In his widely read earlier dissertation, "Treasury of names and poetic language," the author explained that the structural form of the two-part Germanic first name dates back to a distant Indo-German past. Thus, the Germanic examples (of the type "Wolfram," which means "wolf raven") emerge from composed designations of men in epic poetry, that is, from the poetic vocabulary for princes and warriors. He argues that the same is probably true for a much earlier treasury of names (one that goes (...) back to the 2nd millennium B.C.) as a specific legacy from the Indo-Aryan war chariot culture. From there, it went on to be disseminated to the rest of Indo-Germania, including the Celts and the Germanic peoples. In his new book, the author subjects his theory to testing, revision, and extension. Thus, the volume will be an indispensable resource for name researchers as well as academic experts in medieval and Nordic literature, and for students of the social history of the medieval world. (shrink)

Seit vielen Jahren bemüht sich der Freiburger Historiker Gottfried Schramm als ex principio zur Geschichte umgeschwenkter Linguist auf einem selten besuchten Arbeitsfeld, indem er systematisch nachzuprüfen versucht, ob und inwieweit philologische Analyse von Namen- und sonstigem Wortgut aus verschiedenen Zeiten und Regionen zu historisch relevanten Schlüssen gelangen läßt. Eine stattliche Reihe von Monographien (zu antiken und mittelalterlichen Flußnamen Südrußlands, zur südosteuropäischen Geschichte bis etwa das Jahr 1000, zur Frühgeschichte der Albanier und Slawen) ist jetzt um einen weiteren Band (...) ergänzt worden, wo der Verf. seine früheren Studien zum historischen „Wunder“ Altrußland (S. 132) gesammelt, vervollkommnet und weitergeführt hat. Altrußland wird als ein einmaliges Staatsgebilde dargestellt, das aus Fernhandelsinteressen warägischer, zu festen Mannschaften organisierter Einkömmlinge entstanden, auf Beschaffung von Exportgütern aus dem slawischen und finnischen Hinterland ausgerichtet wäre, auf einem weitgespannten Netz von Stützpunkten an den wichtigsten Flußwegen basierte und, nachdem Zustrom des arabischen Münzensilbers nach Osteuropa um die Wende des 10. Jh. versiegt war, sich überraschend lebens- und wandlungsfähig erwiesen hätte. Die Leitidee, die den Verf. begeistert, nämlich eines warägischen Fernhandelsreiches in Osteuropa, ist nicht neu; neu dagegen ist der Versuch, dieses Konzept von seiten aller einschlägigen Disziplinen systematisch abzustützen. Eine oft neuartige Beweisführung, reich an wichtigen Nuancen und spezifischen Details, macht die Lage des Rezensenten, das Gesamte in notwendiger Kürze beurteilen zu müssen, besonders schwierig. (shrink)

LEIBNIZ AND THE TWO SOPHIES is a critical edition of all of the philosophically important material from the correspondence between the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) and his two royal patronesses, Electress Sophie of Hanover (1630-1714), and her daughter, Queen Sophie Charlotte of Prussia (1668-1705). In this correspondence, Leibniz expounds in a very accessible way his views on topics such as the nature and operation of the mind, innate knowledge, the afterlife, ethics, and human nature. The correspondence also contains (...) the only known philosophical writings by Sophie and Sophie Charlotte, and thus provides a valuable insight into their views and concerns, as well as throwing light on their characters. The texts are accompanied by a substantial introductory essay which sets the context for the correspondence and analyzes its main philosophical themes. (shrink)

This volume contains more than 60 original translations of papers written by the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). As well as contributing to Leibniz scholarship, it is intended to function as an introductory text for students.

Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) is one of the most important German philosophers of the eighteenth century, who had enormous influence on later thinkers such as Hegel, Schleiermacher and Nietzsche. His wide-ranging ideas were formative in the development of linguistics, hermeneutics, anthropology and bible scholarship, and even today they retain their vitality and relevance to an extraordinary degree. This volume presents a new translation of Herder's most important and characteristic philosophical writings (some of which have never before been translated) (...) in his areas of central interest, including philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of history and political philosophy, as well as his general philosophical program. An introduction sets the writings in their historical context and examines their philosophical achievement. (shrink)

Johann Gottfried Herder: Auch eine Philosophie der Geschichte zur Bildung der Menschheit Edition Holzinger. Taschenbuch Berliner Ausgabe, 2013 Vollständiger, durchgesehener Neusatz mit einer Biographie des Autors bearbeitet und eingerichtet von Michael Holzinger Erstdruck: Erstdruck: o.O. 1774 (anonym). Textgrundlage ist die Ausgabe: Sturm und Drang. Weltanschauliche und ästhetische Schriften. Herausgegeben von Peter Müller, Band 1-2, Berlin und Weimar: Aufbau, 1978. Herausgeber der Reihe: Michael Holzinger Reihengestaltung: Viktor Harvion Umschlaggestaltung unter Verwendung des Bildes: Johann Gottfried Herder (Gemälde von Anton Graff, (...) 1785). (shrink)

After Leibniz's death in 1716, Clarke published an edition of their philosophical correspondence--a wide-ranging discussion of the nature of God, human souls, free will and indifference of choice, space and time, the vacuum, miracles, and matter and force. Clarke included his own letters, his translations of Leibniz's letters, and some translated passages from Leibniz's French and Latin works that helped to illuminate their exchanges.

