The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence for making decisions in public affairs has sparked a lively debate on the benefits and potential harms of self-learning technologies, ranging from the hopes of fully informed and objectively taken decisions to fear for the destruction of mankind. To prevent the negative outcomes and to achieve accountable systems, many have argued that we need to open up the “black box” of AI decision-making and make it more transparent. Whereas this debate has primarily focused on (...) how transparency can secure high-quality, fair, and reliable decisions, far less attention has been devoted to the role of transparency when it comes to how the general public come to perceive AI decision-making as legitimate and worthy of acceptance. Since relying on coercion is not only normatively problematic but also costly and highly inefficient, perceived legitimacy is fundamental to the democratic system. This paper discusses how transparency in and about AI decision-making can affect the public’s perception of the legitimacy of decisions and decision-makers and produce a framework for analyzing these questions. We argue that a limited form of transparency that focuses on providing justifications for decisions has the potential to provide sufficient ground for perceived legitimacy without producing the harms full transparency would bring. (shrink)

For many years, some urban architecture has aimed to exclude unwanted groups of people from some locations. This type of architecture is called “defensive” or “hostile” architecture and includes benches that cannot be slept on, spikes in the ground that cannot be stood on, and pieces of metal that hinder one’s ability to skateboard. These defensive measures have sparked public outrage, with many thinking such measures lead to suffering, are disrespectful, and violate people’s rights. In this paper, it is argued (...) that these views are difficult to defend and that much more empirical research on the topic is needed. (shrink)

_The interest in "social sustainability" has recently increased in the field of urban development. We want societies, cities, and neighborhoods to be economically and environmentally sustainable, but we also want urban areas that are safe, diverse, walkable, and relaxing, just to mention a few examples. Strikingly, however, there is no consensus regarding what definition of "social sustainability" should be employed. Additionally, some people are skeptical about the prospect of finding a useful definition at all and claim it is impossible to (...) satisfactorily define the concept for various reasons, such as its complexity. A potential first step towards navigating this conceptual maze is to provide desiderata for a definition of social sustainability. We defend a list of nine desiderata and thereby create a theoretical framework for analyzing and constructing a definition of "social sustainability". We also examine the skeptical arguments and find that it is premature to conclude that the goal of finding a useful definition is hopeless. With the criteria in place, the future debate can proceed by assessing definitions of "social sustainability" in a more structured and transparent manner. This activity is of upmost importance if we want to create just cities._ _Keywords:_ Social Sustainability, Definition, Purposes and Aims, Conditions of Adequacy. (shrink)

Subjects enrolled in studies testing high risk interventions for incurable or progressive brain diseases may be vulnerable to deficiencies in informed consent, such as the therapeutic misconception. However, the definition and measurement of the therapeutic misconception is a subject of continuing debate. Our qualitative pilot study of persons enrolled in a phase I trial of gene transfer for Parkinson disease suggests potential avenues for both measuring and preventing the therapeutic misconception. Building on earlier literature on the topic, we developed and (...) tested an interview guide that focuses on how the subjects decided to participate, emphasizing the integration of subjects’ various statements that are relevant to assessing the therapeutic misconception, rather than evaluating them as isolated statements. The results indicate that a subject’s understanding of the purpose of research is best explored in juxtaposition to the subject’s motivation for participating. (shrink)

I. Altertum und Mittelalter--II. Die Philosophie der Neuzeit bis Kant--III. Die Philosophie des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts.

Bd. 1. Sprachanalytik, Semiotik, Hermeneutik. Bd. 2. Das Apriori der Kommunikationsgemeinschaft.

Die These von einer Achsenzeit in der Weltgeschichte Die zentrale Annahme dieses Buches ist die universalgeschichtliche These von einer Achsenzeit (880-200 v. Chr.) in der Weltgeschichte, in der voneinander unabhangig in China, Indien und dem Abendland strukturell ahnliche kulturelle Revolutionen und Aufbruche erfolgt sind. Inwieweit diese Aufbruche fur das kulturelle Leben in der Gegenwart weiterhin bedeutsam sind, wird heute in kulturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen wie der Religions- und Kultursoziologie, der vergleichenden Kulturtheorie, der Theorie der Moderne u.a. neu diskutiert. Neben der These von (...) der Achsenzeit wird in Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte u.a. der Stellenwert von Wissenschaft und Technik in der Moderne erortert; es werden Uberlegungen uber eine mogliche Welteinheit (im Sinne eines Weltfriedenszustandes) angestellt sowie zeitgeschichtliche Tendenzen in der Politik (z.B. Totalitats- und Planungsideologien) kritisiert, die im Gegensatz zu Jaspers' liberalem Ethos der Freiheit und der Humanitat stehen. (shrink)

