This paper argues that an African business ethic should take the promotion of cultural justice as one of its major tasks. After an explanation of globalisation as homogenizing cultural force that shapes moral identity, the notion of cultural justice as "unselfconscious living" is explained. This is then set in the context of an agenda for business ethics in Africa that would require more work on how a narrative moral identity is constructed, and how trans-cultural business environments could be created and (...) sustained. (shrink)

This article starts with a brief statement on the well-known contradictory nature of the Reformed tradition in South Africa, defending injustice and struggling for justice in the name of the same tradition. By following the work of Reformed systematic theologian D.J. Smit, it argues that the justice-affirming potential of the Reformed tradition is a hermeneutical task built on three specific re-interpretations: the reinterpretation of Scripture from the perspective of the weak, the poor and the oppressed a rereading of John Calvin (...) to affirm the dignity and freedom of all humans a rereading of Karl Barth with a focus on God's inclusive grace, Christian confessions and the nature of the Christian life. The article closes with a brief look into the agenda for social transformation faced by us in the second decade of the 21st century, and under what conditions the Reformed faith will be able to make an enduring contribution to public life in Africa. (shrink)

The rise of Big Data changes the context in which organisations producing official statistics operate. Big Data provides opportunities, but in order to make optimal use of Big Data, a number of challenges have to be addressed. This stimulates increased collaboration between National Statistical Institutes, Big Data holders, businesses and universities. In time, this may lead to a shift in the role of statistical institutes in the provision of high-quality and impartial statistical information to society. In this paper, the changes (...) in context, the opportunities, the challenges and the way to collaborate are addressed. The collaboration between the various stakeholders will involve each partner building on and contributing different strengths. For national statistical offices, traditional strengths include, on the one hand, the ability to collect data and combine data sources with statistical products and, on the other hand, their focus on quality, transparency and sound methodology. In the Big Data era of competing and multiplying data sources, they continue to have a unique knowledge of official statistical production methods. And their impartiality and respect for privacy as enshrined in law uniquely position them as a trusted third party. Based on this, they may advise on the quality and validity of information of various sources. By thus positioning themselves, they will be able to play their role as key information providers in a changing society. (shrink)

The Confessio Belgica and the three offices: Article 30 inflexible? The Confessio Belgica or Dutch Confession of Faith from 1561, one of the Three Formulas of Unity in the Dutch Reformed tradition, confesses in article 30 that the government of the church, as an institution of the Christian faith, should be spiritual and conducted by chosen consistories. These consistories should consist of ministers, elders and deacons. The norm or constant of three offices was excepted by churches in this tradition, but (...) more recently it’s necessity and efficiency became questioned in some of these circles. Historically the three offices served the Reformed churches well. The acceptance of the three offices is based on the Confessio Belgica as a confession, but also on the biblical principle that Christ is the head of the church and its highest Prophet, eternal King and only Priest. The church grows spiritually out of Christ and his Spirit as their head. In this process, the church also uses the offices of minister, elder and deacon as instruments. These offices correspond with the offices of Christ as their Prophet, King and Priest. A study of the Confessio Belgica article 30 leads to the belief that it does not exclude changes in the task of the three offices nor opposes the addition of extra offices or the help of additional functionaries. Contribution: This article contributes theologically to the debate in the Dutch [ Netherlands ] Reformed churches on the offices in church. It tries to clarify all the thinking regarding the impact of the reformed Three Formulas of Unity, and especially the Dutch Confession of Faith article 30 on the work or service of the church and norms or principles to achieve an acceptable functioning of the offices in church. The solution aims at stability and new initiatives on the offices in church. (shrink)

The die-hard viewpoint of an influential figure like President M.T. Steyn of the Republic of the Orange Free State led to the lengthening of the Anglo-Boer War by more than a year. The reasons for Steyn leading the Free State into this war, the reasons for his call not to surrender and the effect of the war on the Afrikaner, is discussed in this article. An ethical discussion of factors indicating a bitter end, is also on the cards. There was (...) a strong realisation among the representatives of the Republics of the Free State and the Transvaal in 1902 that this is the end of the war. (shrink)

