'Teoria geral do Estado' trata de temas da ciência política e do Estado em seus variados aspectos. O livro é um tratado geral sobre o Estado, começando por sua noção e suas origens e percorrendo todas as demais informações relacionadas ao tema (soberania, poder político, nação, território, formas de governo), assim como as relações entre Estado, política e direito constitucional.

O artigo aborda os efeitos da Inteligência Artificial (IA) na educação, enfatizando a necessidade de repensar as estratégias pedagógicas nas universidades. Explora as transformações trazidas pela IA incluindo a automação e o potencial de personalização do ensino. Argumenta que as universidades devem se adaptar para formar profissionais capazes de trabalhar com a IA valorizando habilidades como criatividade, pensamento crítico e competências éticas. O texto também discute o papel dos professores na era da IA sugerindo que devem se concentrar mais no (...) desenvolvimento de habilidades interpessoais e críticas dos alunos. Propõe uma reflexão sobre a direção ética e moral da educação em um mundo cada vez mais dominado pela IA. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment &Responsibility, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 170-183, April 2024.

Resumo Neste trabalho procura-se, de forma introdutória, uma via de acesso para a compreensão da condição humana a partir da leitura crítica ao iluminismo ocidental realizada por Marx, Nietzsche e Freud. Para tanto, explora-se inicialmente o problema da emergência da subjetividade iluminista no contexto da cultura grega como fenômeno agonístico e indica-se o nascimento da tradição iluminista a partir das obras de Hesíodo e Ésquilo. Em seguida, discute-se a posição da modernidade ilustrada desde a perspectiva kantiana. Desde então, elabora-se a (...) crítica à concepção iluminista a partir das ideias nucleares de Marx, Nietzsche e Freud. Nesta crítica destaca-se o papel central das relações de produção econômicas, da vontade de poder e dos instintos na determinação e na compreensão da subjetividade humana. O legado comum dessas três filosofias magnas aponta para o desmantelamento da subjetividade iluminista e, assim, para uma compreensão da condição humana, situada no horizonte de uma nova racionalidade, na qual a razão deixa de ocupar o lugar principal. Palavras-chave : condição humana, Iluminismo, inconsciente. instintos, razão, vontade de poderThis paper searches for, in an introductory way, a path toward understanding the human condition from critical reading of the Western Enlightenment presented by Marx, Nietzsche and Freud. For this purpose, the paper initially explores the problem of emergence of Enlightenment subjectivity in the context of Greek culture as an agonistic phenomenon and indicates the birth of the Enlightenment tradition from the works of Hesiod and Aeschylus. Then the position of modernity illustrated from the Kantian perspective is discussed. After that, the paper elaborates a critique of the Enlightenment conception departing from the core ideas of Marx, Nietzsche and Freud. This critique highlights the central role of economic relations of production, the will to power and instincts in determining and understanding of human subjectivity. The common heritage of these three magna philosophies points to the dismantlement of Enlightenment subjectivity and thus to an understanding of the human condition, situated on the horizon of a new rationality, in which reason ceases to occupy main place. Keywords : Enlightenment, human condition, instinct, reason, unconscious. will to power. (shrink)

Tourism has received relatively scant attention in feminist analysis of women's work under economic restructuring. The industry creates a sector without a shop floor based on the provision of authenticity, leisure, and price-sensitive services. Migrant women from the First World and the Third World labor with national workers in a highly informalized and stratified employment setting. This article examines how structural conditions shape tourism employment in Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica. Drawing from data including observation, interviews, and a longitudinal business survey, (...) I offer several findings. The tourism industry segments possibilities for women who vary in their ability to produce and interpret/translate authentic cultural experiences. As a result, women working in tourism constitute a nationally and ethnically more diverse workforce compared with other global industry sectors. The particular demands of tourism create an important case to further understand how social location shapes women's working lives in the global economy. (shrink)

Women are cited less frequently than men in a variety of scientific fields. Drawing theoretical resources from Fricker and Hookway, I argue that these gendered citation practices constitute a form of participatory epistemic injustice insofar as they prevent female scientists from fully engaging in the epistemic practices of science. Furthermore, Longino’s notion of “uptake” gives us a way of understanding gendered citation practices as an epistemic harm accrued not simply by individuals but by scientific communities as a whole. Finally, I (...) discuss the cumulative harms of this kind of participatory epistemic injustice for individuals and for marginalized groups. (shrink)

