The article describes the representation of St. Augustine's spirit and theological-historical implications of the law, its positive impact on the legitimization of European identity. Theologian distinguishes three types of law: a temporary, natural and eternal law. The latter is an all-encompassing force that controls all the processes of creation. It is implemented through the story and disclosed in the cognitive capabilities of a person to understand its course. Person of the eternal law is also the Holy Letter. It directs the (...) faithful to the divine essence and enables the implementation of the covenants of Christ - to search for individual mutual society. Realization of the Divine precepts creates two social practices: the legalization of individual and corporate rights of the defense of honor and collective property, as well as claims libertalny principle of law. Natural law comes from the eternal law, and there is a perfect synthesis of normal human relationships and the general laws of nature. Its key provisions are security and the continuation of life of the human race. Precept of natural law is the pursuit of a free implementation of the transcendent and the immanent levels of human existence. And at the same time the desire of people to be a single entity - to reach a general agreement (concordia), the order of love with all the elements of social life. Klyuchnym for achieving concordia is understanding people in the language that gives everyone in the communication process with the "neighbors" to reveal their natural essence and develop common criteria for the fair. Temporary law is a combination of the laws of the state and social control in the form of folk traditions and customs. It forms a unique socio-politic about individual people and determines its development. For Augustine, the temporary law is conscious norm overseas social elements of individual and corporate desires that can destroy people reached concordia. However, Augustine's interpretation of the law did not eliminate the temporary rule of the eternal law in the soul of man - his conscience and the right of free solutions. The human soul is a divine archetype, and therefore the individual acquires the status of an autonomous artist eternal and natural law. Thus, the Augustinian doctrine of the law legitimizes the human right to self-affirmation, the autonomic harmonization of all three levels of law. This aspect of the teaching of St. Augustine become the basis for the approval of the European individualism. (shrink)

У статті розкрито уявлення св. Августина про іманентний і трансцендентний зміст страху й визначено його місце в уявленій світобудові та значення в індивідуальному процесі реалізації універсальних форм - у спасінні. Виявлено, що в доктрині отця церкви страх має три види і є дієвим елементом світобудови. Його спроможність трансформувати світоглядну уяву первісно залежить від вільного вибору людини. А символізм й ієрархічність дали змогу створити теократичний взірець ідеального соціально-політичного порядку й використовувати страх як знаряддя "нагляду" за всім, що потенційно загрожує безпеці колективного (...) спасіння. (shrink)

У статті розкриваються російсько-радянські основи ментальності мешканців Донбасу, яка характеризується автором як афективно-фрагментарна. Її ключовими особливостями є історична багатоукладність ціннісних смислів, гостре внутрішнє протиріччя, переплетення архаїко-язичницьких і християнських ідей, глибокий вплив міфо-казкових архетипів. Кілька спроб модернізації країни не змінили радянсько-російську ментальність, вона лише набула цивілізаційних атрибутів, але не напрацювала позитивних механізмів адаптації до нових реалій життя.

The article reconstructs the false foundations of Soviet designs imaginable urbanization detects starting social places concepts of "classical" days of building socialism. Projected into the future the idea of permanent revolution, the destruction of "bourgeois barbarism" and desire the establishment of legal order Bolsheviks led the workers to the approval of a new type of state and the formation of a new anthropological type of person. This type - "eternal revolutionary", "architect of the new world" had to live with a (...) single purpose - to extend the principles of proletarian justice to the axis of the world. The epicenter of the factory or the formation of the new man was an industrial city - industrial zone heroically-miltarism work. The main method of the formation of cities and the new man was a total mobilization, the image of the antagonistic enemy of mythic-Titanic goal, collectively practice of collective responsibility, temporal-topeni the control of the state-party bodies the army-camp architecture, etc. The Communists sought to build the city for centuries, people, nomos chose to build incubators "eternal revolutionaries", the barracks of the unknown soldier or barracks devotees of "Stakhanovite". In the draft party not only needs to become an industrial base for future victories over bourgeois barbarism, but also a gathering place loyal fighters for a revolutionary breakthrough - the construction of communism all over the world. Social city - misguided or sinister space, which is not provided for the life of a healthy society. It is the fruit of pure nomos, state coercion, that denied cultural and national experiences, socio-economic patterns, cravings human being the ruins of the Communist concepts of permanent revolution and militarism of labor. The experience of the Communist daydreaming inspires the statement that as an axiom of the relationship of nomos and fuses in urban space is the right man for happiness. A key measure of their dialectical interaction is the reliance on the security and preservation of the integrity of human nature, national heritage, the experience of past generations. (shrink)