For, General C.R. de Wet, the well-known military leader of the Republic of the Orange Free State in the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, this was a war undertaken in faith. As far as De Wet was concerned, his Christian faith had to determine his way of life: every decision and every action. Therefore it was also visible in his reasons for fighting and other actions in the war. De Wet cared for practical worship around the Bible and prayer with his (...) men on commando. His Christian convictions, however, also showed in his common sense and decision-making skills on the battle field, his respect for friend and foe when in contact, and his humanity in treating soldiers. From this point of departure, De Wet undertook, from his side, a gentleman's war. De Wet was a man of action and of deeds, and not of hesitance, which sometimes led to mistakes and tactical blunders on his side. (shrink)

Sarel Cilliers as an elder or former elder in church: The well-known Voortrekker Sarel Cilliers was in the first place not recognised as a military or cultural leader, but a spiritual leader and respected elder in church. Apart from his emotional approach to the affairs of the Dutch Reformed Church of which he was a member in a congregation, Cilliers was a reformed member who strifed to obey the Bible, the Reformed confessions of faith and the so-called law of his (...) church. Cilliers was chosen to take the lead when the Voortrekkers made a covenant with God before the Battle of Bloodriver in Natal on 16 December 1838. This covenant was initiated by the then leader of the Trekkers, Andries Pretorius. Cilliers did his work as an elder truthfully and with enthusiasm. He was strict and truthfull in his visits to church members and represented his congregation on major assemblies. In these assemblies fellow church members treated him with respect. Cilliers was an elder in a church which had to be settled in the interior of South Africa, often under abnormal circumstances. He sometimes had to do tasks of the minister of the congregation as well. Sarel Cilliers became known as a special elder in church.Contribution: This article gives an insight in the view and practice of the office of the elder in the Dutch Reformed Church in pioneer circumstances in the 19th century. It opens an assessment of this office for implementation in recent times. Apart from that the article sheds light on truthful understanding of the vow of Afrikaners at Blood River in 1838. This matter remains a point of discussion in recent times. (shrink)

Johan Heyns was the moderator of the General Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church from 1986 to 1990. This church was known as a moral and theological supporter of apartheid until the 1980s. In 1980 Heyns was, for the first time, involved in public critique against the pro-apartheid stance of his church. He took an influential part in writing a new document that criticised apartheid and was accepted by the General Synod of 1986. Heyns was elected as moderator or chairman (...) of this synod. The years from 1986 to 1990 became the busiest of his life. He became the leader in his church’s defence of the new document Church and Society in and beyond South Africa. In order to get back into the World Alliance of Reformed Churches and to stay on in the Reformed Ecumenical Synod, the Dutch Reformed Church decided to depart from its apartheid ways. Heyns’ message on apartheid was shaped by his Reformed approach to life, in which he chose reform as the method for change. (shrink)

In reformed churches the Bible is regarded as the norm of the norms. The confessions of faith of these churches are the second norm and subjected to the Bible. The church order is less powerful than the Bible and the confessions but of a higher status than the normal decisions of church assemblies. Therefore, the influence of the Belgic Confession on three church orders is an important issue in these churches. The author recommends four principles to understand the relation between (...) the church and the state authority in article 36 of the Belgic Confession: both should honour God in their activities; both are guided by the Ten Commandments; both have their own internal law to fulfil the purpose as an institution; and both should respect and co-operate with one another. Although they are not in agreement on every aspect, these principles give the guidance to understand the main issue in all four documents which are investigated. The theme of this article is of a theological and church historical nature and a contribution on a well-discussed topic in reformed churches.CONTRIBUTION: It should be important for the reformed churches in the Dutch tradition that a dynamic relationship exists between their confessions of faith and their church orders. While the Bible is the first and most important norm for church life, the confessions are the second most important. Church history shows that the relationship between the church and state is of utmost importance for the church, the quality of the confessions and the order of the church. (shrink)