Two of Leibniz's most studied and often quoted works appear in this volume. Published in 1686, the Discourse on Metaphysics consists of the philosopher's explanation of individual perception as an expression of the rest of the universe from a unique perspective. The whole world--the best of all possible worlds, as he famously remarks--is thus contained in each individual substance. The Monadology, written in 1714, offers a concise synopsis of Leibniz's philosophy, establishing the laws of final causes, which underlie God's free (...) choice to create the best possible world--a world that serves as dynamic and perfectly ordered evidence of the wisdom of its creator. Translated by George R. Montgomery. (shrink)

In this paper we secure the explanatory value of affordances by treating them as relational properties and as inherently linked to unintentional movements and possible intentional actions. We distinguish between Basic affordances, which are related to unintentional movements, and Complex affordances, which are subjective and executively controlled by individuals. The linkage between affordances and motor intentions allows for accounting for the infinite number of affordances that any given object potentially has. Appealing to objective systematic contingencies that provide the actor with (...) information about the effects of her actions, allows for accounting for perception of affordances and for securing their explanatory value. (shrink)

Le Discours de métaphysique de 1686 offre, dans la densité de son texte, une synthèse de réflexions jusqu'alors dispersées. Par lui-même, il constitue un exposé d'ensemble - le premier en date et sans nul doute l'un des plus complets - où se trouve ramassée en formules singulièrement fortes une doctrine que reprendront bientôt d'innombrables opuscules et qui inspirera plus tard les grandes œuvres de la vieillesse : il en présente, sous une forme serrée, tous les thèmes essentiels. De 1686 à (...) 1690, il se prolonge par une série de lettres, quelquefois fort longues et toujours très riches, dont le but immédiat est de répondre à quelques objections d'Arnauld, mais dont le développement donne occasion à des reprises ou à des commentaires d'une importance majeure : rien n'éclaire de façon plus profonde l'ouvrage lui-même. On ne peut comprendre le Discours de métaphysique, dans toute sa richesse et sa plénitude, qu'à condition de ne pas le séparer de la Correspondance qui lui fait suite. (shrink)

Protogaea, an ambitious account of terrestrial history, was central to the development of the earth sciences in the eighteenth century and provides key philosophical insights into the unity of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s thought and writings. In the book, Leibniz offers observations about the formation of the earth, the actions of fire and water, the genesis of rocks and minerals, the origins of salts and springs, the formation of fossils, and their identification as the remains of living organisms. Protogaea also (...) includes a series of engraved plates depicting the remains of animals—in particular the famous reconstruction of a “fossil unicorn”—together with a cross section of the cave in which some fossil objects were discovered. Though the works of Leibniz have been widely translated, Protogaea has languished in its original Latin for centuries. Now Claudine Cohen and Andre Wakefield offer the first English translation of this central text in natural philosophy and natural history. Written between 1691 and 1693, and first published after Leibniz’s death in 1749, Protogaea reemerges in this bilingual edition with an introduction that carefully situates the work within its historical context. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

This book offers a broad and diverse reflection of the ways in which child poverty could be conceptualised, and the ways in which it is intertwined with childhood as a specific social condition. Furthermore, the responsibilities towards children and the possible mechanisms required for dealing with this condition will be analysed and clarified. -/- This is the first volume on philosophy and child poverty. Despite the increasing number of publications on poverty, the particular phenomenon of poverty during childhood has not (...) received much philosophical attention. This is surprising, given the severity and depth of child poverty around the globe. -/- This volume brings together various philosophical approaches and how they understand and tackle child poverty. This is an important addition to the philosophical literature, which is also of wider interest to scholars working in the social sciences and with an interest in child poverty. (shrink)

Johann Gottfried von Herder is one of the most important German philosophers of the eighteenth century, who had enormous influence on later thinkers such as Hegel, Schleiermacher and Nietzsche. His wide-ranging ideas were formative in the development of linguistics, hermeneutics, anthropology and bible scholarship, and even today they retain their vitality and relevance to an extraordinary degree. This volume presents a translation of Herder's most important and characteristic philosophical writings in his areas of central interest, including philosophy of language, (...) philosophy of mind, philosophy of history and political philosophy, as well as his general philosophical program. An introduction sets the writings in their historical context and examines their philosophical achievement. (shrink)