The nature and factors of the existence of the nation-state in the doctrine of H. Ortega y Gasset are revealed. Ortehovoyi in interpreting the nation-state is a metaphysical strength and unity of past and future, tradition and consolidating new purpose-idea alloy democratic institutions and subconscious zovu blood, land, language, mature nation. As an instrument of the nation, the nation state is a political entity that legitimizes the idea of social order and public self is an initiative of the people and (...) personality. The democratic nature of the nation-state is its indispensable advantage - it gives real grounds separate individual and values harmonious collective resist oppression. Simultaneously, the nation state is the result of integration of peoples to new historical stage of development, volitional act elite, which determine the call-idea and transform it into a state-based form of "call" world capabilities of the people. This creative process is not possible without a high level of social elasticity without close consolidate elites with public miles, without the democratic principles of cooperation, which together store representations, symbolic and real-institutional unity of the body politic of the nation, and is the key to the dichotomy of nation-state - its dynamics and statics. Thus, the concept of nation-state process of reconciliation Madrid provides citizens with the idea of a sovereign political body which defends freedom and respects their interests and concluded lifestyle. Thus, the concept of the nation state H. Ortega y Gasset is the liberal-conservative trait. It is presented as a result of historical passages mature nation and a compromise individual rights of the person will and ability of elites. (shrink)

У статті розкривається концепція миру в уявлені св. Августина для позитивного вирішення проблеми синхронізації колективного й індивідуального з метою збереження комунікації між іманентним і трансцендентним. Робиться висновок, що поняття "мир" в Августиновій доктрині отримало універсальний зміст завдяки своїй комплексності й кумулятивності в справі спасіння - практичного руху іманентного до трансцендентного і навпаки. Завдяки індивідуальному здобутку миру на всіх рівнях соціально-політичного й релігійного буття, pax aeterna й pax sempiterna максимально зближуються і тим ставлять людство перед Божою ласкою.

This paper examines the nature and mission of the church in case of synchronization of individual and collective revealed and its social dimension in the doctrine of St. Augustine. We found that the doctrine of St. Augustine church focusing on a few universal concepts which make it possible to share a mystical communion into hierarchical levels and justify a higher capability to church "loving compulsion" imperfect. This flexible foundation principle of creating individual and collective synchronization and admitted his main tools: (...) Christian state that receives the highest sanction carrier sword of the Lord and the monastic way of believer's life - estrangement and in silent contemplation of the eternal state of the soul essence. The teaching of theologians had a double effect. It is, at first, was the basis of the concept of sacral and utilitarian State High and Late Middle Ages. Secondly, the teaching of theologian contemplative life was further rod idea of medieval philosophy, a doctrine that had a decisive influence on European consciousness, until the Enlightenment. Augustine's interpreted the doctrine that man can be saved independently, it can happen only with the living presence of God in this life, which is due to internal and external routes encourages people to perfection. Determining the path of salvation in the early Middle Ages was grieving and humble monk in contemplation of austerity. However, it should be noted that a key Augustine's principle - contemplative soul perfection that realized ascetic life of monks becomes narrow corporate practices. It deepened singular trend early Christian violate equality synchronization between collective and individual. Monastic Practice has proved, it is not effective, because it could not provide imaginable salvation to all members of the Christian community - tore the only body of the church - shared by Ecclesia sancta ecclesia catholic. Because the only historical conditions have changed at the same time rises task salvation of Republic Christiana, not selected by the grace of monks. Revived Early Christian idea of the right of everyone to achieve wisdom and bliss. Under these conditions, contemplative method of salvation need your additions, and most in need of a new interpretation of the concept of passivity public life of God's people. (shrink)

У статті розкриваються Августинові інтенції синхронізації індивідуального і колективного в царині політичного. Для гармонізації протиріч індивідуального і колективного та наближення до доброчесного вдосконалення богослов пропонував ряд державницьких концептів. Він радив, незважаючи на гріховну природу державної влади, навчитися використовувати її в спільній справі наближення до Граду Божого.

