This article argues that Matthew Lipman’s Philosophy for Children Program is based on a liberal conception of the relationship between education and society--a conception from which the idealist and non-critical character of his pedagogy derives. In order to demonstrate this, a short characterization of this conception is initially presented, emphasizing the equalizing and “redeeming” social mission that it entrusts to the schools. Afterwards, it briefly describes some of the main aspects of Lipman’s program, then explains the way in which it (...) incorporates the liberal doctrine of the “redeeming” school. Finally, it discusses some of the political and ideological implications that follow from this incorporation. It is important to clarify that the reflection here presented does not refer to any of the actual practices of philosophy with children, but to Lipman’s own position, which is developed in two of his most important works, Philosophy Goes to School and Thinking in Education. (shrink)

The private sector plays an active role in implementation of mechanisms concerning the mitigation of climate change. In spite of that, the corporate actors play a limited direct role in international arenas when it comes to negotiating the design of climate and energy regime. The climate and energy governance in the United Nations system remains mostly state-centric, but the active participation of corporate actors in negotiation of climate and energy regimes is essential to increase the effectiveness of their governance. Business (...) is not just a subject of a regulatory climate and energy imposed by the state; rather, business is an intrinsic part of the fabric of climate and energy governance, as “rule-maker,” particularly in the many voluntary regimes. However, the architecture in place should guarantee that the private sector does not highjack the decisions and its positions are balanced by other non-governmental actors in the process. This article analyzes the role that the private sector can play in the global climate and energy governance. The private sector does not only play a “rule taker” role in the climate change and energy regime. Indeed, they are not passive observers as they influence through indirect means. The results suggest that the private sector is able to play a key role in global climate and energy governance based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation in global decision-making, but the architecture should be able to balance the goods and bads of private direct influence in international regimes. (shrink)

O presente estudo, levado a efeito em 2012, teve por objetivo investigar as tendências da pesquisa educacional no que se refere aos chamados “distúrbios de aprendizagem”. Por meio da análise de 183 resumos de teses e dissertações que abordaram as dificuldades de aprendizagem, depositadas no banco de teses da CAPES entre 1987 e 2010 e, com base nas contribuições de Williams e Bourdieu, analisamos essas produções, das quais foram coletados os seguintes dados: Quem foram os autores institucionais? Quando se deram (...) as defesas? Como as investigações foram produzidas? Por fim, procuramos recolher dados que pudessem evidenciar se a tendência de imputar o baixo rendimento escolar a pretensos “distúrbios de aprendizagem” prevaleceu durante todo o período investigado ou se a perspectiva crítica, representada pelos estudos de Patto e Collares & Moysés, passou a influir sobre essa produção. Os resultados apontam que, apesar da disseminação da perspectiva contrária à prática de atribuir aos alunos as causas do seu baixo rendimento escolar, ainda prevalece a concepção tradicional, embora a produção com base na perspectiva crítica tenha crescido no período analisado. (shrink)

A experiência hebraica da transcendência é radicalmente diferente do conhecimento, experiência originária para os gregos. Recorrendo a uma exposição sintética do pensamento de Levinas, pretende-se com este texto mostrar que é possível sair da ontologia, pensamento essencialmente grego, e mostrar que o sentido nela originado pode ser superado por um outro cuja origem está para lá do ser. /// L'expérience hebraïque de la transcendance est radicalement différente de la connaissance, expérience originaire pour les Grecs. En recourrant à un exposé synthétique (...) de la pensée de Lévinas, on prétend, par ce texte, montrer qu'il est possible de sortir de l'ontologie, pensée essentiellement grecque, et que le sens qui s'origine en elle peut être dépassé par un autre dont Torigine se trouve par-delà l'être. /// The hebraic experience of transcendence is radically different from knowledge, which is a fundamental experience for the Greek. On the basis of a synthetic explanation of Levinas' thought, this paper puts forward the view that is possible to move away from ontology, an essentially greek way of thinking, stressing that its category of "meaning" can be replaced with advantage by another one whose origin is beyond being, "meaning" can ontology. (shrink)

_Empirical Logic and Public Debate_ supplies a large number of previously unpublished papers that together make up a survey of recent developments in the field of empirical logic. It contains theoretical contributions, some of a more formal and some of an informal nature, as well as numerous contemporary and historical case studies. The book will therefore be attractive both to those who wish to focus upon the theory and practice of discussion, debate, arguing, and argument, as well as to those (...) readers who are primarily interested in applications to a particular field, such as ethics, political philosophy, feminist philosophy, or the history of philosophy. (shrink)

