Ce volume présente une nouvelle édition et la première traduction dans une langue moderne du Lexique platonicien de Timée le Sophiste. Il présente également une histoire, riche de nouveaux matériaux, de la lexicographie platonicienne ancienne. Le texte est préfacé d’une longue introduction de Jonathan Barnes. This book contains a new edition of the Greek text of the Lexicon to Plato by Timaeus the Sophist. There is a rich commentary, and a French translation―the first translation of the work into a modern (...) language. The text is prefaced by a long introduction, by Jonathan Barnes. (shrink)

Dans cet article j’analyse quelques extraits de la traduction latine du De anima d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise, faite par Girolamo Donato (1457-1511), noble vénitien, ambassadeur de la Serenissima auprès de plusieurs cours en Italie et en Europe, homme de lettres ami de Poliziano, Marsilio Ficino et Aldo Manuzio. En comparant les extraits avec l’original grec, le but est d’en vérifier la valeur : la fidélité du latin au grec, la compréhension générale du contenu et, en l’occurrence, la possibilité de rendre plus clairs (...) certains passages obscurs du texte d’Alexandre. (shrink)

Dans cet article j’analyse quelques extraits de la traduction latine du De anima d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise, faite par Girolamo Donato (1457-1511), noble vénitien, ambassadeur de la Serenissima auprès de plusieurs cours en Italie et en Europe, homme de lettres ami de Poliziano, Marsilio Ficino et Aldo Manuzio. En comparant les extraits avec l’original grec, le but est d’en vérifier la valeur : la fidélité du latin au grec, la compréhension générale du contenu et, en l’occurrence, la possibilité de rendre plus clairs (...) certains passages obscurs du texte d’Alexandre. (shrink)

Dans le commentaire d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise sur la Métaphysique d’Aristote, nous trouvons plusieurs passages concernant « les intermédiaires » (τὰ μεταξύ). Dans cet article, j’en considérerai quelques-uns, tirés des commentaires sur les livres Alpha (6, 987b14-18) et Beta (2, 997a34-b3 ; 997b25-28 ; 998a7-9), car dans ces passages on ne trouve pas une simple paraphrase de ce qu’Aristote dit (comme c’est fréquent chez Alexandre), mais une prise de position qui me semble fort originale. À partir de cette analyse, nous trouverons une (...) confirmation de ce que l’on dit souvent, à savoir qu’Alexandre ne s’intéresse pas aux philosophes (passés et contemporains) en tant que tels, mais seulement en tant qu’objets de considération, souvent polémique, d’Aristote et des aristotéliciens « purs et durs » comme lui. On trouvera aussi une autre confirmation, à savoir qu’Alexandre essaye toujours et à tout prix d’expliquer systématiquement Aristote, même lorsque les thèses aristotéliciennes ne paraissent pas cohérentes ou bien harmonisées entre elles. D’ailleurs, il faudra constater aussi que les passages du commentaire d’Alexandre que l’on analysera ont le mérite de souligner et d’expliquer clairement les difficultés sérieuses que nous rencontrons lorsque nous réfléchissons sur les μεταξύ des Platoniciens : la difficulté de concevoir leur rapport avec la réalité sensible si on les considère comme les objets de certaines sciences mathématiques ; la difficulté de considérer leur existence si on les conçoit comme des objets immanents au réel. (shrink)

Porphyry’s Expositio per interrogationem et responsionem can help us to understand some obscure passages of chapter seven of Aristotle’s Categories, focused on the relative. The Porphyrian analysis of πρός τι presents indeed developments which are both useful for the understanding of the Aristotelian text and very innovative too. First, we can mention the general Porphyrian thesis according to which categories are predicates. This theory fits very well with πρός τι, which are predicates corresponding to properties that subjects only possess because (...) of an observed reciprocal relationship. This brings us to the second novelty of Porphyry’s analysis, really important for modern developments of the notion of relation, namely the difference between σχέσις and πρός τι, which depends on it. Finally, we will mention the important Porphyry’s contribution to the understanding of a particularly obscure issue concerning the relationship between the two definitions of πρός τι that Aristotle provides. Porphyry points out the Platonic origin of the first definition, without dismissing it though: instead, he will just consider it too vast and encompassing the true πρός τι, object of the second definition. (shrink)

Les études recueillies dans cet ouvrage collectif sont issues, dans leur grande majorité, de communications et de débats dans le cadre du séminaire du « Centre Léon Robin de Recherches sur la Pensée Antique » (UMR 8061, Université de Paris IV-Sorbonne, CNRS et ENS), consacré, pendant les années 2005-2007, à la Physique et la Métaphysique chez Aristote. Les contributions, rédigées ou traduites en français, sont soigneusement struc­turées et caractérisées par une argumentation claire et approf...