This is the thirty-first volume in Religion and Public Life, formerly This World, a series on religion and public affairs. This ongoing series seeks to provide a wide-ranging forum for differing views on religious and ethical considerations. The essays grouped together in Culture and Consumption discuss the phenomenon of consumption, an identifiable and pervasive feature of American culture that distinguishes it from other national cultures. The lead article provides an insight into the long-standing pattern of consumption that has been progressively (...) elevated into social policy in America. This is a balanced analysis of the history of the consumption cultural ethos beginning with the undermining of the Native American Culture and ending with Wilsonian Liberal-Internationalism and the demise of the moral authority of organized labor. This commercialization of culture has always competed with the funding vision of a dispassionate social order in which custom, deferential politics, and continuation of traditional hierarchal values would be the constitutional agenda. Another contributor argues that the emergence of the democratic-consumer state in America was anticipated in de Tocqueville's observation that "in democracies nothing has brighter luster than commercea." Other contributor essays treat issues such as the New Class and the consumer state; technology's triumph at the expense of the social and natural worlds; and argue against the materialist perspective in addiction. Culture and Consumption includes the following major contributions: "The Dialectic of Consumption: Materialism and Social Control" by David Brown; "Religion, Social Science and the Ironies of Parasitic Modernity" by Guy Alchon; The Dilemma of Hypermodernity" by Mark Wegierski; "Toward an Epistemology of Addiction" by Leonard Kaplan and Vince Rinella. Also included are book reviews by Martha Davis and Conrad Kanagy. In a concluding essay, Gabriel Ricci reviews Jerome Bruner's The Culture of Education. Culture and Consumption is part of an annual survey of religion and public life that provides relevant information and ideas about significant issues of the day. (shrink)

_The first unabridged English translation of the correspondence between Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Georg Ernst Stahl detailing their opposing philosophies_ The correspondence between the eighteenth-century mathematician and philosopher G. W. Leibniz and G. E. Stahl, a chemist and physician at the court of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, known as the Leibniz-Stahl Controversy, is one of the most important intellectual contributions on theoretical issues concerning pre-biological thinking. Editors François Duchesneau and Justin E. H. Smith offer readers the first (...) fully annotated English translation of this fascinating exchange of philosophical views on divine action, the order of nature, causality and teleology, and the soul-body relationship. (shrink)

MICHAEL D. RESNIK, Frege and the philosophy of mathematics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1980. 244 pp. $16.50. HANS D. SLUGA, Gottlob Frege. London, Boston and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. xi + 203 pp. £ 12.95.

Historians of ideas, and students of nationalism in particular, have traced the origins of much of our current vocabulary and ways of thinking about the nation back to Johann Gottfried Herder. This volume provides a clear, readable, and reliable translation of _Auch eine Philosophie der Geschichte zur Bildung der Menschheit_, supplemented by some of Herder's other important writings on politics and history. The editors' insightful Introduction traces the role of Herder's thought in the evolution of nationalism and highlights its (...) influence on fields such as history, anthropology, and politics. The volume is designed to give English-speaking readers more ready access to the thinker whom Isaiah Berlin called the father of the related notions of nationalism, historicism, and Volksgeist. (shrink)

Die zweisprachige Ausgabe "Monadologie und andere metaphysische Schriften" ermöglicht ein genaues Studium der Leibnizschen Metaphysik von der Mitte der 1680er Jahre, als die "Metaphysische Abhandlung" entstand, bis zum Ende seines Lebens dreißig Jahre später, als Leibniz seine Monadenlehre entwickelte. Seine drei längeren Abhandlungen zur Metaphysik hat Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) selbst nicht veröffentlicht, sie haben aber seit dem 18. Jahrhundert das Bild des Philosophen wesentlich geprägt und unsere Auffassung über neuzeitliche Metaphysik stark mitbestimmt. Mit der Lehre von der Monade (...) als dem Prinzip der Einzigartigkeit des Seienden entwickelte Leibniz einen Gedanken, der für die Entfaltung des gesamten neuzeitlichen Denkens tragend wurde: den Gedanken der Individualität. Die "Metaphysische Abhandlung", die "Monadologie" und die Schrift über "Auf Vernunft gegründete Prinzipien der Natur und der Gnade" werden hier in einer zweisprachigen Ausgabe mit neuer Übersetzung und einheitlichem Begriffsglossar vorgelegt. Anmerkungen verweisen auf andere Textstellen bei Leibniz, der seine Philosophie vielfach in Gelegenheitsschriften und Briefen formulierte. Die Einleitung gibt Hinweise auf Textentstehung und -überlieferung und thematisiert einige Probleme der Übersetzung Leibnizscher Schriften, deren Sprache sowohl begrifflich streng als auch reich an Bildern ist. Die Ausgabe ersetzt die Bände PhB 253 (Vernunftprinzipien der Natur und der Gnade – Monadologie) und PhB 260 (Metaphysische Abhandlung). (shrink)

