Young children interpret some acts performed by adults as normatively governed, that is, as capable of being performed either rightly or wrongly. In previous experiments, children have made this interpretation when adults introduced them to novel acts with normative language (e.g. ‘this is the way it goes’), along with pedagogical cues signaling culturally important information, and with social-pragmatic marking that this action is a token of a familiar type. In the current experiment, we exposed children to novel actions with no (...) normative language, and we systematically varied pedagogical and social-pragmatic cues in an attempt to identify which of them, if either, would lead children to normative interpretations. We found that young 3-year-old children inferred normativity without any normative language and without any pedagogical cues. The only cue they used was adult socialpragmatic marking of the action as familiar, as if it were a token of a well-known type (as opposed to performing it, as if inventing it on the spot). These results suggest that – in the absence of explicit normative language – young children interpret adult actions as normatively governed based mainly on the intentionality (perhaps signaling conventionality) with which they are performed. (shrink)

The paper proposes a new technique for dealing with multi-attribute decision making problems through an extended TOPSIS method under neutrosophic cubic environment. Neutrosophic cubic set is the generalized form of cubic set and is the hybridization of a neutrosophic set with an interval neutrosophic set. In this study, we have defined some operation rules for neutrosophic cubic sets and proposed the Euclidean distance between neutrosophic cubic sets. In the decision making situation, the rating of alternatives with respect to some (...) predefined attributes are presented in terms of neutrosophic cubic information where weights of the attributes are completely unknown. In the selection process, neutrosophic cubic positive and negative ideal solutions have been defined. An extended TOPSIS method is then proposed for ranking the alternatives and finally choosing the best one. Lastly, an illustrative example is solved to demonstrate the decision making procedure and effectiveness of the developed approach. (shrink)

The Protestant Work Ethic is a powerful force in Western culture with far reaching effects on our values and judgments. While research on PWE as a cultural value is abundant in diverse disciplines, little research has explored how this cultural value facilitates the use of heuristics when evaluating the morality of others. Using both PWE and illusory correlation as foundations, this paper explores whether people attribute positive moral characteristics to others merely based upon a description as hardworking. Three experiments (...) suggest merely being described as hardworking leads to perceptions of greater honesty, a more careful and detailed approach to one’s work, accompanied by a lesser likelihood of engaging in cheating behavior and a greater likelihood of accountability. These results have implications regarding the detection of deviant/fraudulent behavior. (shrink)

Bipolar neutrosophic sets are the extension of neutrosophic sets and are based on the idea of positive and negative preferences of information. Projection measure is a useful apparatus for modelling real life decision making problems. In the paper, we define projection, bidirectional projection and hybrid projection measures between bipolar neutrosophic sets. Three new methods based on the proposed projection measures are developed for solving multi-attribute decision making problems. In the solution process, the ratings of performance values of the alternatives (...) with respect to the attributes are expressed in terms of bipolar neutrosophic values. We calculate projection, bidirectional projection, and hybrid projection measures between each alternative and ideal alternative with bipolar neutrosophic information. All the alternatives are ranked to identify the best alternative. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the developed methods. Comparison analysis with the existing methods in the literature in bipolar neutrosophic environment is also performed. (shrink)

This study aims to identify various meanings of the expression (name) “dignity”, with particular emphasis on the meanings of this expression as it appears in the text of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The meaning of the name “dignity” is the concept of dignity; in turn, the different concepts of dignity encompass dignity of particular types. Twelve different meanings of the expression “dignity” are indicated – twelve different concepts of dignity, and thus twelve types of dignity. Half of (...) them are meanings (concepts) that recognize dignity as something belonging to a human being as a subject of law. They were considered in the essay Godność jako właściwość osoby. Typy godności – propozycja systematyzacji [Dignity as a Quality of Person – a Proposed Systematisation]. This group of meanings includes three concepts of dignity which recognize dignity as something constitutive of being a person: (1) inherent dignity of the person, (2) dignity established by qualities specific to a thinking being, and (3) dignity as a historically emergent social status of all human beings. The second group of meanings, treating dignity as something with which the human being (the person) is endowed, includes concepts which encompass (4) personal dignity (honour and good reputation), (5) dignity as moral excellence, and (6) dignity as appropriateness of attitude or behaviour. -/- Dignity as an attribute of collective entities and dignity as an institutionally grounded attribute are a subject of this paper. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland speaks of (1) the dignity of the Nation, (2) the dignity of office or function, and (3) public dignity. The expression “the dignity of the Nation” can be understood in four different ways: (i) analogously to the understanding of dignity of the person, (ii) of personal dignity, (iii) of dignity as moral excellence, and (iv) of dignity as appropriateness of attitude or behaviour. The expression “dignity” when designating something institutionally grounded can designate (4) the dignity of social roles, (5) the dignity of a profession, and – specifically to the Polish language – (6) dignity meaning a surname. -/- The author argues that it is unacceptable to ascribe different concepts of dignity to the expression “dignity” appearing in a specific legal provision. (shrink)