The author seeks to reveal the contents Skotovoho term "haecceitas", pointing to its location in metaphysics Scholasticus and European influence on the development of individualized thinking. Concluding should be noted that the term Skotovskyy haecceitas legitimizes in western thinking right essential to the existence of a single state in the autonomous formalities in a state of positive-singular being relative to the summum ens, preserving the unity of the personal hierarchy of the universe. This doctrinal principle axiologicaly urivnovazhyv metaphysical thinking of (...) the natural intelligence of the individual to determine their yedynoznachnist things. Explain this view, Habermas, who notes that "... metaphysical thinking shapes suited to the individual. John Duns Scotus justifies it eventually to extend of essential also in the sphere of the individual. It gives a precise definition of Haecceitas, which also puts a stamp on individuation significant, because it is really essential opposed to individual equivalent generality". As a mode of essential forms haecceitas makes it the ultimate reality Meanwhile "individual form," which asserts the man status uniqueness. Comprehension of "individual forms" that there is a reasonable, figuratively originality here and now finds loving will of the Creator to creation, and the inspiring personality to volitional direction defined by God to perfect forms and types. This imposes a duty on the ambivalent personality. On the one hand the individual is responsible for the terrible harmony with summum ens, on the other hand gets within their reality, to be sreatorom natural and human things - finally implement the will of God in single-unique. Latest content is the foundation of modern thinking and definitive doctrinal legitimation of Western individualism. (shrink)

У статті досліджуються конститутивні пункти середньовічного міста, елементи онтологічної сутності цього феномену. Відправною сутністю середньовічного міста є його трансцендентна спрямованість, яка затверджує уявлені образи порядку, що втілюються в раціонально-правову цілісність та спадковість міського життя. Процес смислоутворення середньовічного міста має своє підґрунтя в біблійних образах, богословських екзегезах та архетипних діях - утворення завдяки колективній клятві асоціації рівних, що скеровують своє співжиття до досягнення релігійного ідеалу. Цей формоутворюючий процес мав задачу позбавитись status naturae і через громадське служіння, бездоганне виконання законів і доброчесність (...) наблизитися до status gratiae - земного стану духовної свободи та вдосконалення. Досвід формування міста в середні віки відроджує ідею античного поліса, його ключову відзнаку - раціонально-правову впорядкованість, що виявляється в евдомонічній формі життя. (shrink)

The urgency of the issue in question lies in the need to improve anti-discrimination legislation in Ukraine. The article aims to summarize the current state of combating discrimination in sports. Research methods include analysis, generalization, and the formal-logical method. The article summarizes international acts that promote the prohibition of discrimination and the need to combat it. One of the main problems in world sport is racial discrimination, and there are three types of racism in sports. The main disadvantage of laws (...) that lead to imperfect prosecution mechanism is entirely criminal liability for discrimination, even though the law on preventing and combating discrimination also implies administrative and civil liability. The article analyzes some positive foreign experience in combating and counteracting in sports. It shows that the priority areas for combating and counteracting discrimination in sports in Ukraine should be: improving the legislation in terms of prosecution; establishing a special body responsible for combating and counteracting discrimination in sports; introducing educational tools in schools and among members of sports organizations that promote human rights, regardless of race, colour or other characteristics. Emphasis is placed on the fact that an effective mechanism of legal regulation together with preventive measures should guarantee the protection of the rights of both athletes and fans. The obtained results can serve as the basis of legislative proposals to improve the fight against discrimination in sports, which will ensure the protection of human rights. (shrink)

The author analyzes the role and significance of the new scientific area within the Ancient philosophy studies, named Classical Reception Studies. This area manifests itself as a reconceptualization of Antic Studies and therefore is as an interdisciplinary field, which focuses on the study of the receptions of Antiquity. This area is specific in its sphere of interest – not only philosophical heritage of a certain period, but also literary, historical and other sources. Such aspect of classical reception studies are important (...) as it contributes to thorough and fundamental studies of the history of Ukrainian philosophy because the ancient philosophical heritage was at the center of reflections on Ukrainian philosophy from Kievan Rus' to the present day. Therefore, we see the importance of domestic scientific studies devoted to the study of the receptions of antiquity in general and in the history of Ukrainian philosophy in particular. The latter can help to more understand the specifics of the formation and development of the philosophical tradition in Ukraine. Classical reception studies can be a specific historical and philosophical method of research of ancient philosophical heritage, along with other methods such as doxography, rational and historical reconstruction, etc. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it can incorporate elements of doxography, as well as rational reconstruction or other historical and philosophical methods alone or together The author argues that in the context of classical reception studies, ancient philosophical texts can become a basis for solving contemporary global or local problems and issues of humanity (political, social, cultural, etc.). The potential of ancient texts and fragments (including philosophical ones) is important not only for understanding the past, but also in relation to the developments of society in the present. (shrink)

Review of Bromberg, J. (2021). Global Classics. Abingdon: Routledge.