Finality, the characteristic sign of vital processes, implies no opposition to causality; on the contrary the causal method of thinking must be applied to living nature. We must, however, distinguish between a final causality, one directed towards reaching a specific goal, and a causality which works mechanically without reference to a goal.A final or teleological treatment is applicable to inanimate nature as well, and is by many philosophers and physicists so applied. This teleology is however merely the inverse of causality. (...) According as we look forwards or backwards along the course of an event we can think of it in terms of means and end or of cause and effect . This method of interpretation can in the inorganic realm be applied to any stage of a process. In contradistinction therefrom the stages of the processes which occur in living nature are in no way equivalent, inasmuch as only one quite definite state can be regarded as the real and specific goal of the particular process. Only in this last sense can finality be regarded as the characteristic sign of the specific vital process.La finalité, indice caractéristique des processus vitaux, ne s'oppose pas à la causalité; la causalité en matière d'observation doit plutÔt s'étendre à la nature vivante également. Pourtant il faut distinguer une causalité finale, c.à.d. tendant à atteindre uncertain but, d'avec une causalité mécanique ne visant à aucun but.Une observation finale ou téléologique cependant peut s'appliquer aussi à la nature inanimée. Plusieurs philosophes et physiciens ont cherché en effet à l'appliquer. Cette téléologie cependant n'est autre chose que l'inverse de la causalité. Selon que nous considérons le cours d'un phénomène qui se produit, en regardant en avant ou bien en arrière, nous pouvons le concevoir au premier cas comme moyen et but, au second cas comme cause et effet. Cette manière de voir peut Être appliquée dans le domaine de la nature inanimée à chaque état d'un processus. Par opposition à cela, les processus qui se présentent dans la nature vivante sont, en ce qui concerne leurs états isolés, absolument non-équivalents, en tant qu'il n'y a qu'un état bien défini qui peut Être regardé comme le but véritable du processus en question. Ce n'est qu'en ce sens-à que la finalité peut Être regardée comme l'indice caractéristique des processus vitaux. (shrink)

Der Band bietet einen Überblick über eine der fruchtbarsten Teildisziplinen der Film- und Medienwissenschaft. Nach einer Einführung in film- und kinoanthropologische Perspektiven der frühen Filmtheorie stellt der Band – etwa mit Morins Beschreibung des Kinos als ‚Muttermaschine’ oder Powdermakers Hollywood-Studie als Fabrik zur Herstellung ‚geistloser Zombies’ – einige Positionen der klassischen Kinoanthropologie vor. Die Einflüsse der philosophischen Anthropologie werden mit Bubers Wahrnehmungsmodell als ‚zuverlässige Kinematographie’ ebenso diskutiert wie mit Husserls Besuch eines Wachsfigurenkabinetts.

Rombach, H. Die Gegenwart der Philosophie.--Möller, J. Philosophie als Antihumanismus?--Schaeffler, R. Zum Verhältnis von transzendentaler und historischer Reflexion.--Balmer, H. P. Produktivität und Rezeptivität.--Marx, W. Das Bedürfnis der Philosophie.--Mader, J. Philosophie als Kritik.--Hommes, U. Sein und Sinn.--Sobrevilla, D. Ortega und der deutsche Idealismus.--Kohlenberger, H. Robert Musils philosophischer Anspruch.--Schwartländer, J. Die Menschenrechte und die Notwendigkeit einer praktischen Weltorientierung.--Heintel, E. Vom Sinn der Freundschaft.--Oeser, E. Die wissenschaftstheoretische Wende der Philosophie.--Simon, J. Zu einem philosophischen Begriff der Kausalität.--Schäfer, L. Der wissenschaftstheoretische Status synthetischer Urteile a (...) priori.--Lütterfelds, W. Das kategoriale Apriori des Erfahrungsfortschritts. (shrink)