This paper was written for a workshop, Chance and Contingency in Indian Philosophy, that was held at Yale University in May 2017. It examines the role that chance plays by focusing on the popular maxim of the crow and the palm tree. It argues that while representatives of different schools of thought were aware of the possibility of purely random occurrences, they dealt with it very differently. For some like the Vedāntins chance provided proof of their positions, while for others, (...) Naiyāyikas and Buddhists, chance was a challenge, particularly to their theories of inference. (shrink)

Die erste Bekanntschaft mit den Ideen Fichtes in der Ukraine erfolgte gleich zu Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Neue Impulse erhielten die Aneignung und Auseinandersetzung mit seinen Gedanken mit der Eröffnung der Universität in Charkow im Herbst 1804. Dank der Berufung des ehemaligen Jenaer Extraordinarius Johann Baptist Schad wurde die Universität Charkow im ersten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Hauptstadt der Fichte-Forschungen und Kritik, nicht nur in der Ukraine, sondern im ganzen Russischen Reich. Schad, der als erster Philosophieprofessor Charkows dort bis (...) zum Dezember 1816 lehrte, gründete auch eine »Charkower philosophische Schule«, deren Vertreter verschiedene Lehrstücke Fichtes, aber auch der kritischen Philosophie insgesamt rezipierten und sich mit ihnen auseinander setzten und sie eifrig verbreiteten. (shrink)

Richard A. Posner's two books on the financial crisis focus on possible macroeconomic (Keynesian) causes of it, neglecting legal causes that would have had only microeconomic effects, yet could have been responsible for the crisis. Specifically, Posner accepts too readily the conventional wisdom that banks? leverage levels, hence their capital cushions, were deregulated; this ignores Basel I, Basel II, and the Recourse rule, which internationally and (in the last case) in the United States minutely regulated not only leverage levels but (...) the composition of banks? assets. These regulations penalized banks for making business loans in comparison to mortgage loans, and it further penalized them for keeping mortgage loans rather than selling them for securitization and then buying back the ?senior? tranches of the resulting mortgage-backed securities. These regulations may explain the overconcentration of mortgage risk in the banks, and thus the financial crisis. (shrink)

Die erste Bekanntschaft mit den Ideen Fichtes in der Ukraine erfolgte gleich zu Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Neue Impulse erhielten die Aneignung und Auseinandersetzung mit seinen Gedanken mit der Eröffnung der Universität in Charkow im Herbst 1804. Dank der Berufung des ehemaligen Jenaer Extraordinarius Johann Baptist Schad wurde die Universität Charkow im ersten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Hauptstadt der Fichte-Forschungen und Kritik, nicht nur in der Ukraine, sondern im ganzen Russischen Reich. Schad, der als erster Philosophieprofessor Charkows dort bis (...) zum Dezember 1816 lehrte, gründete auch eine »Charkower philosophische Schule«, deren Vertreter verschiedene Lehrstücke Fichtes, aber auch der kritischen Philosophie insgesamt rezipierten und sich mit ihnen auseinander setzten und sie eifrig verbreiteten. (shrink)

The article tries to prove the necessity and demonstrates the possibility of application of the methods of praxiology to ethical questions. The result is an ethical praxiology conceived as a theory of making best moral choices by moral agents. It is meant to be a practical science invented for the regulation of the process of decision-making and decision implementation.

Richard A. Posner's two books on the financial crisis focus on possible macroeconomic (Keynesian) causes of it, neglecting legal causes that would have had only microeconomic effects, yet could have been responsible for the crisis. Specifically, Posner accepts too readily the conventional wisdom that banks’ leverage levels, hence their capital cushions, were deregulated; this ignores Basel I, Basel II, and the Recourse rule, which internationally and (in the last case) in the United States minutely regulated not only leverage levels but (...) the composition of banks’ assets. These regulations penalized banks for making business loans in comparison to mortgage loans, and it further penalized them for keeping mortgage loans rather than selling them for securitization and then buying back the “senior” tranches of the resulting mortgage-backed securities. These regulations may explain the overconcentration of mortgage risk in the banks, and thus the financial crisis. (shrink)

resumo Este artigo procura destacar algumas características do discurso racional em Thomas Hobbes. São analisadas as noções de prudência e ciência. O conhecimento racional repousará na possibilidade de construir, no discurso, um sinal – vox humana – que se sobreponha às marcas – notae – criadas pelos homens para excitar em nosso espírito um pensamento anterior. A seguir, são expostas as noções de proposição, nomes positivos e nomes negativos. Tais noções exibirão o determinismo hobbesiano, elemento determinante não apenas de sua (...) philosophia prima, mas igualmente de sua teoria política. palavras-chave Thomas Hobbes - discurso mental - discurso verbal - universal - determinismo; filosofia civil. (shrink)

O objetivo desse artigo é mostrar de que modo um problema no domínio da teoria contemporânea do direito suscita questões que podem encontrar esclarecimentos na filosofia de Thomas Hobbes. Para tanto, será primeiramente analisada uma decisão da Suprema Corte norte-americana que retoma um debate constitucional aberto há já quase vinte anos e que versa sobre os direitos civis1. Nesse contexto, a noção de República em Hobbes será apresentada enquanto fornecendo uma teoria sobre a interpretação jurídica que permite apanhar o bom (...) lado nesse debate. (shrink)

Cardinal Clemente Micara has been papal nuncio in Belgium from 1923 until 1946. The aim of this article is to show the influence of this prelate on the Belgian political life. This research is essentially based on the correspondance that nuncio Micara exchanged with the late cardinal Van Roey, primate of Belgium. The Holy See ignored the «Flemish question» and Msgr. Micara confirmed his superiors in this position.