Recensione a Maddalena Bonelli (a cura di). (2020) Filosofe Maestre Imperatrici. Per un nuovo canone della storia della filosofia antica. Roma, Edizioni di Storia e letteratura.

Proprioception is a crucial sensory modality involved in the control and regulation of coordinated movements and in motor learning. However, the extent to which proprioceptive acuity is influenced by local muscle fatigue is obscured by methodological differences in proprioceptive and fatiguing protocols. In this study, we used high resolution kinematic measurements provided by a robotic device, as well as both frequency and time domain analysis of signals captured via surface electromyography (sEMG) to examine the effects of local muscle fatigue on (...) wrist proprioceptive acuity in 16 physically and neurologically healthy young adults. To this end, participants performed a flexion/extension ipsilateral joint position matching test (JPM), after which a high-resistive robotic task was used to induce muscle fatigue of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle. The JPM test was then repeated in order to analyze potential changes in proprioceptive acuity. Results indicated that the fatigue protocol had a significant effect on movements performed in flexion direction, with participants exhibiting a tendency to undershoot the target before the fatigue protocol (-1.218°), but overshooting after the fatigue protocol (0.587°). In contrast, in the extension direction error bias values were similar before and after the fatigue protocol as expected (pre = -1.852°, post = -1.237°) and reflected a tendency to undershoot the target. Moreover, statistical analysis indicated that movement variability was not influenced by the fatigue protocol or movement direction. In sum, results of the present study demonstrate that an individual’s estimation of wrist joint displacement (i.e., error bias), but not precision (i.e., variability), is affected by muscular fatigue in a sample of neurologically and physically healthy adults. (shrink)

Medical imaging is predominantly a visual field. In this context, prenatal ultrasound images assume intense social, ethical, and psychological significance by virtue of the subject they represent: the fetus. This feature, along with the sophistication introduced by three-dimensional ultrasound imaging that allows improved visualization of the fetus, has contributed to the common impression that prenatal ultrasound scans are like photographs of the fetus. In this article we discuss the consistency of such a comparison. First, we investigate the epistemic role of (...) both analogic and digital photographic images as visual information-providing representations holding a high degree of objectivity. Second, we examine the structure and process of production of ultrasound scans and argue that a comparison between two-dimensional ultrasound and photography is justified. This is in contrast to 3D ultrasound images that, due to the intensive mathematical processing involved in their production, present some structural issues that obfuscate their ontological and epistemic status. (shrink)

The Italian Pragmatists were a group of philosophers in the early 20th century. They gathered around the journal _Leonardo_, which was published in Florence. This volume emphasizes what they all shared, as well as their value for philosophy and culture.

This essay examines the sanitary policies for the protection of overseas communities that Italian fascism employed during the empire. From 1935–1936, the vast scale of the Ethiopian campaign, as well as intensive colonisation programmes, gave new political visibility to the issue of safeguarding Italian settlers from the risks of the tropical climate. In this period, the problem of how Italians could adapt to overseas environments moved beyond the boundaries of scientific discussion to become a major concern of colonial rule. Analysing (...) both the medical literature and archival sources, this essay examines the concepts and practices that underpinned the fascist project for the “reclamation” of the empire: from the intensification of hygienic propaganda, to the redefinition of the medical-geographical boundaries of tropical risk, and to the expansion of social security benefits, which were extended to harms caused by tropical diseases. Finally, it investigates how the notion of acclimatisation was transformed within the context of the regime's imperial ideology, showing how the conception of the tropics as a pathogenic space remained widespread, fuelled by the regime's organicistic vision and its concerns for upholding the racial prestige of Italians in the colony. (shrink)

This paper wishes to clarify the definitions of the central terms relating to assessment. It argues that all assessment begins with summative assessment and that formative assessment is in fact summative assessment plus feedback which is used by the learner.

This paper wishes to clarify the definitions of the central terms relating to assessment. It argues that all assessment begins with summative assessment (which is a judgement) and that formative assessment is in fact summative assessment plus feedback which is used by the learner.