Este articulo analiza el proceso de integración del Mercosur en el que participan Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay y sus efectos sobre la ciudadanía política y social. En la primera parte del mismo los autores examinan los rasgos, el contexto de nacimiento y la filos ofía del proceso de integración mercosureño. La segunda parte analiza la evoluciónde la democracia y de la justicia social durante el proceso de integración. Los autores llegan a la conclusión de que el modelo de integración (...) mercosureño no puede contrarrestar la crisis de la democracia y de la justicia social que tienen lugar especialmente en Argentina y Brasil. (shrink)

Introduction: Empathy is a complex human experience that involves the subjective intersection of different individuals. In the context of nursing care in the geriatric setting, the benefits of empathetic relationships are directly related to the quality of the practice of nursing. Objective: Analyze scientific production on the benefits of empathy in the nurse–patient relationship in the geriatric care setting. Methods: An integrative review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases. The (...) articles retrieved were organized, evaluated, and classified based on the level of scientific evidence. Results: Relationships of empathy between nurses and older people were analyzed in quasi-experimental studies using different assessment tools, the majority of which had moderate levels of validity and reliability. Studies with a qualitative approach discussed the meaning of empathy in terms of the quality of care offered, compassion, and vulnerability. Discussion: Levels of empathy increase when activities are developed with the aim of teaching, sensitization, and training for relational care between nursing staff and older people. The analysis of empathetic relationships is important to the evaluation of the quality of care provided to older people. Conclusion: Empathy in the nurse–patient relationship in the geriatric care setting is an important ethical aspect that contributes to the quality of the practice of nursing. The present findings indicate the need for more robust assessment tools with adequate psychometric properties and the descriptive analysis of empathy. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o conceito de diáspora e as novas linhas de investigação intelectuais abertas a partir do uso crescente do conceito, em especial, na música da diáspora Africana. Faz uma reflexão sobre o legado da filosofia moderna no processo de esvaziamento da possibilidade reflexiva da música negra, bem como, identifica no marcador da diáspora a condição desestabilizadora de absolutismos nacionais da música no Brasil que foram, diferentemente de outros assentamentos africanos da diáspora, ligados a creolização (...) e hibridação, influenciada pela fundamentação de mestiçagem que promoveu uma centralização na figura do “popular” e do “folclórico” das manifestações da música da diáspora africana no Brasil. Nesse contexto informa o “momento” de recepção da ideia de Diáspora Africana e como ela legitima o discurso da música negra no Brasil reagindo aos valores e padrões de um sistema de representações que restringem o acesso às culturas diaspóricas a sua reflexividade. Palavras-chave: África, Diáspora, Música Negra, Relações Raciais, pós-colonialismo. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza el proceso de integración del Mercosur en el que participan Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay y sus efectos sobre la ciudadanía política y social. En la primera parte del mismo los autores examinan los rasgos, el contexto de nacimiento y la filosofía del proceso de integración mercosureño. La segunda parte analiza la evolución de la democracia y de la justicia social durante el proceso de integración. Los autores llegan a la conclusión de que el modelo de integración (...) mercosureño no puede contrarrestar la crisis de la democracia y de la justicia social que tienen lugar especialmente en Argentina y Brasil. (shrink)

A presença de Kant e possível influência na filosofia de Nietzsche é motivo de muita controvérsia. Se em seus primeiros escritos Nietzsche é claramente influenciado por Kant, os textos do período maduro não deixam perceber com clareza o teor do diálogo que neles se estabelece, uma vez que Nietzsche assume uma postura radical contra Kant. Essa postura esconde justamente que, em meio aos rompimentos diante do idealismo transcendental, Nietzsche permanece devedor de Kant. Um aspecto dessa dívida é a noção de (...) ficção regulativa. Pretendemos, assim, mostrar, primeiramente, que a concepção de Nietzsche de que a falsidade de um juízo não constitui uma objeção contra ele é um traço decisivo de seu pensamento antidogmático e, em seguida, defender que esse antidogmatismo tem ascendência na concepção de Kant de princípios regulativos. The presence of Kant and its possible influence in Nietzsche's philosophy is a controversial issue. If in his early writings Nietzsche is clearly influenced by Kant, his mature period texts no longer allow anyone to see clearly the content of the dialog established therein, once Nietzsche assumes a radical view against Kant. This view hides that, regardless the disruptions done in face of the transcendental Idealism, Nietzsche remains debtor to Kant. An aspect of this debt is the notion of regulative fiction. We intend, thus, to show: first, that Nietzsche's conception that the falsity of a judgment does not constitute an objection to itself is a decisive trace of his anti-dogmatic thought and, secondly, to argue that this anti-dogmatism has ascendancy in Kant's conception of regulative principles. (shrink)

