shrink)

This book highlights the powerful impact of some important Spanish Jesuits (Suárez, Acosta, Ribadeneira, Mariana) on some relevant English thinkers such as Locke, Bacon, and others, regarding politics, law and natural rights, an influence sometimes hidden and always controversial.

The bioethics research conducted in Ibero‐American countries has been very much restricted to its own realm.The aim of this study was to perform a bibliometric evaluation of bioethics papers by authors affiliated with Ibero‐American institutions, and to determine how their work influences global bioethics literature.We performed a literature search in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC) and Scopus.We identified a total of 5,975 documents, of which 84.3% were articles, 11.6% reviews and 4.1% book chapters. The median (...) number of citations per paper was higher in English‐language journals.Only 10 articles published between 2010 and 2019 in peer‐reviewed bioethics journals and produced exclusively by authors from Ibero‐American institutions garnered more than 15 citations.Our study suggests that if researchers from Ibero‐American institutions want to influence global bioethical thinking, they must make the required leap in quality to be able to publish in high‐quality bioethics and mainstream journals. (shrink)

The avocado (Persea americana) is a major crop commodity worldwide. Moreover, avocado, a paleopolyploid, is an evolutionary “outpost” among flowering plants, representing a basal lineage (the magnoliid clade) near the origin of the flowering plants themselves. Following centuries of selective breeding, avocado germplasm has been characterized at the level of microsatellite and RFLP markers. Nonetheless, little is known beyond these general diversity estimates, and much work remains to be done to develop avocado as a major subtropical‐zone crop. Among the (...) goals of avocado improvement are to develop varieties with fruit that will “store” better on the tree, show uniform ripening and have better post‐harvest storage. Avocado transcriptome sequencing, genome mapping and partial genomic sequencing will represent a major step toward the goal of sequencing the entire avocado genome, which is expected to aid in improving avocado varieties and production, as well as understanding the evolution of flowers from non‐flowering seed plants (gymnosperms). Additionally, continued evolutionary and other comparative studies of flower and fruit development in different avocado strains can be accomplished at the gene expression level, including in comparison with avocado relatives, and these should provide important insights into the genetic regulation of fruit development in basal angiosperms. BioEssays 30:386–396, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

La obra de Francisco Rodríguez Adrados_, La democracia ateniense_, fue canónica desde la fecha de aparición, en la segunda fase del tardofranquismo y en su edición final hacia el final de la dictadura. El presente trabajo analiza, primero, sus bases ideológicas; segundo, la priorización del comentario de textos y de las herramientas de la filología en el análisis histórico, es decir, el _textocentrismo _de la obra, y apunta los límites y logros del helenista español. Nuestra lectura se fundamenta en un (...) análisis textual y contextual. Explora la elección de las fuentes principales del análisis de Adrados, el impacto de la filología e historiografía alemanas decimonónicas y de la primera mitad del XX, y examina su concepción de la historia, los logros, innovaciones y su lectura de la democracia ateniense, a caballo entre una visión progresista y crítica de las limitaciones de la misma, en comparación con las democracias representativas. Se considera la formación y la configuración del campo de la filología clásica en España en el franquismo en el marco de la posguerra y cómo todo ello marcó _La democracia ateniense_, una obra seminal surgida de una forma de escolástica creativa. (shrink)

En el presente escrito busco esclarecer las dificultades a las que se enfrenta la metafísica de Spinoza, a la luz de su contexto histórico intelectual. En particular, exploro cómo el desarrollo del concepto de grados de perfección en la escolástica tardía ejerce una fuerte influencia en el pensamiento espinosista, hasta el punto de arrojarlo a una serie de dificultades, en las que el horizonte cualitativo de la realidad se confunde con el cuantitativo. De este modo, el proyecto de naturalización (...) de Dios de Spinoza no parece solventar completamente el problema del abismo relacional que hay entre una entidad absolutamente infinita y los compuestos finitos procedentes de ella. (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone indagar en el comercio de ideas entre William Prynne y la tradición escolástica hispánica, especialmente en lo relativo al origen y límites del poder del rey en cuanto esencialmente subordinado al Parlamento. También se considera al inicio del trabajo la teología calvinista de Prynne, fuertemente enfrentada a la teología católica y arminiano-anglicana. El trabajo termina concluyendo que en el pensamiento de Prynne se da, junto a una radical oposición teológica a arminianos y católicos, una (...) intensa recepción de las ideas políticas de Salamonio, los _schoolmen_ y los _doctors of Salamancha_, tales como Mariana, Suárez, etc., coincidentes en buena medida con las fuentes del Derecho político medieval inglés, tales como Bracton, Fleta y Fortescue. Desde un punto de vista metodológico el artículo ha sido elaborado a partir de un intenso trabajo de fuentes primarias teológicas y políticas de Prynne, accesibles gracias a la base de datos EEBO (_Early English Books Online_), de la Universidad de Michigan. (shrink)