In the Ethics, Spinoza advances two apparently irreconcilable construals of will [voluntas]. Initially, he presents will as a shorthand way of referring to the volitions that all ideas involve, namely affirmations and negations. But just a few propositions later, he defines it as striving when it is “related only to the mind” (3p9s). It is difficult to see how these two construals can be reconciled, since to affirm or assent to some content is to adopt an attitude with a cognitive (...) (mind-to-world) direction of fit, while to strive to persevere in one’s being would seem to be to adopt an attitude with a conative (world-to-mind) direction of fit. Attempting to achieve consistency by taking striving under the attribute of thought to consist in affirming only pushes the equivocation problem onto the concept of affirmation (Lin 2019). It would seem, then, that Spinoza equivocates on the concepts of will, affirmation, or perhaps both. I defend the univocity of Spinoza’s accounts of will and affirmation, showing that it comports with established accounts of affirmation in early modern philosophy and yields a clear, uniform account of what it means to strive under the attribute of thought, preserving the systematicity of Spinoza’s account of mind in ways that other interpretations do not. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that Christopher Kutz misapplies his theory of joint action when he attributes shareowners responsibilities on the basis of their intentional participation in the corporations in which they invest. Instead I propose that his theory of joint action should be used to attribute shareowners responsibilities on the basis of their intentional participation in the stock market. If shareholders’ accountability is grounded in their intentional participation in the stock market, then shareholders cannot take responsibility for corporation’s (...) individual actions. Instead they are solely responsible for the benefits they gain from holding shares if these are a result of moral wrongdoing and for this they should be held accountable. (shrink)

All interpretations of the Portland Vase frieze to date have failed to see, much less explain, a crucial figural attribute in the frieze, one that proves to be both explicit and explicatory, and whose location and appearance secures the identification of not one but, indeed, three figures. Furthermore, the attribute lies at the heart of a distinct schema of figural grouping and arrangement which has also gone unheeded in previous treatments of the Portland Vase frieze. By dint of (...) this previously unknown attribute, one can straightforwardly read the opening scene of the frieze using the attributes therein provided, but the opening scene only. To complete the task, a second methodology–that which I laid out in Arion in 1992–is a categorical sine qua non. One can, as I have already shown, successfully navigate the entire frieze using the second methodology alone but, as so many others have shown, not contrariwise. These new findings–the attribute and figural plan–are clear proof that the artistic vision of the Portland Vase was purposefully executed in a two-part program. (shrink)

Community detection is one of the key research directions in complex network studies. We propose a community detection algorithm based on a density peak clustering model and multiple attribute decision-making strategy, TOPSIS. First, the two-dimensional dataset, which is transformed from the network by taking the density and distance as the attributes of nodes, is clustered by using the DBSCAN algorithm, and outliers are determined and taken as the key nodes. Then, the initial community frameworks are formed and expanded by (...) adding the most similar node of the community as its new member. In this process, we use TOPSIS to cohesively integrate four kinds of similarities to calculate an index, and use it as a criterion to select the most similar node. Then, we allocate the nonkey nodes that are not covered in the expanded communities. Finally, some communities are merged to obtain a stable partition in two ways. This paper designs some experiments for the algorithm on some real networks and some synthetic networks, and the proposed method is compared with some popular algorithms. The experimental results testify for the effectiveness and show the accuracy of our algorithm. (shrink)