Abstract:Political ecology is an epistemologically plural field of social scientific research. This article seeks to contribute to mapping out the terrain, with emphasis on contributions from Latin America. This is done by sketching out two prototypical forms of political ecology: materialist and poststructuralist, and by exploring the degree to which they can be reconciled in a third form which seeks to avoid the extremes of structural determinism and absolute relativism, by taking recourse to either eclecticism or dialectics. The underlying argument (...) is that, on the basis of ontological materialism and dialectical reasoning, a third form of political ecology can provide the epistemological foundation for illuminating research on why social environmental movements and conflicts emerge at certain historical conjunctures and in specific geographical and cultural contexts, and of how resistance movements against dispossession and the destruction of natural resources are organized and sustained. (shrink)

We demonstrate in this article how critical realism can be used to explain indeterminacy in role behaviour systematically. In so doing, we both rebut various criticisms of critical realism made recently by Kemp and Holmwood and attempt to illustrate the weaknesses and absences of approaches that concentrate unduly on the collection of expectations of actors concerning roles and the behaviour of incumbents. Within a framework that recognises that structure and agency are ontologically distinct but necessarily empirically related entities, we argue (...) that structures should be seen as sources of indeterminacy within role behaviour for at least four reasons: the co-determination of roles through the intersection of structures; conflicting role expectations caused by contradictions inhering within structures; asymmetries of power within social relations; and asymmetric repetition within structural reproduction/transformation. In light of this discussion of structural sources of indeterminacy, we then go on to demonstrate how critical realism is also able to analyse systematically the agential sources of indeterminacy within role behaviour and expectations through theories of psychobiography and reflexivity. We thus conclude that critical realism contains the conceptual tools required to illuminate the point of intersection between structure, culture and agency which is central to understanding both role behaviour and the plurality of expectations concerning such behaviour. (shrink)

Despite its lack of conceptual clarity and uniform definition, the term drug‐seeking is used frequently by nurses from a variety of practice environments. The drugs patients are referred to as seeking are often pain medications. This is important because nursing has widely adopted a patient‐centric definition of pain. Nursing also has a robust ethical code that places high value on human dignity and nurses’ role in patient advocacy. A review of literature was conducted with the aims of describing whether/how the (...) term drug‐seeking has changed over time and to determine whether the use of the term in nursing literature is consistent with nursing values. Use of the term has shifted from objective counts of patient requests for medication to a confusing mixture of observable patient behavior and subjective interpretations of patient motivation. Its use is not consistent with nursing values. It is, in fact, a good illustration of stigmatization in nursing. Stigmatization is contrary to nursing values. Nurses in practice, research, education, authors, reviewers, and editors all have a role in ending this stigmatization. (shrink)

This article proposes that untethering amerina at Stat. Silv. 1.6.18 from Pliny's mention of varieties of apples and pears called Amerina allows us to read the line as instead referring to a type of pastry originating in Umbrian Ameria, which is within ancient naming practices for pastries and fits better into the context of the catalogue in which the line occurs. In this case, the second half of the catalogue is closely akin to the crustulum et mulsum donative of wealthy (...) Italian patrons in the early empire. (shrink)

Stigmatization of patients exists in nursing and results in less than optimal nursing care and poor patient outcomes. It is also a violation of our code of ethics. In order to eliminate stigmatization from nursing practice, it is necessary to understand how it develops. Two possible theoretical pathways are proposed to explain the development of stigmatization in nursing. These pathways are informed by a conceptual understanding of stigma and theories of professional socialization, professional formation, symbolic interactionism, and social cognitive theory. (...) Re‐labeling and role‐taking and moral disengagement are proposed as two possible processes that may lead to stigmatization of patients. Both proposed pathways have implications on professional socialization, formation, and the development of professional identity. Devoting attention to and reframing normative behavioral expectations, eliminating labeling, developing empathy, focusing on relationships, and cultivating ethical comportment and moral maturity during nursing formation may reduce the stigmatization of patients by nurses. (shrink)

Exploramos aqui as conexões do mito de Prometeu com o nascimento do iluminismo ocidental. O estudo tem como base as obras de Hesíodo e Ésquilo, a partir das interpretações de Werner Jaeger e Junito Brandão. Nos poemas de Hesíodo, Prometeu é aquele titã que roubou o fogo de Zeus para entregá-lo à humanidade. Por este gesto, Prometeu e seus protegidos são duramente castigados por Zeus. Assim, mergulhados em um mundo de incontáveis e incontornáveis males, os homens, honestos, conquistam a esperança (...) de uma boa vida através do trabalho infatigável. Na tragédia de Ésquilo, Prometeu é apresentado como o iluminador e protetor da humanidade. Multi-sábio foi ele quem deu pensamento aos homens, pois estes faziam tudo sem razão. Todas as técnicas e artes humanas são devidas a Prometeu, o previdente. Aqui o mito revela o fundo a partir do qual brota a sabedoria humana: o sofrimento e a dor. No mito, revela-se, de modo essencial, a exigência do trabalho e a presença do sofrimento como condições de uma existência humana definida e considerada do ponto de vista do iluminismo. A sabedoria é a força capaz de fazer o homem superar os obstáculos e as adversidades. Prometeu representa, dessa forma, uma imagem primordial da condição humana cuja sabedoria é conquistada pelo trabalho e pela dor. (shrink)