The article reveals the features of the formation and functioning of aesthetic research in such two areas of Marxism as Soviet and Chinese. The study identified three key stages in the development of aesthetics in Soviet Marxism – the pre-war (the 1920s and 1930s), late Stalinism and the Khrushchev thaw, and the late period (1970-1980s). It should be noted that in the context of Soviet Marxism, the key tasks were that aesthetics becomes influential and in-demand science, included in the program (...) of "technical progress" and "education of the builder of communism", important ideological, aesthetic, and applied field of philosophy. Therefore, in addition to the fact that purely ideological works were developed within the framework of aesthetic discourse, aesthetics itself in Soviet Marxism was able to develop thanks to contacts with semiotics, psychology, anthropology, cultural history, and sociology. Relying on a selective stream of translations of Western philosophies of art, Soviet aesthetics is beginning to resonate with global trends, which is facilitated by the unspoken consensus of the idea of aesthetics as a part of philosophical and humanitarian knowledge that has its own autonomy. Proved that in China culture and the cultural revolution are inextricably linked with the Marxist projects of critiquing capitalist modernity and building alternative modernity. Aesthetics and culture also were at the center of attention in Chinese Marxist circles. In this respect, the diverse practices and designs of Chinese Marxism are similar to those of Western Marxism or an equally distinct variety of Euro-American Marxist intellectual enterprises. Aesthetic Marxism in China had a dual mission – to criticize the internal contradictions of revolutionary hegemony and to offer a constructive vision of culture in a post-revolutionary society. This is the value of Chinese aesthetic Marxism, the implications of which go beyond China proper in the world of global cultural criticism. Moreover, being non-Western, Chinese aesthetic Marxism deliberately questioned the inherent Eurocentrism of Marxism. If this Eurocentrism is to be challenged and problematized, the questions posed by Chinese aesthetic Marxists cannot be ignored. (shrink)

The article makes a detailed analysis of the understanding of women in the philosophical works of Corpus Aristotelicum. It is established that the specificity of the view of this ancient thinker on the problem of research is due to the fact that he considers it in the whole body of his philosophical works, reflecting on it in logical, ethical-aesthetic and socio-philosophical aspects. It has been found that the key issue around which Stagirite reflects on women is the concept of «domination». (...) In the context of reflections on domination, he emphasizes that in the ontological context, women are not inferior to men, but in marital and family relations, a woman must obey a man. At the same time, it is proved that Aristotle speaks only briefly about the possible need for education and upbringing of women, and mentions it not for the benefit and self-development of women, but only to avoid all sorts of chaos and disorder in a particular society. However, he notes that a woman can hold a high position if she has a good reputation and authority among citizens who pursue politics. It is argued that the ancient thinker emphasizes that there are a number of issues, namely those concerning children, in which women clearly understand each other better, and emphasizes that they should deal with them and resolve disputes under their guidance. It is interesting that in the context of this issue, Aristotle mentions there is an image of a Delphic knife [Polit.1252b1–7], because he used in various aspects - military, domestic and sacred. As we can see, this ancient philosopher continues Plato's opinion that it is impossible to «spray» on certain goals and objectives, because, mainly, it leads to mistakes, tragedies, etc. Everyone, including women, must do their job, which is given to them by nature. This does not diminish this or that personality, but on the contrary makes it unique and inimitable among all creations. (shrink)

У статті виконано комплексне дослідження розвитку вітчизняного сортовивчення, зокрема, проаналізовано діяльність Сортівничо-насінньового управління Цукротресту. Визначено історичні та соціально-економічні передумови, які сприяли становленню сортовивчення та селекції в Україні у 20-х роках ХХ ст. Доведено, що Сортівничо-насінньове управління займалося селекцією й сортовивченням не лише цукрових, а й багатьох інших сільськогосподарських культур. Діяльність Цукротресту відіграла помітну роль у розвитку аграрного сектора України та суттєво вплинулана перехід дослідної справи в сільському господарстві на науковий рівень.