Church and state authorithy: The Confessio Belgica and three church orders. In reformed churches the Bible is regarded as the norm of the norms. The confessions of faith of these churches are the second norm and subjected to the Bible. The church order is less powerful than the Bible and the confessions but of a higher status than the normal decisions of church assemblies. Therefore, the influence of the Belgic Confession on three church orders is an important issue in these (...) churches.The author recommends four principles to understand the relation between the church and the state authority in article 36 of the Belgic Confession: both should honour God in their activities; both are guided by the Ten Commandments; both have their own internal law to fulfil the purpose as an institution; and both should respect and co-operate with one another. Although they are not in agreement on every aspect, these principles give the guidance to understand the main issue in all four documents which are investigated. The theme of this article is of a theological and church historical nature and a contribution on a well-discussed topic in reformed churches.Contribution: It should be important for the reformed churches in the Dutch tradition that a dynamic relationship exists between their confessions of faith and their church orders. While the Bible is the first and most important norm for church life, the confessions are the second most important. Church history shows that the relationship between the church and state is of utmost importance for the church, the quality of the confessions and the order of the church. (shrink)

As the name of the title suggests, the Dutch Reformed Church is continuously changing or reforming. This change focuses on improvement as times change. In 1994, the Dutch Reformed Church was confronted with a new South African society built on a new paradigm, as expressed in Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. Against this background, the General Synod of 1998 amended the church order. The amendments, including employment relationships of ministers, church discipline and the (...) relationship between church and state, echoed the new South Africa and were an attempt to operate anew from reformed constants or principles. As a changing church in a changing situation, the Dutch Reformed Church wished to reform on these points or change on the basis of reformed principles. (shrink)

In literature as well as in nursing practice a growing concern about nurses’ ethical competence can be observed. Based on the cognitive theory of moral development by Kohlberg, this research examined nursing students’ ethical behaviour in five nursing dilemmas. Ethical behaviour refers not only to the ethical reasoning of nursing students but also to the relationship between reasoning and behaviour. Kohlberg’s definition of morality was refined by adding a care perspective. The results show that the majority of students can be (...) located in the fourth moral stage according to Kohlberg’s theory, that is, the conventional level of moral development. This finding implies that students are still guided by professional rules, norms and duties, and have not (yet) succeeded in making personal ethical decisions on the basis of their own principles and acting according to such decisions. (shrink)

This essay discusses whether an indigenous African ethic, as expressed in ubuntu, may serve as an example of how to decolonise Western knowledge. In the first part, the key claims of decolonisation of knowledge are set out. The second part analyses three strategies to construct models of ‘African’ ethics, namely transfer, translation and stating of a substantive rival model as contained in ubuntu ethics. After a critical appraisal of this substantive proposal, part three indicates the potential and limitation of the (...) decolonisation project: possibilities lie in the -contextualisation of knowledge, whereas limitations are related to constructing an alternative to what is known as ‘scientific’ knowledge. As far as the author knows, this is the first attempt to frame ethics in terms of the epistemological search for ‘decolonised’ knowledge. (shrink)

Based on a turn to the rational human subject in Descartes, Kant and Feuerbach, this paper critically examines four efforts at shaping sustainability discourse: the definition of sustainability in Our common future; stewardship Christian theology; forms of partisan justice; and GDP as measure of economic growth. These efforts made certain advances, but because they share the underlying anthropocentric bias of Western philosophy, they fail to step out of the current sustainability paradigm. The paper closes with two suggestions of how to (...) de-centre the human subject and to build a network-view of all species. (shrink)

Book reviewed in this article: The American Blood Supply. By Alvin W. Drake, Stan N. Finkelstein, and Harvey M. Sapolsky. Blood: Gift or Merchandise. By Piet J. Hagen. New York: Alan R. Liss.