O artigo problematiza o transumanismo no debate contemporâneo, abrindo caminhos deinvestigação para compreender as complexas linhas da sabedoria transumanista. Busca umacompreensão da condição transumana e dos novos desafios éticos e políticos na era da evolução pordesign intencional. Debate as contradições e possibilidades admiráveis do aperfeiçoamento humano pormeio das sofisticadas técnicas contemporâneas de manipulação e criação de novas formas de vida,inclusive fisiológicas. Assim, pergunta: qual a relação da phronesis transumanista diante da phronesishumanista iluminista? Seria uma superação completa dos ideais humanistas tradicionais? (...) Ou seria umanegação total desses ideais? A tese central é a de que a phronesis transumanista é uma evoluçãocrítica, não sem contradições, dos ideais propostos pelo humanismo renascentista e iluminista, não seconstituindo, portanto, nem como superação nem como oposição a estes ideais. (shrink)

Si la phénoménologie a pour principe fondamental d?exprimer la chose même, son objet ne peut être le phénomène mais la phénoménalité, à savoir la façon dont les phénomènes se montrent à nous, c?est-à-dire leur apparaître et ce, parce que c?est précisément cette phénoménalité qui nous livre accès aux phénomènes. Par conséquent la méthode phénoménologique doit en tout point coïncider avec la phénoménalité en tant que c?est elle qui opère la révélation : « L?objet de la phénoménologie constitue identiquement sa méthode (...) et son langage » 1 . Cela conduit Henry à souligner un premier problème inhérent à la démarche phénoménologique : la méthode phénomé­nologique, et le projet qu?elle entreprend de dévoiler la chose même, pré­suppose déjà, comme sa propre possibilité « cette illumination première hors de laquelle aucune chose n?existe » 2 . En ce sens nous ne pouvons définir la méthode phénoménologique comme originelle puisque l?objet dévoilé par elle n?est autre que sa possibilité. Voilà en quoi la réduction est d?ores et déjà falsifiée puisque l?apparaître auquel elle ouvre n?est autre que sa condition propre déjà présupposée. Autrement dit, ce que la phénoménologie nous donne juste­ment, c?est la condition de son faire voir et rien d?autre. En ce sens : La méthode phénoménologique n?est rien d?autre que la mise en ?uvre systématique d?un procès. (shrink)

J?aimerais interroger ici le problème de la négation de la vie à partir de certains textes de Michel Henry consacrés à Friedrich Nietzsche dans Généalogie de la psychanalyse . Par négation de la vie, Michel Henry désigne l?ensemble des modes de vie que nous pouvons ramener sous le projet de rompre avec la vie. Il emprunte à Friedrich Nietzsche des exemples tels que le doute à l?égard de soi, l?objectivisme, le scientisme, la critique de soi, la mauvaise conscience et une (...) figure devenue l?archétype de la négation, celle du prêtre. Le prêtre est l?homme qui tourne le dos à la vie, qui l?infirme et qui la nie pour aspirer à un au-delà, un ailleurs, une autre vie. Naïvement, le problème de la négation se formule de la manière suivante : l?individu peut-il se tourner contre la vie et la nier ? Pour répondre à cette première question, il me faut reprendre sommairement les principaux aspects de l?articulation de la vie et de la conscience telle qu?elle ressort des analyses des textes de Nietzsche par Michel Henry. Premièrement, la conceptualisation henryenne de l?articulation de la vie et de la conscience repose sur une idée fondamentale : « La vie, en tant que se supportant soi-même », en tant que s?éprouvant soi-même dans tout ce que l?individu est amené à vivre est un « a priori insupportable 1 . » Dans Du communisme au capitalisme , Henry revient sur cet être-rivé à soi de la vie : pure présence à. (shrink)

This case study applies Integral Ecology to analyze the broad range of strategies environmentalists have undertaken to create protected areas and change forest practices in the Great Bear Rainforest, British Columbia, Canada. Rainforest conservation efforts in the region promoted holistic, trans-disciplinary solutions and fostered agreement among diverse stakeholders, modeling an Integral Ecology approach. Environmentalists worked locally and globally, engaging with economic, cultural, political, and scientific systems to create change. The campaign involved transformations at personal and cultural levels that have enabled (...) negotiated solutions involving over twenty million acres of rainforest on British Columbia's coast. (shrink)

This papers’ goal is to present a survey of the contemporary discussions regarding truthmakers. The emphasis will be on the characterization of the truthmaking relation and on the problems involved in universal propositions and negations.