B a c k g r o u n d. Sinicized Marxism involves the utilization of Marxist theory to address issues specific to China and the transformation of China's rich practical experience into theory, combined with Chinese history and traditional culture. This can be observed in the context of the exploration of philosophical-anthropological issues. M e t h o d s. The key methods employed to address the outlined tasks were comparative and dialectical. The use of the comparative method allowed (...) for the identification of commonalities and differences in the understanding of the human problem in Western European and contemporary Chinese philosophy. The inclusion of the dialectical method helped reveal contradictions in the explication of the nature and meaning of human existence by various contemporary Chinese thinkers. R e s u l t s. It has been found that contemporary Chinese thinkers perceive a dichotomy in human nature–social and natural. Considering not only Karl Marx's works but also those of other Western philosophers, particularly Immanuel Kant, Marxist philosophers in China emphasize the social component of human nature, which is crucial to individuality. C o n c l u s i o n s. It is argued that Sinicized Marxism, like its Soviet counterpart, also incorporates the concept of the "new man" whose life's purpose is to exist exclusively based on the principles and values of Marxist philosophy. The formation and functioning of this concept are influenced by extensive discussions regarding the role of humans in history. Sinicized Marxism emphasizes that each individual, living in society, pursues their own specific values and, guided by them, acts to achieve their realization. Although these goals and actions are diverse, varied, and contradictory, there is a common essence underlying this mass of individual goals and actions. Accordingly, contemporary Chinese thinkers assert that within a specific historical society, people are integrated independently of their will and desire into a unique system of material relations that constitutes their social existence. As a result, they are in a certain way connected within each formation and with the means of production. Production relations organize people, stimulate their activities, generate certain relationships and dependencies among social groups. Common interests, reflected in consciousness, more or less consciously, unite people, motivating them to strive for the realization of certain social goals. The thesis is substantiated that although Sinicized Marxism emphasizes the social goal of human life, it also encompasses considerations about the existential aspect, manifested in living for self-improvement and for the sake of others. (shrink)

The article attempts to highlight the development of the unity of medicine and philosophy in the context of combating epidemics of two early Greek thinkers Epimenides and Empedocles. The idea that Epimenides adheres to the divine origin of the disease is justified, but at the same time, in the process of ritual purification from the plague, it attracts elements of the Pythagorean view of healing, as well as close to Indo-Iranian traditions of the time. It is proved that in the (...) course of the development of ancient thought, the view of the disease also evolves “from myth to logos”, which leads to the understanding of this phenomenon in Empedocles as an ontological problem. Accordingly, it has been established that, for the Sicilian philosopher, mass diseases (epidemics) are caused primarily by the fact that he is more prevalent in the world. If the society is engulfed by hatred and malice, then diseases will inevitably emerge and increase. Instead, overcoming and disappearing of epidemics are possible because peace and harmony between people will prevail. The author substantiates the thesis that helping residents to overcome epidemics in various ancient cities, testifies to the great importance of the early Greek thinkers, who combined not only reflection but also praxis. (shrink)

Розглядаються основні теорії комічного, що належать до класичної парадигми філософствування (Т.Гоббса, І.Канта, Г.Гегеля, З.Фройда та ін.), розкривається їх взаємозв’язок та еволюція поглядів на проблему комічного. Комічне сформувало особливий культурний пласт – світ сміху, який постійно протиставляється світу серйозному. Мета цієї статті – дати загальний огляд основних теорій комічного в західній філософській думці. Розгалужена культура сміху, заснована на комічному в житті та мистецтві, має глибоке історичне коріння.У класичній західній філософії існують три види традиційних теорій сміху: переваги, невідповідності, розрядки. Основні положення теорії (...) переваги були викладені Аристотелем і Платоном і домінували у західному мисленні про сміх протягом двох тисячоліть. Вважалось, що сміх виражає почуття переваги над іншими людьми або над нашим колишнім станом.Другим підходом до вивчення проблеми гумору була теорія невідповідності яка виникла у 18 столітті, щоб кинути виклик теорії переваги,. У той час як теорія переваги стверджує, що причиною сміху є почуття переваги, то теорія невідповідності вважає, що причина сміху –це сприйняття чогось невідповідного, чогось, що порушує наші розумові моделі та очікування. Зараз це домінуюча теорія гумору у філософії та психології.Теорія розрядки стверджує, що сміх позбавляє від накопиченої нервової енергії. Засновниками цієї теорії є Герберт Спенсер і Зигмунд Фройд. У статті зазначається, що кожна з теорій гумору здатна пояснити лише деякі з комічних проявів. Проте кожен тип теорії висвітлює певний аспект гумору. А тому ведеться подальший пошук філософського обґрунтування такого складного поняття, як сміх. (shrink)