The political philosopher Hannah Arendt develops several arguments regarding why truthfulness cannot be counted among the political virtues. This article shows that similar arguments apply to lying in business. Based on Hannah Arendt's theory, we distinguish five reasons why lying is a structural temptation to businessmen: business is about action to change the world and therefore businessmen need the capacity to deny current reality; commerce requires successful image-making and liars have the advantage to come up with plausible stories; business communication (...) is more often about opinions than about facts, giving leeway to ignore uncomfortable signals; business increasingly makes use of plans and models, but these techniques foster inflexibility in acknowledging the real facts; and businessmen easily fall prey to self-deception, because one needs to act as if the vision already materializes. The theory is illustrated by a case study of Landis, which grew from a relatively insignificant organization into a large one within a short period of time, but ended with outright lies and bankruptcy. (shrink)

The political philosopher Hannah Arendt develops several arguments regarding why truthfulness cannot be counted among the political virtues. This article shows that similar arguments apply to lying in business. Based on Hannah Arendt's theory, we distinguish five reasons why lying is a structural temptation to businessmen: business is about action to change the world and therefore businessmen need the capacity to deny current reality; commerce requires successful image-making and liars have the advantage to come up with plausible stories; business communication (...) is more often about opinions than about facts, giving leeway to ignore uncomfortable signals; business increasingly makes use of plans and models, but these techniques foster inflexibility in acknowledging the real facts; and businessmen easily fall prey to self-deception, because one needs to act as if the vision already materializes. The theory is illustrated by a case study of Landis, which grew from a relatively insignificant organization into a large one within a short period of time, but ended with outright lies and bankruptcy. (shrink)

The managerial and personal approaches to Business Ethics are inadequate to address the systemic problems facing ethical reflection in Africa. It is argued that the ethical guidance position that takes the least advantaged individuals or groups in society as reference points is a more suitable ethical approach. The philosophical version of this egalitarian view as set out by John Rawls is then shortly explained, after which a few implications for Business Ethics in Africa are drawn.

Aworkshop was held August 26–28, 2015, by the Earth- Life Science Institute (ELSI) Origins Network (EON, see Appendix I) at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. This meeting gathered a diverse group of around 40 scholars researching the origins of life (OoL) from various perspectives with the intent to find common ground, identify key questions and investigations for progress, and guide EON by suggesting a roadmap of activities. Specific challenges that the attendees were encouraged to address included the following: What key (...) questions, ideas, and investigations should the OoL research community address in the near and long term? How can this community better organize itself and prioritize its efforts? What roles can particular subfields play, and what can ELSI and EON do to facilitate research progress? (See also Appendix II.) The present document is a product of that workshop; a white paper that serves as a record of the discussion that took place and a guide and stimulus to the solution of the most urgent and important issues in the study of the OoL. This paper is not intended to be comprehensive or a balanced representation of the opinions of the entire OoL research community. It is intended to present a number of important position statements that contain many aspirational goals and suggestions as to how progress can be made in understanding the OoL. The key role played in the field by current societies and recurring meetings over the past many decades is fully acknowledged, including the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (ISSOL) and its official journal Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, as well as the International Society for Artificial Life (ISAL). (shrink)

The last two presidents of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republic and the Republic of the Orange Free State, S.J.P. Kruger and M.T. Steyn, both stood in the tradition of the Christian Afrikaner. Kruger as the symbol of Afrikaner republicanism in the 19th century and Steyn as a younger and more modern Afrikaner, tried to base their policies openly and clearly on Biblical and Christian principles. Kruger as a member and recognised minister of the Reformed Churches in South Africa formulated his views in (...) a typical Dutch neo-Calvinistic way, while Steyn used Reformed concepts combined with his academic background in jurisprudence and the law of nations to foster the same ideas. Kruger and Steyn trusted one another, agreed on core issues and worked together rather well. Each strived to maintain the independence of his republic. (shrink)

Sauf les deux notices consacrées à G. Krüger et à R. Kroner, et le court article, «Schleiermacher platonicien», les articles rassemblés dans ce recueil ont déjà été publiés, en français, dans L’art de comprendre I et II. Leur publication dans le présent ouvrage, en plus de mettre ces textes plus facilement à la portée des lecteurs, a l’avantage, comme le mentionne J. Greisch dans sa préface, de rappeler comment la pensée de Gadamer a été reçue dans le milieu philosophique francophone. (...) Ces textes, en effet, ont été présentés, en langue française, d’abord par les Archives de philosophie, à un moment où le milieu opposait une résistance au courant de pensée herméneutique. Ces textes permettent également de suivre la réponse de Gadamer aux critiques qui ont suivi la parution de Vérité et méthode. (shrink)