Au sein de la production de Cesare Lombroso, La Femme criminelle, ouvrage consacré à la criminalité féminine qu’il publie avec Guglielmo Ferrero en 1893, marque le moment où le criminaliste italien intègre de façon systématique l’univers animal dans ses explications de la déviance. Il mobilise alors une théorie générale de l’évolution centrée sur la féminité. L’article interroge le fonctionnement de ce dispositif sur le plan théorique et via un exemple précis : les brigandes. Il suggère que les stratégies textuelles et (...) visuelles de représentation, notamment de virilisation dont ces femmes font l’objet sont étroitement liées à la théorie de la « supériorité primitive de la femelle » et de l’indistinction entre les sexes chez les espèces animales « inférieures ». Paradoxalement, l’atavisme des criminelles les rapproche donc des qualités des hommes, en reprenant de façon perverse le chemin évolutif que la « femme normale », « homme arrêté dans son développement », a interrompu. (shrink)

La diversificación de prácticas y estrategias laborales y organizativas suscitadas en Argentina en las últimas dos décadas ha puesto en evidencia la dificultad de asir la complejidad que las caracteriza con las categorías clásicas de observación y análisis utilizadas por la sociología del trabajo y las relaciones laborales. Esta dificultad tiene a su vez un correlato en el ámbito de las políticas públicas, lo cual conlleva diversos obstáculos al momento de regular y garantizar derechos y protecciones para los/as trabajadores/as no (...) asalariados/as, así como el marco de organización y negociación de sus condiciones laborales. Ante ello, este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las características que adquieren las relaciones laborales en las organizaciones de trabajadores/as asociados/as y autogestionados/as (no asalariados/as) a partir de la experiencia del caso argentino en el período 2003-2018. El recorte propuesto retoma diversos aspectos que hacen al campo de las relaciones laborales, como la seguridad social y el acceso a protecciones, las formas de gestión y organización del trabajo y las modalidades de representación y negociación colectiva. Se propone que el abordaje de las relaciones laborales en este sector requiere tener en cuenta dos dimensiones imbricadas. La primera —una dimensión normativa— refiere al análisis de las normas y regulaciones formales que delimitan el accionar de estas organizaciones. La segunda —una dimensión sociocultural— se refiere a las modalidades organizativas en términos políticos, sociales y productivos adoptadas por las organizaciones. Las reflexiones aquí presentadas se basan en observaciones y análisis realizados a partir de trabajos propios de investigación, vinculación y transferencia llevados a cabo con organizaciones asociativas. Asimismo, se ha recurrido a la técnica de análisis documental para la revisión bibliográfica de investigaciones realizadas en el campo temático de nuestro interés. (shrink)

We analyze the role of ethical values in the determination of the social cost of carbon, arguing that the familiar debate about discounting is too narrow. Other ethical issues are equally important to computing the social cost of carbon, and we highlight inequality, risk, and population ethics. Although the usual approach, in the economics of cost-benefit analysis for climate policy, is confined to a utilitarian axiology, the methodology of the social cost of carbon is rather flexible and can be expanded (...) to a broader set of social-welfare approaches. [Open access]. (shrink)

In everyday reasoning - just as in science and art - knowledge is acquired more by "doing" than with long analyses. What do we "do" when we discover something new? How can we define and explore the pattern of this reasoning, traditionally called "synthetic"? Following in the steps of classic pragmatists, especially C.S. Pierce, Giovanni Maddalena's Philosophy of Gesture revolutionizes the pattern of synthesis through the ideas of change and continuity and proposes "gesture" as a new tool for synthesis. (...) Defining gesture as an action with a beginning and an end that carries on a meaning, Maddalena explains that it is a dense blending of all kinds of phenomena - feelings and vague ideas, actual actions, habits of actions - and of signs - icons, indexes, and symbols. When the blending of phenomena and signs is densest, the gesture is "complete," and its power of introducing something new in knowledge is at its highest level. Examples of complete gestures are religious liturgies, public and private rites, public and private actions that establish an identity, artistic performances, and hypothesizing experiments. A departure from a traditional Kantian framework for understanding the nature and function of reason, The Philosophy of Gesture proposes an approach that is more attuned with our ordinary way of reasoning and of apprehending new knowledge. (shrink)

The logic of proofs is a refinement of modal logic introduced by Artemov in 1995 in which the modality ◻A is revisited as ⟦t⟧A where t is an expression that bears witness to the validity of A. It enjoys arithmetical soundness and completeness and is capable of reflecting its own proofs . We develop the Hypothetical Logic of Proofs, a reformulation of LP based on judgemental reasoning.