Die philosophische Grundhaltung des wohl letzten großen Vertreters der Systemphilosophie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , läßt sich nur unter Berücksichtigung seiner Auseinandersetzung mit allen wissenschaftlichen Problemen seiner Zeit rekonstruieren. Die von Ernst Cassirer zusammengestellten Hauptschriften zur Grundlegung der Philosophie bringen den universalistischen Charakter der Leibnizschen Philosophie durch die Entwicklung ihres gedanklichen Fortschriftts und das Verhältnis der einzelnen Systemglieder zur Anschauung.

Die philosophische Grundhaltung des wohl letzten großen Vertreters der Systemphilosophie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716), läßt sich nur unter Berücksichtigung seiner Auseinandersetzung mit allen wissenschaftlichen Problemen seiner Zeit rekonstruieren. Die von Ernst Cassirer zusammengestellten Hauptschriften zur Grundlegung der Philosophie bringen den universalistischen Charakter der Leibnizschen Philosophie durch die Entwicklung ihres gedanklichen Fortschriftts und das Verhältnis der einzelnen Systemglieder zur Anschauung. Inhalt: Schriften zur Logik und Methodenlehre; zur Mathematik; zur Phoronomie und Dynamik; zur geschichtlichen Stellung des Systems und zur Biologie und (...) Entwicklungsgeschichte. (shrink)

Our concern is with the ethical issues related to girlhood and bodily integrity—the right to be free from physical harm and harassment and to experience freedom and security in relation to the body. We defend agency, positive self-relations, and health as basic elements of bodily integrity and we advocate that this normative concept be used as a conceptual tool for the protection of the rights of girls. We assume the capability approach developed by Martha Nussbaum as an ethical framework that (...) enables us to evaluate girls’ well-being and well-becoming in relation to the potential, and often subtle, threats they face. The capability approach can be understood as a theory of justice, and, therefore, as an ethical and political approach. An enriched concept of bodily integrity can help in the design of better policies to address gender biases against girls because it could contribute to seeing them as active agents and valid participants. (shrink)

Among the metaphors used in the target article are “musical instruments,” “water waves,” and other types of mechanical oscillators. The corresponding equations have inertial properties and lead to standing waves that depend on boundary conditions. Other, physiologically relevant quantities like refractory times are not contained in the mechanical oscillator model but occur naturally, for instance, in biological forest fire metaphors.

The target article provides stimulating evidence for culture in cetaceans but does not provide a coherent theoretical framework. We argue that a complex, adaptive systems approach not only can provide such a framework but also can contribute advanced data analysis and simulation methods. For humpback whale songs, we suggest the framework of to model the observed spatio-temporal dynamics.

Tout au long de sa vie Leibniz remettra sur le metier le projet d'un calcul geometrique qui exprime directement, et non par le biais des equations de l'analyse, les relations purement geometriques et leur degre zero, la situation ou situs. Dans cet echantillon de caracteristique universelle il n'est guere difficile d'identifier les premisses de la topologie moderne. Nous trouvons ici un apercu quasi complet (et en grande partie inedit) de la premiere phase des travaux leibniziens, dont l'objectif initial est a (...) lui seul une gageure, la reforme de l'axiomatique euclidienne. (shrink)

Discours de métaphysique et Monadologie sont parmi les plus célèbres opuscules de Leibniz. Le premier (fin 1 685-début 1686) marque le moment où le philosophe se déclare " satisfait " sur les questions fondamentales ; vingt-huit ans après, le second semble réunir les éléments d'un ultime bilan. Entre les deux textes, demeurés inédits du vivant de l'auteur qui ne leur a pas même donné le titre sous lequel la postérité les a retenus, il est d'usage commun d'identifier un seul et (...) même système, tel qu'en lui-même : l'architecture globale demeurant identique (Dieu est le créateur ; corps, âmes et esprits sont hiérarchiquement ordonnés ; nulle interaction causale physique entre les êtres), seuls différeraient le vocabulaire et les points de vue. Or, montre Michel Fichant, s'il n'y a pas équivalence dans la terminologie, c'est qu'il n'y en a pas non plus dans la signification des concepts fondamentaux : la " substance individuelle " du Discours n'est pas la monade. C'est donc la genèse et l'élaboration de la métaphysique leibnizienne qu'il nous donne à voir dans cette édition inédite, où d'autres textes et des lettres mettent en perspective les deux opuscules majeurs. (shrink)

We investigate the notion of conditional probability and the quantum mechanical concept of state reduction in the context of GL spaces satisfying the Alfsen-Shultz condition.