The principal aim of Wetsel's study is to identify the potential interlocutor for whom Pascal intended his Pensées. Wetsel begins by stating his belief that, despite the fragmentary state of the Pensées, Pascal had clearly intended to revise and organize his thoughts into a "finished apology of the Christian religion". Those unfamiliar with the current state of Pascalian studies in North America will be surprised to learn how controversial is such a thesis. In this Derridian era, with its endless fascination (...) with discontinuity and fragmentation, a practically subatomic reading of the Pensées has become de rigueur. Wetsel's book is an unabashed return to the historicocritical tradition. Chapter 1 exposes the principal anti-Christian theses current in midseventeenth-century Paris, centering on the works of philosophes libertins such as La Mothe le Vayer and Gabriel Naud. More radical atheistic works, such as those of Cyrano de Bergerac, are also discussed at length. Wetsel attempts to demonstrate that Pascal is not addressing these libertins érudits, whose arguments against Christianity leave hardly any trace in the Pensées. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the "skeptical religion" popular in seventeenth-century France. Wetsel maintains that this deism with neo-Pelagian elements, essentially the religion of the honnête homme, is the disbelief of those whom Pascal wishes to convert. The following chapter deals with the most important of the unorthodox versions of the Genesis story advanced during the Classical period in France, the works of Isaac de la Peyrère. Wetsel does not propose that Pascal, though familiar with the Pre-Adamite theory of La Peyrère, intended a specific refutation of this author. Rather he believes that a general examination of seventeenth-century heterodoxy provides the fundamental historical context essential for understanding Pascal's defense of orthodoxy. (shrink)

Cet article porte sur l'amitié et la piété filiale dans le néo-confucianisme de l’époque Ming, notamment dans l’enseignement de Wang Yangming. J’avance que les jianghui cultivant la pensée de Yangming offrirent un environnement social idéal pour ennoblir l’amitié. On considérait la véritable amitié comme un vecteur de perfectionnement moral et le moyen de réduire le risque de subjectivisme dans la philosophie inspirée de Yangming. Je reconsidère également la question de savoir si les néo-confucianistes de l’époque Ming ont contesté l’ordre des (...) cinq relations cardinales en faisant de l’amitié la plus importante d’entre elles. À travers l’examen approfondi de la piété filiale dans la culture impériale et l’enseignement de Yangming, je souligne que la piété filiale ne constituait pas seulement la base de l’ordre socio-politique, mais aussi l’essence du vrai moi. L’amitié tire son importance de sa capacité à nous aider sur la voie du perfectionnement moral et de l’amélioration de soi. Néanmoins, elle n’a jamais pu surpasser l’importance que revêt la piété filiale et elle ne vint que compléter l’éthique familiale. (shrink)

Cet article porte sur l'amitié et la piété filiale dans le néo-confucianisme de l’époque Ming, notamment dans l’enseignement de Wang Yangming. J’avance que les jianghui cultivant la pensée de Yangming offrirent un environnement social idéal pour ennoblir l’amitié. On considérait la véritable amitié comme un vecteur de perfectionnement moral et le moyen de réduire le risque de subjectivisme dans la philosophie inspirée de Yangming. Je reconsidère également la question de savoir si les néo-confucianistes de l’époque Ming ont contesté l’ordre des (...) cinq relations cardinales en faisant de l’amitié la plus importante d’entre elles. À travers l’examen approfondi de la piété filiale dans la culture impériale et l’enseignement de Yangming, je souligne que la piété filiale ne constituait pas seulement la base de l’ordre socio-politique, mais aussi l’essence du vrai moi. L’amitié tire son importance de sa capacité à nous aider sur la voie du perfectionnement moral et de l’amélioration de soi. Néanmoins, elle n’a jamais pu surpasser l’importance que revêt la piété filiale et elle ne vint que compléter l’éthique familiale. (shrink)