Roberto Frega & Giovanni Maddelena – Can you recollect what the situation was concerning the study of pragmatism when you were in college? Richard J. Bernstein – I was an undergraduate at the University of Chicago from 1949 to 1951. At the time the “Hutchins College” was an unusual institution. The entire curriculum was fixed and it was organized around reading many of the great books of the Western tradition. From the time I arrived, I was reading Plato, Aristotle, Galileo, (...) Darwin, Herodotus... (shrink)

Balthazar-Georges Sage (1740–1824), a chemist, mineralogist, and the founder of the École Royale des Mines (1783), owned two mineral collections: a mineralogy collection used for his research and teaching, which later became the property of the École Royale itself; and a private cabinet of objets d'art, consisting largely of artistically worked mineral objects. Although created for different purposes, Sage valued both for their utility and their aesthetics. This paper explores the dual character of the collections by presenting Sage as a (...) man of science and an art lover. It argues that his lifelong concern with aesthetics was the underlying link between the two collections, his teaching practices, and his aim in founding of the École Royale des Mines to improve France's mining industry. Through aesthetics, Sage sought to build a coherent whole, which he referred to as a “national monument,” consisting of the collections, the school, and his work as a teacher and a mineralogist. In the years leading up to the French Revolution, the collections—a central part within this coherent whole—were the key element in establishing the social identity of the new institution as well as that of Sage himself. In the context of political upheaval, the social, economic, and aesthetic value of the collections became tied to the political aims of the republic, in particular, its interest in building the new nation through its heritage as conserved in its national monuments: the new republican museums. Sage used the term museum to define both collections: this analysis of their relationship and the different functions he attributed to them reveals how profoundly collecting practices were changing in revolutionary and post-revolutionary France. (shrink)

Odour-sound correspondences provide some of the most fascinating and intriguing examples of crossmodal associations, in part, because it is unclear from where exactly they originate. Although frequently used as similes, or figures of speech, in both literature and poetry, such smell-sound correspondences have recently started to attract the attention of experimental researchers too. To date, the findings clearly demonstrate that the majority of non-synaesthetic individuals associate orthonasally-presented odours with various different sound properties, e.g., pitch, instrument type, and timbre, in a (...) non-random manner. What is more, these auditory-olfactory associations exhibit a number of features that are common to other crossmodal associations, such as their consistency over time, and their bidirectionality. However, the psychological mechanism underpinning these associations in the general population remain unclear, with a number of distinct hypotheses having been put forward over the years. In this chapter, we consider auditory-olfactory associations in art and science, focusing on poetry, music composition, and performance. First, we provide examples of the use of auditory-olfactory synaesthetic metaphors in poetry, from William Shakespeare through to Romanticism, illustrating how crossmodal associations have appeared in literature for centuries. Then, we move on to focus on music composition and performance, describing a number of examples where auditory stimuli have been purposely matched with crossmodally corresponding olfactory and/or visual stimuli. Considering the scientific study of smell-sound correspondences, we review the key psychophysical studies demonstrating that, beyond the artistic context, robust and non-random crossmodal associations are also triggered in the majority of the general population. We discuss a number of hypotheses that have been put forward over the years to account for such associations, focusing on the idea that certain correspondences between olfactory and auditory stimuli are mediated by the emotional character of the component stimuli. (shrink)

In this paper I propose to read and understand gestures as logical tools within a synthetic paradigm of knowledge. This interpretation of gesture is drawn from a new pragmatist reading of reasoning in general, and synthetic reasoning in particular. Complete gestures are actions with a beginning and an end that bear a meaning. It is our regular way to embody vague ideas into singular actions with general meaning. The tool is forged by a dense blending of icons, indices, and symbols (...) and by a complexity of phenomenological characteristics as feelings, actual actions, general concepts and habits. The paper illustrates this new way to look at gestures and different kinds of complete and incomplete gestures. (shrink)

This article describes a qualitative study of models of ethics consultation used by ethics consultants in Canada. We found four different models used by Canadian ethics consultants whom we interviewed, and one sub-variant. We describe the lone ethics consultant model, the hub-and-spokes sub-variant of this model; the ethics committee model; the capacity-building model; and the facilitated model. Previous empirical studies of ethics consultation describe only two or three of these models.