Se o "olhar colonial" tem poder de restringir o pensamento, seria a "decolonialidade" o exercício de liberdade que tanto imaginei para a minha própria existência? Talvez eu não seja a responsável pela criação do imaginário que permeia o meu cotidiano até então; mas seria possível tornar-me detentora dessa porção imaginativa da vida a partir de agora? Se o medo da estagnação assombra os meus dias, e temer não pode ser a saída, imaginar sim, mobiliza! Construir um repertório a partir das (...) minhas próprias experiências, ou através do conhecimento de quem sou de fato, é resgate. É libertário e possível. (shrink)

Este trabalho procura explorar as conexões conceituais entre phronesis, techne e episteme. Busca oferecer elementos teóricos para a compreensão da evolução e das transformações conceituais nos domínios da ética e da técnica. Especula sobre o conceito de tecnociência, considerando-a altamente revolucionária diante das técnicas antiga e moderna. Visa fornecer elementos conceituais para favorecer uma interpretação crítica dos principais problemas e desafios de ordem ética, colocados pela emergência da sociedade tecnocientífica a partir da elaboração de uma filosofia da tecnociência. Discutem-se as (...) posições de Jonas, Simondon e Engelhardt a partir da perspectiva de Hottois. Reconhece-se o horizonte conceitual proposto pela tecnofilia evolucionista, aquele que oferece as condições teóricas mais adequadas para a elaboração de uma ética tecnocientífica. (shrink)

The development of novel neurotechnologies, such as brain-computer interface (BCI) and deep-brain stimulation (DBS), are very promising in improving the welfare and life prospects many people. These include life-changing therapies for medical conditions and enhancements of cognitive, emotional, and moral capacities. Yet there are also numerous moral risks and uncertainties involved in developing novel neurotechnologies. For this reason, the progress of novel neurotechnology research requires that diverse publics place trust in researchers to develop neural interfaces in ways that are overall (...) beneficial to society and responsive to ethical values and concerns. In this article, we argue that researchers and research institutions have a moral responsibility to foster and demonstrate trustworthiness with respect to broader publics whose lives will be affected by their research. Using Annette Baier’s conceptual analysis of trust, which takes competence and good will to be its central components, we propose that practices of ethical reflexivity could play a valuable role in fostering the trustworthiness of individual researchers and research institutions through building and exhibiting their moral competence and good will. By ethical reflexivity, we mean the reflective and discursive activity of articulating, analyzing, and assessing the assumptions and values that might be underlying their ethical actions and projects. Here, we share an ethics dialog tool—called the Scientific Perspectives and Ethics Commitments Survey (or SPECS)—developed by the University of Washington’s Center of Neurotechnology (CNT) Neuroethics Thrust. Ultimately, the aim is to show the promise of ethical reflexivity practices, like SPECS, as a method of enhancing trustworthiness in researchers and their institutions that seek to develop novel neurotechnologies for the overall benefit of society. (shrink)

Os videogames ganharam destaque desde os anos 1970 e com a popularização da internet, originaram-se diversos relatos de que jovens vêm exagerando nos jogos fazendo com que em muitas vezes o uso deixe de ser recreativo. Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar, por meio da literatura, quando o uso de jogos eletrônicos é caracterizado como uma atividade recreativa e quando começa a ser considerado uma dependência. Foi realizada uma revisão na literatura na qual foram selecionados artigos científicos relacionados ao tema. Os resultados (...) apontam que os jogos eletrônicos são a atividade de lazer mais praticada pelos adolescentes e por proporcionar um ambiente seguro e controlado permitem uma fuga da realidade para evitação dos problemas sociais. Concluindo, o uso abusivo dos jogos eletrônicos está associado a diversas comorbidades, interferindo de forma significativa na vida social, familiar, acadêmica e afetiva do sujeito, sendo que os adolescentes são os mais vulneráveis a desenvolver uma dependência. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the truthmaker monism , a result according to which any truthmaker makes true any true proposition. Truthmaker monism depends on the characterization of the truthmaking relation in terms of strict implication, the principle of excluded middle and the so called disjunction thesis. I will restrict the discussion to a theory of truthmakers of empirical truths and I will argue that, in the scope of such a theory, the problem does not (...) lie in the use of strict implication neither in the excluded middle but, rather, in the disjunction thesis, that must be rejected. (shrink)

The success or failure of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim turns largely on the testimony of trial counsel. It is therefore common for the government to communicate ex parte with trial co...