Resumo: o artigo apresenta de forma seminal a noção de cartossonografia, um modo de considerar a música por suas regiões sonoras. Para tanto, tenta estabelecer uma relação de proximidade entre Nietzsche e Debussy. Do filósofo, procura compreender a ideia de um Sul da música, enquanto do compositor se investiga as formas pelas quais ele estabeleceu um novo caminho para a música numa busca por sonoridades francesas. Além disso, ambos têm em comum um percurso que vai da adesão ao rompimento com (...) Wagner.: The article presents, in a seminal way, the notion of a cartsonography, amannerof considering music by its sonorous regions. For this purpose, it intends to establish a relationship of proximity between Nietzsche and Debussy. Regarding the philosopher, it seeks to comprehend the idea of a South in music, and regarding the composer, in turn, it investigates the ways in which he laid down a new direction for music in a search for French sonorities. Furthermore, both have in common a route that leads from adherence to rupture with Wagner. (shrink)

This text examines the tensions and the dissonances in the relation between religion and public sphere in contemporary Brazil. Based on a Sociology and on an Anthropology of the phenomena of secularization and secularity, the purpose is to demonstrate the “porosity” of the Brazilian public/political system with the religious milieu. By applying a socio-historical perspective, the work attempts to understand how the boundaries between religion and politics were precariously constructed throughout the constitution of our State in Brazil, without ever having (...) been institutionally well-delimited. This vacuum, which generated concessions on the part of the State to major Christian religions, guaranteed public legitimacy to their religious symbols in official state spaces, which are, in principle, neutral and secular. However, the 1988 Constitution represented the influx of modern and secular legislation that legitimized subjects of rights such as women, black people, indigenous peoples, LGBTs, environmentalists, etc. Given that background, this reflection aims at contributing to the interpretation of the complexity involved in the multiple and contradictory presence – in the public sphere – of both major Christian religions – which are based on an agenda of conservative religious values – and liberal and libertarian projects organized by segments of civil society and public agents, which generate tensions and dissonances. To understand this reality – as a mosaic of interactions and antagonisms –, we work with the notion of “pluri-confessionality” of Mexican sociologist Roberto Blancarte and also with the notions of secularity of “recognition” and of “integration” of French political scientist Philippe Portier. Hence, we attempt to reach theoretically and empirically a broader and nuanced understanding of our public-political system in the relation with the religious dimension. (shrink)

Com este texto pretende-se mostrar duas coisas: que a última justificação da Ética Empresarial está na dignidade da pessoa e que. pelo facto de na acção empresarial estarem presentes outros valores além dos morais. isto nào significa que estes deixem de marcar esse agir. /// This essay has a twofold purpose. It aims at showing that the fundamental justification of Business Ethics is based on the person's dignity, and that the fact that in the managerial activity other values of a (...) different nature are present, this doesn't mean that the ethical ones are unable to strongly influence that activity. (shrink)

Neste artigo discute-se a relação entre turismo, fé e religião em torno dos santuários, a partir de três vivências etnográficas revisitadas em forma de flashes multissituados, com revisão bibliográfica parcial. O santuário, em sentido lato, abarca um núcleo central e uma extensa franja, espaciais e simbólicos. Entre o centro e a periferia estendem-se gradações, continuidades e descontinuidades. O santuário, desta forma, é compreendido neste artigo mais por suas sombras e simulacros do que por sua luminosa presença e esplendor, mais pela (...) periferia do que pela centralidade. A questão proposta aqui remete aos espaços intermediários onde religião e turismo se esbarram, se misturam e se contrapõem. Foram três os espaços estudados a partir da metodologia etnográfica, Aparecida, Canção Nova e Ashram-Vrajabhumi. O presente texto defende, portanto, que as franjas dos santuários permitem a reverberação de identidades ambíguas e oscilantes entre uma integridade-unicidade e uma não-integridade/não-unicidade. (shrink)