The codification of language has both its advantages and disadvantages, both its prospects and its limitations. It is possible to determine this not from linguistic, but from meta-scientific, namely philosophical positions. At the heart of the codification procedure is the creation of specialized dictionaries based on a particular national language. The language of science is also always built on the basis of a certain national language — even if this language later serves as the language of international scientific communication (for (...) example, English). At the same time, codification of the language of science should reproduce the most significant resources of natural language as a symbolic system, as well as develop the institutional potential of science based on the capabilities of language as an institution. The codification of language of science should perform three main functions: descriptive-classification, system-legitimation and projective-predictive. The language of science is the embodiment of the symbolic universe studied by social phe- nomenologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and at the same time must correspond to the four main functions of the system of action, which were distinguished by Talcott Parsons. Codification is a relentless process that reflects and stimulates the development of language as a symbolic system, the meaning of which is set by specific language practices. The language of science is a set of all language practices of scientists in various fields, these practices must be harmonized through the codification of the language of science, while they constantly stimulate the renewal of codification of the language of science. It should be done through the creation of new practices and new scientific objects — and through the extrapolation of the application of existing terminology to new scientific fields as well. (shrink)

У статті докладно аналізується Аристофанів міф про андрогінів, відображений у «Бенкеті» Платона. Наголошується, що комічність природи любові полягає в тому, що пошук другої половинки в кожного неповторний, сповнений парадоксальністю, неоднозначністю, невідповідністю, а також тим, що віднаходження предмету любові супроводжується як радісними, так і сумними моментами. Трагічність любові у даному міфі [Symp.192d-e] визначається унікальністю предмету любові та зустрічі з ним; конечністю дискурсу любові; роллю та значенням розлуки і вірності в любові.

Review of monograph: Malyarchuk О. М. Social and economic processes in the western region of the Ukrainian SSR : [monograph] / О. М. Malyarchuk. – Ivano-Frankivsk : Symphoniia forte, 2015. – 548 p.

У статті аналізується культурно-історичні фактори появи вчення про двох Афродіт у промові Павсанія. Для більш детального дослідження виділяється два основних аспекта даного вчення, а саме – етичний та естетичний. Етичний аспект полягає в тому, що вводиться тема чесноти щодо любові. Встановлюється дихотомія між «благородним» і «поганим» типами любові. Естетичний контекст даного вчення Павсанія полягає у тому, що люди можуть йти шляхом любові як від прекрасного до потворного, так і від потворного та прекрасного.

У статті на основі збережених фрагментів праць античних скептиків та епікурейців аналізується їхній погляд на любов. Автор доводить, що дані філософські школи мають як спільні, так і відмітні риси щодо їх розуміння природи любові, її праксеології, значення у людському житті.

The article carries out a comprehensive comparative analysis of the understanding of "practice" in the context of thinkers of two directions of Marxism – Ukrainian-Soviet and Chinese philosophers. When examining the concept of "practice" in Ukrainian Soviet Marxism, the work of the following domestic thinkers is studied: P. Kopnin, V. Shynkaruk, V. Tabachkovskyi, V. Ivanov, O. Yatsenko. It is substantiated that domestic thinkers in the 60s and 80s of the XX century. focused their attention on practice not so much in (...) the epistemological or socio-philosophical content, but in the anthropological and existential one. According to most of them, practice is not so much the opposite of theory, but a fundamental principle of consideration of all scientific and theoretical problems through the prism of their humanistic content, which allows us to realize the connection of theoretical knowledge with all the variety of ways of mastering a person. being, reveals the essence of knowledge as a cultural phenomenon. The work "On Practice" by Mao Zedong is analyzed, which reveals the prospect of further understanding of the researched concept within the framework of Chinese Marxism. In particular, he singles out two key aspects of the explanation of "practice": epistemological and political-philosophical. Therefore, Marxism in China is used to solve its problems and transform the rich practical experience of the state into theory, as well as in combination with Chinese history and unique Chinese traditional culture. (shrink)

