Selections from the books, notes, and letters of this 19th century philosopher.

What inductive biases must be incorporated into multi-agent artificial intelligence models to get them to capture high-fidelity imitation? We think very little is needed. In the right environments, both instrumental- and ritual-stance imitation can emerge from generic learning mechanisms operating on non-deliberative decision architectures. In this view, imitation emerges from trial-and-error learning and does not require explicit deliberation.

Philosophers have developed several detailed accounts of what makes some mathematical proofs explanatory. Significantly less attention has been paid, however, to what makes some proofs more explanatory than other proofs. That is problematic, since the reasons for thinking that some proofs explain are also reasons for thinking that some proofs are more explanatory than others. So in this paper, I develop an account of comparative explanation in mathematics. I propose a theory of the `at least as explanatory as' relation among (...) mathematical proofs. (shrink)

Typicality is routinely invoked in everyday contexts: bobcats are typically short-tailed; people are typically less than seven feet tall. Typicality is invoked in scientific contexts as well: typical gases expand; typical quantum systems exhibit probabilistic behaviour. And typicality facts like these support many explanations, both quotidian and scientific. But what is it for something to be typical? And how do typicality facts explain? In this paper, I propose a general theory of typicality. I analyse the notion of a typical property. (...) I provide a formalism for typicality explanations, and I give an account of why typicality explanations are explanatory. Along the way, I show how typicality facts explain a variety of phenomena, from everyday phenomena to the statistical mechanical behaviour of gases. Finally, I argue that typicality is not the same thing as probability. (shrink)

Dieses von Hegel als Leitfaden für die Hörer seiner Vorlesungen konzipierte Werk bietet einen programmatischen Aufriß seines gesamten philosophischen Systems. Es umfaßt die drei Teile: Wissenschaft der Logik, Philosophie der Natur und Philosophie des Geistes. Die 8., um ein Literaturverzeichnis erweiterte Auflage bietet den durchgesehenen Text der 6., nach der Originalausgabe neu herausgegebenen Text mit Anmerkungen von F. Nicolin und O. Pöggeler. Beigegeben sind eine Einleitung, Literaturverzeichnis und Personen- und Sachregister.

La définition de l’anaphore est loin d’être consensuelle. Alors que certains la décrivent comme la reprise d’un segment textuel, d’autres considèrent qu’elle consiste en la construction d’une représentation mentale à partir d’éléments discursifs. Le phénomène, quoi qu’il en soit, est normalement signalé par certains marqueurs spécifiques, ceux-ci contribuant à la construction des références anaphoriques. Dans cet article, nous examinons divers phénomènes liés à la réalisation phonologique ou phonétique des marqueurs concernés, aux niveaux segmental et suprasegmental. Cet examen nous conduit à (...) mettre en évidence le rapport étroit qui existe entre deixis et anaphore. Nous montrons que des éléments de nature phonologique se combinent à l’emploi de marqueurs grammaticaux dans la construction des références anaphoriques. Nous soulignons que certaines dichotomies observées sur le plan prosodique permettent de marquer la continuité ou la discontinuité discursive et suggérons que des nuances d’ordre phonétique contribuent à signaler divers degrés d’accessibilité mentale du référent des formes impliquées. (shrink)

It has been my object in the present work to investigate the problems of ethics in the light of an examination of the facts of moral life. One reason for this procedure is my desire to conduct the reader by the same path that I myself have followed in approaching ethical questions.

I present and explain the Bohmian account of collapse in quantum mechanics.

Great classic showing that history is not chance but rational process, the evolution of freedom.

Philosophie und wissenschaft.--Die theorie der materie.--Die unendlichkeit der welt.--Gehirn und seele.--Die aufgaben der experimentellen psychologie.--Die messung psychischer vorgänge.--Der ausdruck der gemütsbewegungen.--Die sprache und das denken.--Die entwicklung des willens.--Der aberglaube in der wissenschaft.--Der spiritismus.--Lessing und die kritische methode.

It is often assumed that theorizing in terms of natural properties is more objectively valuable than theorizing in terms of non-natural properties. But this assumption faces an explanatory challenge: explain the greater objective value of theorizing in terms of natural properties. In this paper, I answer that challenge by proposing and exploring three different accounts of the objective value of naturalness. Two appeal to constitutive natures: it is part of the constitutive nature of explanation, or of objective value, that theorizing (...) in terms of natural properties is more objectively valuable. The third appeals to the theoretical role that naturalness plays. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Hegels Identitätsthese von der Substanz als Subjekt liegt die selbstbezügliche Konzeption der Identität zugrunde, nämlich die Gleichheit mit sich selbst. Sie unterscheidet sich von allen traditionellen, nicht-selbstreflexiven Begriffen der Identitätsvarianten, etwa im Ausgang von Leibniz, Hume oder Frege , wie auch Quine. Daß die Substanz in ihrem Begriff von sich zirkulär, selbstbezüglich und a priori identisch mit sich ist, ist die Basis allen Denkens und Sprechens über das Seiende. Doch diese begriffliche Sichselbstgleichheit in der Substanz ist zugleich – dialektisch – (...) eine Ungleichheit all ihrer substantiellen Qualität mit sich, sie ist deren Selbstauflösung und Werden. Darin gehört das Andere, Negative intern zur begrifflichen Bestimmung der Substanz selber, und das Wahre in Erfahrung und Wissenschaft wird zu einem Prozeß der Abfolge von gegensätzlichen, erscheinenden Gestalten des Bewußtseins. (shrink)

A metafisica traditional de Descartes, Kant e Moore tern a pretensão de possuir um conhecimento certo sobre o Eu e sobre o Mundo. Em Sobre a Certeza, Wittgenstein critica esta metafisica de forma radical, pois, segundo ele, a metafisica traditional confunde as "proposições gramaticais" com proposições metafisicas. Por esta razão o presente artigo concentra-se sobre a estrutura das "proposições gramaticais" e as suas diferenças em relação a orações com conteúdo proposicional e a pretensão de verdade. Na prossecução desta andlise o (...) artigo procura responder a questões como as seguintes: "Em que consiste a semantica pragática de Wittgenstein?" "Qual a relação entre "proposicoes gramaticais" e proposições empiricas?" e "Em que medida proposições gramaticais podem determinar uma visdo do mundo?". /// Traditional metaphysics by Descartes, Kant and Moore claims to have a certain knowledge of the I and of the world In Über Gewißheit Wittgenstein criticizes this metaphysics radically: traditional metaphysics misunderstands "grammatical sentences" as metaphysical sentences. This is why the following examination focuses on the structure of "grammatical sentences "and their differences to sentences with propositional contents and a claim to truth In this examination we will also have to answer questions like: "What does Wittgenstein's pragmatic semantics consist of?", "What is the relationship between ' grammatical sentences' and empirical sentences?" and "In which respect do ' grammatical sentences' determine a world view? ". (shrink)