Douglas R. Anderson's Philosophy Americana reads like a series of rescue attempts: an attempt to rescue academic teaching from institutional and bureaucratic logic; to rescue philosophers such as Bugbee and Royce from their pragmatist critics; to rescue the pragmatists themselves from their would-be champions among the postmodernists; to (in a related move) save Emerson from Cavell; to save country music from the charge that it is either politically retrograde or an experiential dead-end; and to save Kerouac and the Beats (...) from the charge of nihilism or its more enjoyable cousin, hedonism. Anderson connects his chapters through a common theme: the centrality of failure and loss to American culture and the need to both be at home in/with it and to move beyond its self-limiting aspects. Though this rubric may provide us with a clue as to Anderson's temperament as a writer it does not finally provide an adequate frame for the book, which reads more like a book of related essays than... (shrink)

The essay attempts to outline the historical ideological ties between Spain and its former Latin American colonies, with the main accent on the period following Spain’s and most of Latin America’s conversion to democracy in the wake of the fall of the Franco regime and other Latin-American military dictatorships. The author offers a detailed analysis, focusing especially on the democratic, decidedly pro-European and left-liberal government in Spain and its impact on Latin America, most of which today shows clear leftist tendencies. (...) Also discussed are Latin-American reflections on universalism. (shrink)

O texto procura refletir, de maneira prospectiva, sobre a contribuição que a Conferência de Aparecida poderá dar à igreja universal, e em especial para o continente latino-americano. Diagnostica linhas de continuidade com a prática atual da igreja e enumera esperanças das comunidades eclesiais com relação à V Conferência.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

O problema da especificidade do trabalho filosófico na América Latina é discutido em termos do ambiente cultural do Século XXI. Assim, não se reivindica nesse artigo nenhum gesto de independência com relação à filosofia de matriz europeia. Embora isso seja legítimo, trata-se sempre de um tipo frágil de argumentação, uma crítica externa de pouca capacidade de convencimento. Aqui preferimos defender a necessidade de um ajuste do trabalho filosófico em função da falência dos procedimentos filosóficos tradicionais pela pós-modernidade. Essa nova situação (...) nos impulsiona a tematizar o ambiente cultural imediatamente disponível: a América Latina. (shrink)

My argument is that faced with such reversal of stereotypical female roles, the culture relies on both the institution of the law and the custom of storytelling to reassure itself about boundary confusions—between guilt and innocence, man and woman, seductress and seducer, fact and fiction. The Thaw trial, however, shows that the law itself could not resolve any of those ambiguities, a predicament which, I will argue, Twain entertains and creates in his own fictional courtroom but flees from in his (...) response to the actual trial.My argument thus depends upon establishing particular dialogue between these two cases of seduction, for neither Twain’s nor the journalistic accounts alone tell the story that the two together do. Both cases speak in common to two aspects of fictionality. One is a mode of social differentiation, the sexual and legal categories essential to both cases, but whose actual application was, for different reasons in each, momentarily suspended. It was impossible to decide, for example, whether Evelyn Thaw or Alice or Twain himself, for that matter, should be classified as victim or victimizer, as playing the active or passive role in their respective narratives. The temporary suspension of these categories, I will argue, does not invalidate them or brand them as “fictive,” but rather reveals them as culturally constructed and culturally applied, in Twain’s words “fictions of law and custom” . In both cases, the response to this moment when cultural categories cannot be definitively applied is a process of storytelling—a second aspect of fictionality—that attempts to construct coherent narratives about those suspended “fictions of law and custom.” Although Twain’s “Alice” case opens in 1877, not until it connects with the Thaw trial in 1907 does the full story, as I have just briefly outlined it, emerge. It is precisely that double story that this esay will tell: the story of how Twain’s personal compulsions met up with his culture’s in the act of reporting, representing, interpreting, and finally making its own events mean. Susan Gillman is assistant professor of literature and American studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. This essay is part of a forthcoming book, Dark Twins: Imposture and Identity in Mark Twain’s America. (shrink)