The relevance of the chosen topic of the article is determined by the need to improve the system of educational activities in postmodernism. The article provides a theoretical analysis of developments on the topic, substantiates axiological perspectives of educational activities in postmodern philosophy, gives a description of axiological areas of academic activity in postmodern philosophy; the main directions of the philosophy of education in the epoch of postmodernism are determined; the vision of a new paradigm of education in the works (...) of researchers and scientists is presented. The article analyses the understanding of the problems of education in the European philosophical and pedagogical tradition of the XX-XXI century, gives a brief overview of systematic works on the philosophy of education of prominent Western researchers of these problems, taking into account their proposed educational values. Based on the analysis, the article's author concludes that it is necessary to critically review several traditions for the philosophy of education and the choice of approaches in understanding the values of modern education. The article's author notes the emergence of new axiological paradigms of education in the philosophy of education of the late XX - early XXI century, associated with the development of cultural-centric and global-historical trends in philosophy. (shrink)

Characteristic features of Christianity of the twentieth century were the consolidation of his denominations around social problems and holding inter-Christian theological and missionary conferences. These components of Christian history of the last century are connected with ecumenism. Ecumenism, in turn, influenced the initiation of a dialogue between Christianity and other religions, most notably Judaism and Islam. Thus, a comprehensive study of ecumenism will not only enable us to better understand contemporary Christianity and try to predict further ways of its development, (...) but also on the basis of it to understand the inter-religious dialogue, which largely depends on the future of the world community. (shrink)

In the book “Freedom of the Will”, Jonathan Edwards put forward a strong ar-gument for theological fatalism. This argument, I suppose, can be considered as the universal basis for discussion between Fatalists and Anti-Fatalists in the 20th century, especially in the context of the most powerful argument for fatalism, introduced by Nelson Pike. The argument of Edwards rests upon the following principles: if something has been the case in the past, it has been the case necessarily ; if God knows (...) something, it is not the case that ~A is possible. Hence, Edwards infers that if God had foreknowledge that A, then A is necessary, and it is not the case that someone could voluntarily choose ~A. The article argues that the Edwards` inference Kgp → □p rests upon the modal fallacy; the inference „God had a knowledge that p will happen, therefore „God had a knowledge that p will happen” is the proposition about the past, and hence, the necessarily true proposition“ is ambiguous; thus, it is not the case that this proposition necessarily entails the impossibility of ~p; it is not the case that p, being known by God, turns out to be necessary. Thus, we can avoid the inference of Edwards that if Kgp is a fact of the past, then we cannot freely choose ~p. It has also been shown that the main provisions of the argument of Edwards remain significant in the context of contemporary debates about free will and foreknowledge. Additionally, I introduce a new challenge for fatalism – argument from Brouwerian axiom. (shrink)

Oleh Shepetyak. Monotheistic tendencies of Egypt's religions of the pre-dynastic and early dynastic period. The study analyzes the religion of ancient Egypt, and it proved the presence of a clear monotheistic tendencies. The article provides a brief examination of the historical landmarks of Egyptian culture, its literary achievements inspection and analysis of earlier beliefs, which are at the center of the personality of Seth and Horus, and other deities who have the zeal of the late myth associated with them.

The growth of the religious network, the pluralisation of religious life, the desecularization of the Ukrainian society, and the increase in the number of citizens who identify with one of the religions or consider themselves believers, are pressing questions about the development of interfaith relations. "Religious Revival" in Ukraine in the early 1990s. was accompanied by conflicts between believers and religious organizations on religious property, spheres of influence, development of infrastructure, quantitative increase of the flock, and affirmation in society. It (...) is safe to say that in Ukraine there were dialectically opposite to ecumenical processes - disintegration in the Orthodox environment and conflicts between Catholics and Orthodox. American religious scholar Joseph Loy called the current situation in Western Ukraine "ecumenical Chornobyl" because it was a "catastrophe" in Catholic-Orthodox relations in the 1990s. polluted the "atmosphere of inter-church relations around the ecumenical world.". (shrink)

The growth of the religious network, the pluralisation of religious life, the desecularization of the Ukrainian society, and the increase in the number of citizens who do not identify with one of the religions or believe themselves to be religious, raise the issue of the development of interfaith relations. "Religious Revival" in Ukraine in the Beginning of the 1990s. it was accompanied by conflicts between believers and religious organizations for religious property, spheres of influence, infrastructure development, quantitative expansion of the (...) flock, and affirmation in society. It is safe to say that in Ukraine there were dialectically opposite to ecumenical processes - disintegration in the Orthodox environment and conflicts between Catholics and Orthodox. American religious scholar Joseph Loy called the current situation in Western Ukraine an "ecumenical Chornobyl" because it was a "catastrophe" in Catholic-Orthodox relations in the 1990s. polluted the "atmosphere of inter-church relations around the ecumenical world.". (shrink)