유가사상의 ‘禮’의 의미는 넓다. 먼저 제도적 ‘예’의 목적이 되는 ‘질서’라는 개념도 ‘예’ 이며, 이 제도를 구체적으로 실현하는 하위 범주도 ‘예’이다. 공동체 구성원의 임무를 정해 놓은 것, 그 임무를 수행하는 것과 관련되는 여러 기물과 구체적 행위에 대한 지침도 ‘예’ 이다. 이러한 모든 것을 총괄하는 ‘체제’도 가장 상위범주로서의 ‘예’의 의미를 가진다. 이 러한 ‘예’의 배경이 되는 ‘이념’이 ｢樂記｣의 ‘天理’이다. ‘예’의 실천주체인 체제 구성원에게 는, ‘예’라는 제도 속 역할과 임무가 주어진다. 이 역할과 임무는 신분관계에 따라 다르게 ‘예’ 속에 정해진다. 공동체 질서는 그 구성원이 (...) 각자 자신의 역할과 임무에 충실하고 다른 지위를 침월하지 않음으로써 유지된다. 그런데, 이러한 ‘다름’의 질서만을 강조하면, 구성 원의 마음이 소통되기가 어려워 소원해진다. 이 점을 보완하기 위한 정신인 ‘樂’이 요청된 다. ‘악’은 누구나 듣고 공감하는 음악의 정신이다. 공감하는 ‘악’의 속성은 같음이다. 이 ‘같음’은 무조건적 동일성이 아닌, ‘다름’ 속의 ‘조화’를 말한다. 이러한 ‘예’와 ‘악’은 서로 를 필요로 하는 상관성을 가진다. ｢악기｣는 이 질서의 ‘예’의 정신에 대비되는 조화의 ‘악’ 의 정신을 구현하는 원리를 묘사한 문헌이다. ‘악’의 정신을 구체화한 것이 곧 음악과 춤 등이 융합된 종합예술이다. 이러한 것은 작품과 공연으로 표현되며, 이는 ‘예’의 정신에 상 응하는 것이어야 한다. ｢악기｣는, ‘인심’이 ‘물’에 ‘감동’하여 생기는 소리인 ‘聲’에서 시작 하여, 그것이 하모니를 이룬 음악인 ‘音’, 나아가 이 ‘음’에 따라 이루어지는 춤 등의 공연 예술까지 포함한 ‘樂’에 이르기까지 철학적으로 설명한다. 이 과정에서 ‘예’에 어긋나는 ‘악’에 이르게 되는 원인을 음악의 주체인 ‘人心’이 ‘천리’에 따르지 않고 ‘人欲’에 따르기 때문이라고 한다. ‘인심’이 ‘천리’에 따르면 ‘예’에 어긋나지 않는 도덕적인 ‘악’을 만들어, ‘예’와 ‘악’이 서로 상응하게 된다. 이는 ‘인심’이 음악적 주체에서 도덕적 주체를 거쳐 정치적 주체임을 말함이다. 이처럼 ｢악기｣의 ‘악’은 순수 예술적 차원을 넘어 정치성을 띠는 데, 이 점은 이 문헌이 단순한 음악에 관한 예술철학이나 미학만의 의미에 머물지 않음을 말함이다. 전통사회에서 ‘악’의 역할은 한 왕조의 체제 이념이 반영된 ‘예’의 총체로서의 그 체제를 찬양 미화하는 정치적 의미를 지닌다. (shrink)

“Parting is such sweet sorrow.” Taste metaphors provide a rich vocabulary for describing emotional experience, potentially serving as an adaptive mechanism for conveying abstract emotional concepts using concrete verbal references to our shared experience. We theorized that the popularity of these expressions results from the close association with hedonic valence shared by these two domains of experience. To explore the possibility that this affective quality underlies the semantic similarity of these domains, we used a behavioral “odd-one-out” task in an online (...) sample of 1059 participants in order to examine the semantic similarity of concepts related to emotion, taste, and color, another rich source of sensory metaphors. We found that the semantic similarity of emotion and taste concepts was greater than that of emotion and color concepts. Importantly, the similarity of taste and emotion concepts was strongly related to their similarity in hedonic valence, a relationship which was also significantly greater than that present between color and emotion. These results suggest that the common core of valence between taste and emotion concepts allows us to bridge the conceptual divide between our shared sensory environment and our internal emotional experience. (shrink)

Four experiments investigate the folk concept of “understanding,” in particular when and why it is deployed differently from the concept of knowledge. We argue for the positions that people have higher demands with respect to explanatory depth when it comes to attributing understanding, and that this is true, in part, because understanding attributions play a functional role in identifying experts who should be heeded with respect to the general field in question. These claims are supported by our findings that people (...) differentially withhold attributions of understanding when the object of attribution has minimal explanatory information. We also show that this tendency significantly correlates with people’s willingness to defer to others as potential experts. This work bears on a pressing issue in epistemology concerning the place and value of understanding. Our results also provide reason against positing a simple equation of knowledge and understanding. We contend that, because deference plays a crucial role in many aspects of everyday reasoning, the fact that we use understanding attributions to demarcate experts reveals a potential mechanism for achieving our epistemic aims in many domains. (shrink)

Physicalists are committed to the determination without remainder of the psychological by the physical, but are they committed to this determination being a priori? This paper distinguishes this question understood de dicto from this question understood de re, argues that understood de re the answer is yes in a way that leaves open the answer to the question understood de dicto.