Gertrude Crotty Davenport (1866-1946), née Gertrude Anna Crotty, destacou-se por suas contribuições para a zoologia. Além disso, ela participou ativamente do movimento eugenista dos Estados Unidos juntamente com seu marido, Charles Benedict Davenport (1866-1944). O presente trabalho consiste em uma tradução comentada de um artigo que ela publicou em The Independent, em 1912. Neste artigo, Gertrude apresenta sua própria visão sobre a eugenia e discute sobre a situação em que se encontrava o movimento eugenista no início da década de 1910.

This chapter contains sections titled: The world in which we live Leadership today Ethics today What is leadership? The human materials of leadership Ethics and corporate leadership Leadership in the twenty‐first century.

This essay will examine an illuminating convergence in the thoughts of Pope John Paul II and the cultural anthropologist René Girard. It will be seen that this convergence is a consequence of the shared concern of both to understand the human person in terms of its relation to other persons. So while not a personalist philosopher in the strict sense, René Girard’s concern for the interpersonal brings him close to the personalism of John Paul II, who likewise understands human subjectivity (...) in terms of the relations by which it is constituted. Both practice what might be called an “interpersonalist” personalism, which this essay will argue ought to characterize the practice of personalism in a Christian context. The essay will make this observation the basis for further reflections on the nature of personalism and its relation to the Christian intellectual tradition. (shrink)

Crocodile starts with Rob and Mia having a night out that ends tragically with Rob hitting and killing a cyclist. In a panic, they hide the body and don't report the accident. Years later, racked with guilt, Rob contacts Mia to tell her he's decided to anonymously report the accident so the cyclist's family can get closure. Mia panics, worried that the consequences would be dire for her, her family, and her reputation. In the rest of the episode, Mia takes (...) a series of actions to protect the life she's built. This chapter utilizes the ethical theories of Utilitarianism, Kant, Feminist Ethics of Care, and Aristotelian Virtue Ethics to determine whether Mia's actions are justifiable forms of self‐defense. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Defensible Taping The Public Appeal Sexual Appeal The Allure of Taping Motivations for Release The Complications of Releasing a Sex Tape When Trust Fails A Failed Career Move Why We Still Tape Notes.

Somites are transient structures which represent the most overt segmental feature of the vertebrate embryo. The strict temporal regulation of somitogenesis is of critical developmental importance since many segmental structures adopt a periodicity based on that of the somites. Until recently, the mechanisms underlying the periodicity of somitogenesis were largely unknown. Based on the oscillations of c-hairy1 and lunatic fringe RNA, we now have evidence for an intrinsic segmentation clock in presomitic cells. Translation of this temporal periodicity into a spatial (...) periodicity, through somite formation, requires Notch signaling. While the Hox genes are certainly involved, it remains unknown how the metameric vertebrate axis becomes regionalized along the antero–posterior (AP) dimension into the occipital, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral domains. We discuss the implications of cell division as a clock mechanism underlying the regionalization of somites and their derivatives along the AP axis. Possible links between the segmentation clock and axial regionalization are also discussed. BioEssays 22:72–83, 2000. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

PURPOSE: The offer to return research results to participants is increasingly recognized as an ethical obligation, although few researchers routinely return results. We examined the needs and attitudes of parents of children with cancer and of adolescents with cancer to the return of research results. METHODS: Seven experts in research ethics scored content validity on parent and adolescent questionnaires previously developed through focus group and phone interviews. The questionnaires were revised and provided to 30 parents and 10 adolescents in a (...) tertiary care oncology setting. RESULTS: The content validity index for individual questions and the overall questionnaires scored as 0.86 for both questionnaires. All 30 parents and 10 adolescents who agreed to participate returned questionnaires. The majority (>95%) indicated that they had a strong or very strong right to receive results. Letter or e-mail was a satisfactory means to return results described as good or neutral (66% parents, 100% adolescents) but more participants wished face-to-face disclosure of results with negative implications (50% parents, 60% adolescents). Very few wanted results disseminated through a Web site. The majority acknowledged the need for peer-review before disclosure (60% of adolescents and parents) but did not want "to be the last to know." CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that pediatric oncology patients and parents of children with cancer strongly feel that they have a right to research results, and that they wish to receive these in a timely manner. (shrink)