Purpose of this article is the historical reconstruction of the studies in philosophical anthropology in Soviet Ukraine. Theoretical basis. In the philosophical tradition of independent Ukraine, there is an opinion that at the intersection of the 1960s and 1970s, there was an anthropological turn in the national philosophical thought. The authors provide a holistic and comprehensive reconstruction of philosophical understanding of man in the works of Ukrainian thinkers of the Soviet era. Originality. It has been proved that before the emergence (...) of the Institute of Philosophy of the Soviet Ukraine Academy of Sciences and the restoration of the Philosophy Department at Kyiv State University, the writings of Ukrainian philosophers in the 1920s and 1930s emphasize specifically the "ideological" factor of human existence. Based on the materials of M. Maksymovych Academic Library and the library at H. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, there have been revealed and traced the specific features and peculiarities of the transformation of main accents in philosophical and anthropological studies of Soviet Ukrainian researchers in the post-war period. Conclusions. The studied problems developed in Soviet Ukraine in two vectors. The focus was on man as a social phenomenon and a "product of ideology" on the one hand, and, on existential aspects of a human being with its internal contradictions, understanding of its nature and the sense of existence, on the other hand. It has been established that the anthropological problems were the focus of not only scientists of the Institute of Philosophy of the Soviet Ukraine Academy of Sciences, but also of teachers of Kyiv State University. The authors grounded the thesis that, unlike the 1940-1950s, when the focus was on philosophical problems of natural science and philosophical personology, the 1960s bring forward not only philosophical and anthropological studies but also ethical and aesthetic issues, logic and scientific atheism. (shrink)

Review of Vassallo, C. (2021). The Presocratics at Herculaneum. A Study of Early Greek Philosophy in the Epicurean Tradition. Berlin: De Gruyter.

In the article of Oleh Shepetyak "The Christianity of Franks: the Formation of the Vector of European Civilization" is analyzed the Christianization of Western Europe and the Rolle of Franks in this difficult process. The basis of the European civilization is Christianity. The Christianization of the European peoples was a difficult and ambiguous process. Many Germanic peoples, which settled down in Europe, had accepted the Christianity in its Arianism version. The main factor, which caused the domination of Catholic Church (...) in Western Europe and the crowning out of the Arianism, was the political domination of the Franks and the Frank's conquest of the Germanic peoples. The changes of the dynasties of Frank's Kingdom and the change of Europa's political map Europe had played very impotent role in the Christianization Europa's. In the article is highlighted special role of two Frankꞌs Kings Clovis and Charles the Great in the Process dissemination of Christianity in Europe. The analyze of these facts of the religious history Europe's is the object of this article. (shrink)

The phenomenon of corruption as a type of crime is immanently inherent in social and political reality. Sociality as a trans-societal universal form of human community is the environment in which corruption ties are born and function. The socio-political structure is organized as a collective effort, on the one hand, it overcomes disintegration, and on the other, it generates corrupt behaviour patterns. Corruption models of behaviour have an extremely wide scale of distribution and are characterized by active institutional expansion into (...) various spheres and institutions of modern society, they feed business relations and administrative activities, covering huge masses of the population. In this sense, their study is extremely important and relevant. (shrink)

The problem of the place and significance of the phenomena of fear and horror in the world-view of man has a long but unexplored history in science. Since ancient philosophy, these phenomena have been regarded as feelings that depend on the object-subjective perception of the phenomena of the socio-cultural life of society. However, none of the ancient authors put forward the original scientific hypothesis of the phenomenon and its justification. In modern times, fear in scientific circulation and everyday outlook has (...) become purely natural-physiological reaction of the nervous system of man to external danger. From the period of separation of psychology into a separate science and under the influence of the achievements of experimental psychophysiology of the early twentieth century. such a dominant awareness of fear has finally established itself and dominates the contemporary Western European outlook. (shrink)

Mark Jago has introduced a short Fitch-style argument for truthmaker maximalism – the thesis that every truth has a truthmaker. In response to Jago, Trueman argues that the Fitch-style reasoning allows us to prove the opposite – no truth has a truthmaker. In the article, we consider the debates between Jago’s truthmaker maximalism and Trueman’s truthmaker nihilism. Also, we introduce a short Grim-style argument against Jago’s truthmaker maximalism.