This paper is about the relationship between leadership, organisational morals, and temporality. We argue that engaging with questions of time and temporality may help us overcome the overly agentic view of organisational morals and leadership ethics that dominates extant literature. Our analysis of the role of time in organizational morals and leadership ethics starts from a virtue-based approach to leading large-scale moral endeavours. We ask: how can we account for organizational morality across generations and independently of the leader? To address (...) this question, we studied the leadership model of the Jesuits, a Catholic Religious Order. Our case reveals that a virtue-based model of leadership does not necessarily imply that those who are selected to lead the organization are themselves virtuous, but that the processes underpinning the exercise of leadership are cyclical and repeated as truthfully as possible. Virtuous leadership, for the Jesuits, is therefore about the construction of an ideal type of leadership against which the processes which sustain it were designed. Our theoretical contribution is twofold. First, we propose an habitual understanding of moral forms of leadership, in which the procedural is constitutive of moral forms of organising; second, we explain how “timelessness”, understood as the quality of not changing as years go by, allowed the Jesuits to centre the processes which sustain their ethical model on the repetition, across space and time, of said processes, rather than on their outcome. We conclude that the search for virtue might be more relevant for large-scale moral endeavours than virtue itself. (shrink)

Music can reduce stress and anxiety, enhance positive mood, and facilitate social bonding. However, little is known about the role of music and related personal or cultural variables in maintaining wellbeing during times of stress and social isolation as imposed by the COVID-19 crisis. In an online questionnaire, administered in 11 countries, participants rated the relevance of wellbeing goals during the pandemic, and the effectiveness of different activities in obtaining these goals. Music was found to be the most effective activity (...) for three out of five wellbeing goals: enjoyment, venting negative emotions, and self-connection. For diversion, music was equally good as entertainment, while it was second best to create a sense of togetherness, after socialization. This result was evident across different countries and gender, with minor effects of age on specific goals, and a clear effect of the importance of music in people's lives. Cultural effects were generally small and surfaced mainly in the use of music to obtain a sense of togetherness. Interestingly, culture moderated the use of negatively valenced and nostalgic music for those higher in distress. (shrink)

O chamado fenómeno emocional encontra-se presente no domínio da Humanização em Saúde, onde há uma relação entre os valores e a sua fenomenologia, que é fundamental para a humanização. Na humanização aparece a relação entre as ideais clínicas, e não só, com os seus e outros valores.

The rapid increase of industry-sponsored clinical research towards developing countries has led to potentially complex ethical issues to assess. There is scarce evidence about the perception of these participants about the ethical compliance, security, and protection. We sought to evaluate and contrast the awareness and perception of participants and non-participants of industry-sponsored research trials on ethical, safety, and protection topics. A Cases-control survey conducted at twelve research sites in México. Previous and current participants of ISRT as well as non-participants with (...) one of four chronic diseases, were asked to complete the survey which focused on ethical compliance and protection issues of ISRT, and the perception of participating in a trial. A total of 604 cases and 604 controls were surveyed. Cases significantly answered that ethics committees are aware of what is happening in studies, and that medical care of industry-sponsored research trials is better than their usual medical care. The same proportion of cases and controls thought patients must receive economical reimbursement for participating in a research study. The informed consent of the pharmaceutical clinical trial was fully read by 90.4% of the cases. Most cases were satisfied or very satisfied with their overall study participation. Previous and current participants of industry-sponsored research trials have a more positive attitude towards ethics committees, the quality of medical care of the research trials, and the main purpose of economical reimbursements, when compared to non-participants. (shrink)

Objetivamos, neste artigo, refletir sobre a constituição dialógica do romance contemporâneo português, retomando, para isso, as contribuições de M. Bakhtin sobre esse gênero literário. Bakhtin enfatiza, nos seus estudos, o discurso bivocal de orientação vária, as interações complexas entre diferentes pontos de vista num mesmo enunciado, que elevariam a um mais alto grau o dialogismo do romance. O romance atual diversifica as formas de transmissão do discurso de outrem, embaralhando as vozes das personagens e exigindo atenção redobrada do leitor para (...) a instituição do sentido. Exemplificamos essa tendência por meio da análise do romance Levantado do chão, do consagrado autor português José Saramago.This article aims to reflect upon the dialogic constitution of the contemporary Portuguese novel using as basis for the analysis Mikhail Bakhtin's contributions on this literary genre. Bakhtin emphasizes, in his studies, the double-voiced discourse of varied orientation, the complex interactions between⁄among different points of view in one utterance that could elevate the dialogism in the novel to a higher degree. The contemporary novel diversifies the forms of transmission of the discourse of the other, shuffling the characters' voices, demanding redoubled attention on the part of the reader to the construction of meaning. To exemplify this tendency, the novel Raised from the ground, by José Saramago, an acclaimed contemporary Portuguese writer, has been used. (shrink)